Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
AALA
A
American Association for Laboratory
Accreditation. Also known as A2LA.
2
Q
Abatement
A
A measure or set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards or lead-based paint. Abatement strategies include the removal of lead-based paint, enclosure, encapsulation, replacement of building components coated with lead-based paint, removal of lead-contaminated dust, and removal of lead-contaminated soil or overlaying of soil with a durable covering such as asphalt (grass and sod are considered interim control measures).
3
Q
Abrasion resistance
A
Resistance of the paint to wear by rubbing or friction; related to both toughness and gloss.
4
Q
Accessible surface
A
Any protruding interior or exterior surface, such as an interior window sill, that a young child can mouth or chew.
5
Q
Accreditation
A
A formal recognition that an organization, such as a laboratory, is competent to carry out specific tasks or types of tests.
6
Q
Accuracy
A
The degree of agreement between an
observed value and an accepted reference value (a “true” value); a data quality indicator. Accuracy includes a combination of random errors (precision) and systematic errors (bias) due to sampling and analysis.
7
Q
Acrylic
A
A synthetic resin used in high performance
waterborne coatings; a coating whose binder contains acrylic resins.
8
Q
Adhesion
A
The ability of dry paint or other coating to attach to a surface and remain fixed on it without blistering, flaking, cracking, or being susceptible to removal by tape.
9
Q
Administrative removal
A
The temporary removal of workers from the job to prevent the concentration of lead in their blood from reaching levels requiring medical removal.
10
Q
AIHA
A
American Industrial Hygiene Association.
11
Q
Accredited laboratory
A
A laboratory that has been evaluated and approved by the National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP), to perform lead measurement or analysis, usually over a specified period of time.
12
Q
Accredited training provider
A
training provider who meets the standards established by EPA for the training of risk assessors, inspectors, lead-based paint hazard control contractors, and workers.
13
Q
Alkali
A
A chemical, such as lye, soda, lime, etc.,
that will neutralize an acid. Oil paint films can be destroyed by alkalies. Some paint removal products contain alkaline substances.
14
Q
Alkyd
A
Synthetic resin modified with oil; coating that contains alkyd resins in the binder.
15
Q
Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC)
A
The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) reading or average of more than one reading on a painted surface. See also XRF analyzer, Substrate Equivalent Lead (SEL), and Corrected Lead Concentration (CLC).
16
Q
Bare soil
A
Soil not covered with grass, sod, some other similar vegetation, or paving, including the sand in sandboxes.
17
Q
Bias
A
A systematic error in the measurement
process. For XRF readings, one source of bias is the substrate effect. See also Substrate effect and XRF analyzer.
18
Q
Biennial report (for hazardous waste)
A
A report (EPA Form 8700–13A) submitted by generators of hazardous waste to the EPA Regional Administrator. The report is due on March 1 of even-numbered years. The report includes information on the generator’s activities during the previous calendar year.
19
Q
Binder
A
Solid ingredients in a coating that hold
the pigment particles in suspension and bind them to the substrate. Binders used in paints and coatings include oil, alkyd, acrylic, latex, and epoxy.
20
Q
Biological monitoring
A
The analysis of blood, urine, or both to determine the level of lead contamination in the body. Blood lead levels are expressed in micrograms of lead per deciliter (one-tenth of a liter) of blood, or mg/dL.
21
Q
Building component
A
Any element of a building that may be painted or have dust on its surface, e.g. walls, stair treads, floors, railings, doors, window sills, etc.
22
Q
Cementitious material
A
A material that is mixed with water, either with or without aggregate, to provide the plasticity, cohesion, and adhesion necessary for the placement and formation of a rigid mass (ASTM Standard C 11).
23
Q
Certification
A
The process of testing and evaluating
against certain specifications the competence of a person, organization, or other entity in performing a function or service, usually for a specified period of time.
24
Q
Certified
A
The designation for contractors who have completed training and other requirements
to allow them to safely undertake risk
assessments, inspections, or abatement work.
Risk assessors, inspectors, and abatement contractors should be certified by the appropriate local, State or Federal agency.
25
Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH)
A person who has passed the 2-day certification exam of the American Board of Industrial Hygiene, and who has at least 4 years of experience in industrial hygiene and a graduate degree or a total of 5 years of experience.
26
Blank
A nonexposed sample of the medium being used for testing (i.e., wipe or filter) that is analyzed to determine if the medium has been contaminated with lead (e.g., at the factory or during transport).
