Glossary Ch 1

Question 1

Adaptive immunity

Answer 1

A type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposre, which results in an increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure

Question 2

Antibodies

Answer 2

Glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to foreign substance exposures; also known as immunoglobulins

Question 3

Attenuation

Answer 3

A process of producing nonpathogenic bacteria or viruses for use in vaccines; these organisms have been weakened by treatment with a chemical, exposure to elevated or cold temperatures, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture

Question 4

Basophils

Answer 4

A type of WBC found in peripheral blood, containing granules that release substances that are involved in allergic reactions

Question 5

Bone marrow

Answer 5

The largest tissue in the body, located in the long bones; its role is the generation of hematopoietic cells

Question 6

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 6

A type of immunity in which T cell produce cytokines that help to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response

Question 7

Chemotaxins

Answer 7

A protein or other substance that acts as a chemical messenger to produce chemotaxis

Question 8

Clusters of differentiation (CD)

Answer 8

Antigenic features of leukocytes that are identified by groups of monoclonal antibodies expressing common or overlapping activity

Question 9

Cytokines

Answer 9

Chemical messenger produced by stimulated cells that affects the function or activity of other cells

Question 10

Antigens

Answer 10

Macromolecule that is capable of eliciting formation of immunoglobulins or sensitized cells in an immunocompetent host

Question 11

Dendritic cells

Answer 11

Tissue cells covered with long membranous extensions that make them resemble nerve cell dendrites

Question 12

Diapedesis

Answer 12

The process by which cells are capable of moving from the circulating blood to the tissues by squeezing through the wall of a blood vessel

Question 13

Eosinophils

Answer 13

A WBC that contains reddish-orange granules and is involved in allergic reactions

Question 14

Germinal center

Answer 14

The interior of a secondary follicle where blast transformation of B cells takes place

Question 15

Humoral immunity

Answer 15

Protection from disease resulting from substances in the serum (e.g., antibodies)

Question 16

Immunity

Answer 16

The condition of being resistant to infection

Question 17

Immunology

Answer 17

The study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body

Question 18

Innate (natural) immunity

Answer 18

The ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

Question 19

Leukocytes

Answer 19

White blood cells

Question 20

Lymph nodes

Answer 20

A secondary lymphoid organ that is located along a lymphatic duct and whose purpose is to filter lymphatic fluid from the tissues and act as a site for processing of foreign antigens

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

The key WBC involved in the adaptive immune response

Question 22

Macrophages

Answer 22

A WBC that kills microbes and presents antigen to T and B cells

Question 23

Mast cells

Answer 23

A tissue cell that plays a role in allergic reactions and also functions as an antigen-presenting cells

Question 24

Memory cells

Answer 24

Progeny of an antigen-activated B or T cell that is able to respond to antigen more quickly than the parent cell

Question 25

Monocytes

Answer 25

The largest WBC in peripheral blood; it migrates to the tissues to become a macrophage

Question 26

Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 26

A type of lymphocyte that has the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

Question 27

Neutrophils

Answer 27

A WBC with a multilobed nucleus and a large number of neutral staining granules; its main function is phagocytosis

Question 28

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

Answer 28

White pulp of splenic tissue, which is made up of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and granulocytes; it surrounds the central arterioles

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

The engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells

Question 30

Plasma cells

Answer 30

A differentiated B cell that actively secretes antibody

Question 31

Primary follicles

Answer 31

A cluster of B cells that have not yet been stimulated by antigen

Question 32

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 32

The organs in which lymphocytes mature; bone marrow and thymus

Question 33

Secondary follicles

Answer 33

A cluster of B cells that are proliferating in response to a specific antigen

Question 34

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 34

Organs that include the spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue where the main contact with foreign antigens takes place

Question 35

Spleen

Answer 35

The largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen; its function is to filter out old cells and foreign antigens

Question 36

Thymocytes

Answer 36

Immature lymphocyte, found in the thymus, that undergoes differentiation to become a mature T cell

Question 37

Thymus

Answer 37

A small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax of humans, which serves a the site for differentiation of T cells