27
Blind sample
A subsample submitted for analysis with a composition and identity known to the submitter but not to the analyst; used to test the analyst’s or laboratory’s proficiency in conducting measurements. See also Spiked sample.
28
Blood lead threshold
Any blood lead level greater than or equal to 10 mg/dL as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. See also Elevated Blood Lead level (EBL) child.
29
Certified reference material (CRM)
Reference material that has at least one of its property values established by a technically valid procedure and is accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation issued by a certifying body. See also Standard reference material.
30
Chalking
The photo-oxidation of paint binders—usually due to weathering—that causes a powder to form on the film surface.
31
Characteristics (of hazardous waste)
EPA has identified four characteristics of hazardous waste: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity (as determined by the TCLP test).
32
Chewed surface
Any painted surface that shows evidence of having been chewed or mouthed by a young child. A chewed surface is usually a protruding, horizontal part of a building, such as an interior window sill.
33
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
The codification of the regulations of Federal agencies. The regulations are published in the Federal Register
34
Cohesion
Ability of a substance to adhere to itself; internal adhesion; the force holding a substance together.
35
Common area
A room or area that is accessible to all residents in a community (e.g., hallways or lobbies); in general, any area not kept locked.
36
Competent person
a person who is capable of identifying or predicting hazardous working conditions and work areas, and who has authorization to take prompt, corrective measures to eliminate the hazards. A competent person is not necessarily a risk assessor, inspector, or abatement project supervisor.
37
Cleaning
The process of using a HEPA vacuum
and wet cleaning agents to remove leaded dust; the process includes the removal of bulk debris from the work area. OSHA prohibits the use of compressed air to clean lead-contaminated dust from a surface.
38
Clearance examination
Visual examination and collection of environmental samples by an inspector or risk assessor and analysis by an accredited laboratory upon completion of an
abatement project, interim control intervention, or maintenance job that disturbs lead-based paint (or paint suspected of being lead-based).
39
Clearance examiner
A person who conducts clearance examinations following lead-based paint hazard control and cleanup work, usually a certified risk assessor or a certified inspector.
40
cm
Centimeter; 1/100 of a meter.
41
Complete abatement
Abatement of all lead-based paint inside and outside a dwelling or building and reduction of any lead contaminated dust or soil hazards. All of these strategies require preparation; cleanup; waste disposal; post-abatement clearance testing; recordkeeping; and, if applicable, reevaluation and on-going monitoring.
42
Compliance plan
A document that describes the types of tasks, workers, protective measures, and tools and other materials that may be employed in lead-based paint hazard control to comply with the OSHA Lead Exposure in Construction standard.
43
Composite sample
A single sample made up of individual subsamples. Analysis of a composite sample produces the arithmetic mean of all subsamples.
44
Containment
A process to protect workers and the environment by controlling exposures to
the lead-contaminated dust and debris created during abatement.
45
Contingency plan
A document that describes an organized, planned, and coordinated course of action to be taken during any event that threatens human health or the environment, such as a fire, explosion, or the release of hazardous
waste or its constituents from a treatment,
storage, or disposal facility.
46
Corrected Lead Concentration (CLC):
The absolute difference between the Apparent Lead Concentration and the Substrate Equivalent Lead.
47
Detection limit
The minimum amount of a substance that can be reliably measured by a particular method.
48
Deteriorated lead-based paint
Any lead-based paint coating on a damaged or deteriorated surface or fixture, or any interior or exterior lead based paint that is peeling, chipping, blistering, flaking, worn, chalking, alligatoring, cracking, or otherwise becoming separated from the substrate.
49
Digestion blank
A mixture of the reagents used for digesting of paint, soil, or dust matrixes but without the matrix. The blank undergoes all steps of the analysis, starting with digestion. The blank is used to evaluate the contamination process from a laboratory.
50
Disposal facility
A facility or part of one in which hazardous waste is placed on land or in water to remain there after the facility closes.
51
Dust removal
form of interim control that involves initial cleaning followed by periodic monitoring and re-cleaning, as needed. Depending on the severity of lead-based paint hazards,
dust removal may be the primary activity or
just one element of a broader control effort.
52
Dust trap
A surface, component, or furnishing that serves as a reservoir where dust can accumulate.
53
Efflorescence
The salt rising to the surface of a material, such as masonry, plaster, or cement, caused by the movement of water through the material. Paint or encapsulants may not adhere to a surface contaminated with efflorescence.
54
Elastomeric
A group of pliable, elastic liquid encapsulant coatings. An elastomer is a macromolecular material which, at room temperature, is capable of substantially recovering its size and shape after the force causing its deformation is removed (see ASTM D 907, D-14).
55
Direct-reading XRF
An analyzer that provides the operator with a display of lead concentrations calculated from the lead K x ray intensity without a graphic of the spectrum usually in mg/cm2 (milligrams of lead per square centimeter of painted surface area). See also XRF analyzer.
56
Disposal (of hazardous waste)
The discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placement of solid or hazardous waste on land or in water so that none of its constituents can pollute the environment by being emitted into the air or discharged into a body of water, including groundwater.
57
Elevated Blood Lead level (EBL) child
A child who has a blood lead level greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL or a persistent 15 mg/dL. See also Blood lead threshold.
58
Encapsulation
Any covering or coating that acts as a barrier between lead-based paint and the environment, the durability of which relies
on adhesion and the integrity of the existing
bonds between multiple layers of paint and
between the paint and the substrate. See also Enclosure.
59
Enclosure
The use of rigid, durable construction
materials that are mechanically fastened
to the substrate to act as a barrier between the lead-based paint and the environment.
60
Engineering controls
Measures other than respiratory protection or administrative controls that are implemented at the work site to contain, control, and/or otherwise reduce exposure to lead-contaminated dust and debris usually in the occupational health setting. The measures
include process and product substitution, isolation, and ventilation.
61
Epoxy paint
Paint based on an epoxy resin. An epoxy resin is a cross-linking resin the reactivity
of which depends on the epoxide group.
62
Evaluation
Risk assessment, paint inspection, reevaluation, investigation, clearance examination, or risk assessment screen.
63
Examiner
A person certified to conduct clearance
examinations or reevaluations, usually a
certified inspector or certified risk assessor.
64
Exposure monitoring
The sampling and analysis of air both inside and outside the work area to determine the degree of worker and resident exposure to lead or other airborne contaminants, often involving air sampling inside a worker’s breathing zone.
65
Field blank
A clean sample of the matrix (e.g., filter, or wipe) that has been exposed to the sampling conditions; returned to the laboratory; and analyzed as an environmental sample. Clean quartz sand, air sampling filters and cassettes, and clean wipes can be used as field blanks. The field blank, which should be just like the sample, indicates possible sources of contamination.
66
Friction surface
Any interior or exterior surface, such as a window or stair tread, subject to abrasion or friction.
67
Generator
Any person whose act or operation
produces hazardous waste identified or listed in 40 CFR Part 261 or whose act causes a hazardous waste to come under regulation (40 CFR 260.10).
68
Generator identification number
The unique number assigned by EPA to each generator; transporter of hazardous waste; and treatment, storage, or disposal facility.
69
Hazardous waste
As defined in EPA regulations (40 CFR 261.3), hazardous waste is solid waste or a combination of solid wastes that because
of its quantity; concentration; or physical,
chemical, or infectious characteristics may
cause or significantly contribute to increases
in mortality, serious and irreversible or incapacitating but reversible illnesses, or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed.
70
Exterior work area
For lead hazard control work, the exterior work area includes any exterior building components, such as a porch or stairway; the safety perimeter; and access barriers.
71
Facility (pertaining to hazardous waste)
All buildings, contiguous land, structures, and other appurtenances, as well as any improvements, where lead-based paint or hazardous waste is treated, stored, or disposed. A facility may consist of several different treatment, storage, or disposal units, such as landfills and surface impoundments.
72
Federal Register (FR)
A daily Federal publication that contains proposed and final regulations, rules, and notices
73
Fibermat
A semirigid woven material attached with a liquid adhesive to a surface or substrate.
74
Inspection (of paint)
A surface-by-surface to determine the presence of lead-based paint (in some cases including dust and soil sampling) and a report of the results.
75
Inspector
An individual who has completed training from an accredited program and been licensed or certified by the appropriate State or local agency to (1) perform inspections to determine and report the presence of lead-based paint on a surface-by-surface basis
through onsite testing, (2) report the findings
of such an inspection, (3) collect environmental samples for laboratory analysis, (4) perform clearance testing, and (5) document successful compliance with lead-based paint hazard control requirements or standards.
76
Heat gun
A device capable of heating leadbased
paint causing it to separate from the
substrate. For lead hazard control work, the
heat stream leaving the gun should not exceed 1,100 °F (some authorities may use a different temperature).
77
HEPA filter
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter.
78
HEPA/wet wash/HEPA cycle
The cleaning cycle that begins with HEPA vacuuming, followed by a wet wash with a lead-specific cleaning agent, such as trisodium phosphate detergent or another liquid cleaning agent, followed by a final pass with a HEPA vacuum over the surface.
79
High-Efficiency Particulate Air/HEPA filter
A filter capable of removing particles of 0.3 microns or larger from air at 99.97 percent or greater efficiency.
80
High phosphate detergent
See Trisodium phosphate (TSP) detergent.
81
Impact surface
An interior or exterior surface (such as surfaces on doors) subject to damage by repeated impact or contact.
82
Incinerator
An enclosed device using controlled flame combustion that neither meets the criteria for classification as a boiler nor is listed as an industrial furnace.
83
Interim controls
Interim controls: A set of measures designed to temporarily reduce human exposure or possible exposure to lead-based paint hazards. Such measures include specialized cleaning, repairs, maintenance, painting, temporary containment, and management and resident education programs.
84
Interior window sill:
The portion of the horizontal window ledge that protrudes into the interior of the room, adjacent to the window sash when the window is closed; often called the window stool.
85
Industrial hygienist
A person having a college or university degree in engineering, chemistry,
physics, medicine, or a related physical
or biological science who, by virtue of special training, is qualified to anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and control environmental and occupational health hazards and the impact of those hazards on the community and workers.
86
Investigation (pertaining to EBL case)
The process of determining the source of lead exposure for a child or other resident with an elevated blood lead level. Investigation consists of administration of a questionnaire, comprehensive environmental sampling, case management, and other measures.
87
Investigator
A person who conducts an investigation
of a dwelling where a resident has an
elevated blood lead level. The investigator must be proficient in interviewing techniques, environmental sampling, and the interpretation of risk assessment and environmental sampling data.
88
Laboratory analysis
A determination of the lead content by atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, or laboratory-based K or L x-ray fluorescence, or an equivalent method.
89
Landfill
A State-licensed or State-permitted
disposal facility that meets municipal solid
waste standards (see Federal regulations at
40 CFR 258).
90
Landfill liner
A continuous layer of natural or synthetic materials placed beneath and sometimes around a surface impoundment, landfill, or landfill cell. The layer restricts the downward or lateral escape of hazardous waste,
hazardous waste constituents, or leachate
(40 CFR Part 258).
91
Latex
A waterborne emulsion paint made with
synthetic binders, such as 100-percent acrylic, vinyl acrylic, terpolymer, or styrene acrylic; a stable emulsion of polymers and pigment in water.
92
Lead
Lead includes metallic lead and inorganic
| and organic compounds of lead.
93
Lead-based paint
Any paint, varnish, shellac, or other coating that contains lead equal to or greater than 1.0 mg/cm2 as measured by XRF or laboratory analysis, or 0.5 percent by weight (5,000 mg/g, 5,000 ppm, or 5,000 mg/kg) as measured by laboratory analysis. (Local definitions may vary.)
94
Lead-based paint hazard
A condition in which exposure to lead from lead-contaminated dust, lead-contaminated soil, or deteriorated lead based paint would have an adverse effect on human health (as established by the EPA Administrator under Title IV of the Toxic Substances Control Act). Lead-based paint hazards include for example, deteriorated lead-based paint, leaded dust levels above applicable standards,
and bare leaded soil above applicable standards.
95
Lead-based paint hazard control
Activities to control and eliminate lead-based paint hazards, including interim controls, abatement, and complete abatement.
96
Lead-based paint abatement planner/designer
An individual who has completed an accredited training program on planning and designing lead-based paint abatement projects.
97
Lead carbonate
A pigment used in some lead based paints as a hiding agent; also known as white lead.
98
Lead-free dwelling
A lead-free dwelling contains no lead-based paint and has interior dust and exterior soil lead levels below the applicable HUD and EPA standards
99
XRF analyzer
An instrument that determines lead concentration in milligrams per square centimeter (mg/cm2) using the principle of X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Two types of XRF analyzers are used – direct readers and spectrum analyzers. In these Guidelines, the term XRF analyzer generally refers to portable
instruments manufactured to analyze paint, and does not refer to laboratory grade units. Some portable instruments can be used to analyze lead in dust or soil.
100
Worst case sample
A sample of dwelling units having the greatest probability of containing lead-based paint hazards selected by a risk assessor on the basis of the risk assessor’s visual examination of all dwelling units in a housing development or apartment building. See, also, Targeted sample and Random sample.
101
Worksite preparation activities
A set of measures designed to protect residents and the environment from leaded dust, paint chips, or other forms of lead contamination through the erection of barriers and the establishment of access control, resident relocation or movement restrictions, warning signs, ventilation, engineering controls, and other measures.
102
Worksite
Any interior or exterior area where lead-based paint hazard control work takes place. There may be more than one worksite in a dwelling unit or at a residential property.
103
Window well
The space that provides exterior access and/or light to a window that is below grade, i.e., below the level of the surrounding earth or pavement. See, also, Window trough.
104
Window trough
For a typical double hung window, the portion of the exterior windowsill between the interior windowsill (or stool) and the frame of the storm window. If there is no storm window, the window trough is the area that receives both the upper and lower window sashes when they are both lowered. (Sometimes inaccurately called a window “well.”) See, also, Window well.
105
Window stool
see Interior windowsill
106
Windowsill
see Interior windowsill.
107
White lead
A white pigment, usually lead carbonate. See, also, Lead carbonate.
108
Walkoff mat
A washable, fibrous material (preferably with a rubber or vinyl backing) positioned at an entryway to reduce transport of lead dust and/or lead soil into a building, or out of a work area.
109
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Organic (carbon-based) substances that evaporate from a coating, such
as during the coating or curing process.
110
VOC
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC).
111
Vacuum/wet cleaning/vacuum cycle
The cleaning cycle that begins with HEPA vacuuming, followed by a wet cleaning with a detergent, followed by a final pass with a HEPA vacuum over the surface.
112
Useful life:
The life expectancy of a coating before it requires refinishing or some other form of maintenance.
113
TSP
Trisodium phosphate (TSP) detergent.
114
TSD
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) facility.
115
Truck-mounted vacuum unit
A vacuum system whose components, except for hoses and attachments, are located outside the building undergoing dust removal. The exhaust is vented outside so that the interior dust is not disturbed.
116
Trisodium phosphate (TSP) detergent
A detergent that contains trisodium phosphate. These guidelines do not recommend using TSP.
117
Treatment
A method designed to control lead-based paint hazards. Treatment includes interim controls, abatement, and removal.
118
Trained
Successful completion of a training course in a particular discipline. For lead hazard evaluation or control work, the training course must be accredited by EPA or by an EPA-authorized State or tribal program, pursuant to Title IV of the Toxic Substances Control Act.
119
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP):
A laboratory test to determine if excessive levels of lead or other hazardous materials could leach from a sample into groundwater; usually used to determine if waste is hazardous based on its toxicity characteristics. (See Chapter 10.)
120
Test location
A specific area on a testing combination where XRF instruments will test for lead-based paint.
121
Testing combination
A unique surface to be tested that is characterized by the room equivalent,
component, and substrate.
122
Tertiary prevention
Providing medical treatment to children with elevated blood lead levels to prevent more serious injury or death.
123
Tribally-Designated Housing Entity
A designation by an Indian tribe’s authority (i.e., tribal council or like body) of an entity other than the tribal government to receive grants and provide assistance under the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act (P.L. 104-330 as amended) for affordable housing activities for Indians.
124
TCLP
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
125
Targeted sample
A sample of dwelling units selected from an apartment building or housing development using information supplied by the owner, and not by random selection or on the basis of visual evidence obtained by the risk assessor. Based on the owner’s information, the units are selected to have the greatest
probability of containing lead-based paint hazards. See, also, Worst-case sample and Random sample.
126
Target housing
Any housing constructed before 1978 – except dwellings that do not contain bedrooms, or dwellings that are designated specifically for the elderly or persons with disabilities, unless a child younger than 6 resides or is expected to reside in the dwelling. In the case of jurisdictions that banned the sale or use of lead based paint before 1978, the Secretary of HUD may designate an earlier date for defining target housing.
127
Substrate Equivalent Lead (SEL)
The XRF measurement taken on an unpainted surface; used to calculate the corrected lead concentration on a surface by using the following formula: Apparent Lead Concentration - Substrate Equivalent Lead = Corrected Lead Concentration. See, also, Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC),
Corrected Lead Concentration (CLC), and XRF analyzer.
128
Substrate effect
The radiation returned to an XRF analyzer by the paint, substrate, or underlying material, in addition to the radiation returned by any lead present. This radiation, when counted as lead X-rays by an XRF analyzer contributes to substrate equivalent lead (bias). The inspector may have to compensate for this effect when using XRF analyzers. See, also, XRF analyzer.
129
Substrate
A surface on which paint, varnish, or other coating has been applied or may be applied. Examples of substrates include wood, plaster, metal, and drywall.
130
Subsample
A constituent portion of a sample. A subsample may be either a field subsample or a laboratory subsample, depending on where the subsample is created. A subsample may be combined with other subsamples to produce a composite sample.
131
Standard reference material (SRM)
A certified reference material produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST at the U.S. Department of Commerce) and characterized for absolute
content independent of analytical method.
132
Standard deviation
A measure of the precision of a reading; the spread of the deviation from the mean. The smaller the standard deviation, the more precise the analysis. The standard deviation is calculated by first obtaining the mean, or the arithmetic average, of all of the readings. A formula is then used to calculate how much the individual values vary from the mean – the standard deviation is the square root of the arithmetic average of the squares of the deviation from the mean. Many hand calculators and computer spreadsheets have an automatic standard deviation function.
133
Spot prime
To apply a paint primer to localized areas of exposed substrate.
134
Spiked sample
A sample prepared by adding a known mass of the target analyte (e.g., lead, as in leaded dust) to a specific amount of matrix sample (e.g., a dust wipe) for which an independent estimate of the target analyte mass is available. Spiked samples are used to determine, for example, the effect of the matrix
on a method’s recovery efficiency.
135
Spectrum analyzer
A type of XRF analyzer that provides the operator with a plot of the energy and intensity, or counts, of K shell and/or L shell X-ray spectra, as well as a calculated lead concentration.
136
Soil-lead hazard
Bare soil on residential property that contains lead in excess of the standard established by the EPA under Title IV of the Toxic Substances Control Act. EPA standards for soil-lead hazards, published at 40 CFR 745.65(c), as of the publication of this edition of these Guidelines, is 400 μg/g in play areas and 1,200 μg/g in the rest of the yard. Also called Lead-contaminated soil.
137
Small quantity generator
Owners, contractors (generators), or both who produce less than 100 kg of hazardous waste per month and accumulate less than 100 kg of hazardous waste at any one time, or who
produce less than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste per month and accumulate less than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste at any one time. (See Chapter 10.)
138
Site
Regarding hazardous waste, the land or body of water where a facility is located or an activity is conducted. The site includes adjacent land used in connection with the facility or activity.
139
Secondary standard
A reference material with a well-defined, high quality, traceability linkage to existing primary standards for the same measurements.
140
Secondary prevention
The process of identifying children who have elevated blood lead levels, and controlling or eliminating the sources of further exposure.
141
Screening
The process of testing children to determine if they have elevated blood lead levels.
142
Saponification
The chemical reaction between alkalis and oil that produces a type of soap. Because
of saponification, oil and alkyd coatings will not adhere to masonry substrates, galvanized metals, or zinc-rich primers.
143
Sampling Technician
A person who has completed a EPA-accredited or EPA-authorized State-accredited training course for sampling technicians and is qualified to perform clearance examinations after certain
interim control activities. (Previously known as a clearance technician.)
144
Sample site
A specific spot on a surface being tested for lead loading or concentration.
145
Room Equivalent
A room equivalent is an identifiable part of a residence (e.g., room, house exterior, foyer, etc.).
146
RL
Reporting Limit (RL)
147
Risk assessor
A certified individual who has successfully completed lead-based paint hazard risk assessment training with an accredited training program and who has been certified to:
(1) perform risk assessments;
(2) identify acceptable abatement and interim control strategies for reducing identified
lead-based paint hazards;
(3) perform clearance testing and reevaluations; and
(4) document the successful completion of lead-based paint hazard control activities.
148
Risk assessment
An on-site investigation of a residential dwelling to determine the existence, nature, severity, and location of lead-based paint hazards. Risk assessments, which must be conducted be a certified risk assessor, include an investigation of the age, history, management, and maintenance of the dwelling, and the number of children under age 6 and women of childbearing age who are residents; a visual assessment; limited randomized environmental sampling (i.e., collection of dust wipe samples, soil samples, and deteriorated paint samples); and preparation of a report identifying abatement and interim control options based on specific conditions. HUD’s
Lead Safe Housing Rule requires risk assessments for certain types and amounts of HUD assistance; in these
cases, a risk assessment must be no more than 12 months old to be considered current.
149
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
The primary Federal statute governing waste management from generation to disposal. RCRA defines the criteria for hazardous and nonhazardous waste.
150
Resident
A person who regularly lives in a dwelling. A person who is not regularly living in the dwelling unit but is present when lead hazard control work is being done is an occupant of the dwelling who deserves the same level of protection as the residents of the dwelling.
151
Representative sample
A sample of a universe or whole (e.g., bare soil sample, waste sample pile, roundwater,
or waste stream) that can be expected to exhibit the average properties of the entire universe or whole.
152
Reporting Limit
This value describes what a laboratory has determined as the lowest lead value it can report with sufficient confidence (such as 95% confidence) for the amount of the analyte (e.g., lead) in the matrix of interest (e.g., paint, dust, or soil).
153
Replacement
A strategy of abatement that involves the removal of building components coated with lead based paint (such as windows, doors, and trim) and the installation of new components free of lead-based paint.
154
Renovator
An individual who either performs or directs workers who perform renovations. Under EPA’s Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Rule, a Certified Renovator.
155
Renovation
According to EPA, the modification of any existing structure, or a portion of it, that results in the disturbance of painted surfaces, unless it is performed as part of an abatement or is a minor repair and maintenance activity, as these terms are defined by 40 CFR 745.223 and 745.83, respectively
156
Reference material
material or substance that has at least one sufficiently well established property that
can be used to calibrate an apparatus, assess a measurement method, or assign values to materials.
157
Reevaluation
The combination of a visual assessment and collection of dust and, as appropriate, soil samples performed by a certified risk assessor to determine if the housing is free of lead-based paint hazards, and determine whether previously implemented lead-based paint hazard control measures are still effective.
158
Recognized laboratory
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laboratory that has been evaluated by the EPA’s National Lead Laboratory
Accreditation Program (NLLAP), and has demonstrated the capability to accurately analyze paint chip, dust, or soil samples for lead; the recognition for analysis of lead in a particular medium is held for a specified
period of time, subject to continued quality control testing under the NLLAP.
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RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
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Random sample
A sample drawn from a population in a way that allows each member of the population to have an equal chance of being selected. Random sampling is a process used to identify locations for the lead based paint inspections in multifamily dwellings. See, also, Targeted sample and Worst-case sample.
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Quality Control (QC)
The overall system of technical activities whose purpose is to measure and control the
quality of a product or service so that it meets the needs of users. The aim is to provide a level of quality that is satisfactory, adequate, dependable, and economical.
162
Public Housing Agency (PHA)
Any State, county, municipality, or other government entity or public body, or agency or instrumentality thereof, authorized to engage or assist in the development or operation of housing for low-income families.
163
Primary standard
A substance or device with a property or value that is unquestionably accepted, within specified limits, in establishing the value of the same or related property of another substance or device.
164
Primary prevention
The process of preventing lead hazards from occurring and, when they do occur,
controlling lead hazards to prevent exposure before a child is poisoned. See, also, Secondary prevention and Tertiary prevention.
165
Precision
The degree to which a set of observations or measurements of the same property, usually obtained under similar conditions, conform to themselves; a data quality indicator. Precision is usually expressed in either absolute or relative terms as standard deviation, variance, or range. Often known as “reproducibility.”
See also the related, but different, term Accuracy.
166
Polyurethane
An exceptionally hard and wear-resistant coating created by the reaction of polyols with a multifunctional isocyanate; often used to seal wood floors following lead-based paint hazard control work
and cleaning.
167
Polyethylene plastic
Polyethylene plastic or any other thick plastic material shown to demonstrate at least equivalent performance in containing dust and waste, resist tearing, and, after being properly sealed, remain leak tight with no visible signs of discharge during movement or relocation.
168
Play area
An area of frequent soil contact by children of under age 6 as indicated by, but not limited to, such factors including the following: the presence of outdoor play equipment (e.g., sandboxes, swing sets, and sliding boards), toys, or other children’s possessions, observations of play patterns, or information provided by parents, residents, care givers, or property owners.
169
Pigment
Insoluble, finely ground materials that give paint its properties of color and hide.
170
PHA
Public Housing Agency (PHA).
171
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment for protecting the eyes, face, head, and/or extremities; includes protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields; used when hazards capable of
causing bodily injury or impairment are encountered.
172
Personal breathing zone samples
Air samples collected from the breathing zone of a worker (within a 1 foot radius of the worker’s mouth) but outside the respirator. With respect to assessing lead exposures,
the samples are collected with a personal sampling pump operating at 2 liters per minute, drawing air through a 37 mm mixed cellulose ester filter housed in a closed-face cassette with a pore size of 0.8 micrometers.
173
Patch test
A test method or procedure to assess the adhesion of an encapsulant coating to a substrate covered with a layer or layers of lead-based paint.
174
Paint removal
The removal of lead-based paint from surfaces; this may be an abatement strategy, or it may occur as a part of a renovation project.
175
Paint stabilization
The process of wet scraping, priming, and repainting surfaces coated with deteriorated
lead-based paint. Paint stabilization also includes eliminating the cause(s) of paint deterioration, cleanup and clearance.
176
Paint-lead hazard
Lead-based paint on a friction surface that is subject to abrasion and where a dust-lead hazard is present on the nearest horizontal surface underneath the friction surface (e.g., the window sill, or floor);
Damaged or otherwise deteriorated lead-based paint on an impact surface that is caused by impact from a related building component;
A chewable lead-based painted surface on which there is evidence of teeth marks; or
Any other deteriorated lead-based paint in any residential building or child-occupied facility or on the exterior of any residential building or child-occupied facility.
177
Oxidation
An example of a chemical reaction that occurs upon exposure to oxygen and other oxidizing substances. Some coatings cure by oxidation; oxygen enters the liquid coating and cross links (attaches) the resin molecules. This film-forming method is also called “air cure” or “air dry.” Oxidation also causes rust to form on metals and paint to chalk.
178
Owner
A person, firm, corporation, guardian, conservator, receiver, trustee, executor, government agency or entity, or other judicial officer who, alone or with others, owns, holds, or controls the freehold or leasehold
title or part of the title to property, with or without actually possessing it. This definition includes a vendee who possesses the title, but does not include a mortgagee or an owner of a reversionary interest under a ground rent lease.
179
Offsite paint removal
The process of removing a component from a building and stripping the paint from the component at an paint stripping facility away from the building’s property.
180
NLLAP requirements
Requirements specified by the EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP), for accreditation for the lead analysis of paint, soil, and dust matrixes by an EPA-recognized laboratory accreditation organization.
181
Multifamily housing
Housing that contains more than one dwelling unit per location. HUD, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other agencies’ programs may use a larger number of units, such as five or ten, to differentiate single family housing from multifamily housing in their regulations.
182
Monitoring
An organized program of regular surveillance to determine that:
(1) known or presumed lead-based paint is not deteriorating;
(2) lead-based paint hazard controls, such as paint stabilization, interim control measures for soil, enclosure, or encapsulation have not failed;
(3) structural problems do not threaten the integrity of hazard controls or of known or presumed lead based paint, and
(4) dust lead levels have not risen above applicable standards.
183
Milligram
mg
184
Mil
1/1000 of an inch; used to measure thickness
185
Microgram
μg
186
μg (or mcg)
Microgram. The prefix micro means 1/1,000,000 (or one-millionth); a microgram is 1/1,000,000 of a gram and 1/1000 of a milligram; equal to about 35/1,000,000,000 (35 billionths) of an ounce (an ounce is
equal to 28,400,000 mg).
187
mg
Milligram; 1/1000 of a gram.
188
Method detection limit (MDL)
The minimum concentration of an analyte that, for a given matrix and method, has a 99 percent probability of being identified, qualitatively or quantitatively measured, and
reported to be greater than zero.
189
Medical removal
The temporary removal of an employee from the job because the employee’s blood lead level is at or above 50 μg/dL of the occurrence of an adult “elevated blood lead level” as defined in the OSHA Lead Exposure in Construction standard
190
Mean
The arithmetic average of a series of numerical data values; for example, the algebraic sum of the data values divided by the number of data values. Synonymous with Arithmetic mean and Average. See, also, the
related term Standard Deviation.
191
Matrix blank
A sample of the matrix (paint chips, soil, or dust) that does not contain the analyte lead. This sample goes through the complete analysis, including digestion.
192
Maintenance
In the context of lead hazard control, work intended to maintain adequate living or occupancy conditions in target housing or a pre-1978 child-occupied facility; it may have the potential to disturb known or presumed lead-based paint.
193
Licensed
Holding a valid license or certification issued by EPA or by an EPA-authorized State or Tribal program pursuant to Title IV of the Toxic Substances Control Act. The license is based on certification for lead-based paint hazard evaluation or control work. See, also, Certified.
194
Lead-specific detergent
A cleaning agent manufactured specifically for cleaning and removing leaded dust or other lead contamination.
195
Lead hazard screen
A method of determining, in buildings in good condition, whether they should have a
full risk assessment. The screen uses fewer samples but more stringent evaluation criteria (standards) than regular risk assessments. Also called a risk assessment screen.
196
Lead-containing paint
As defined by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, paint or other similar
surface coating materials for consumer use that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal) is in excess of 0.009 percent by weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paint film
