glossary of terms Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
advertorial
A
an advertisement that gives information about a product or service in the form of an editorial or journalistic article
1
Q
act
A
a collection of scenes in drama
2
Q
accent
A
the pronunciation of a language
3
Q
dialect
A
a unique and distinguishable combination of vocabulary, pronunciation and syntax
4
Q
actual reader
A
an individual or individuals who actually read or listen to a text
5
Q
actual writer
A
the individual or individuals who actually produce a text
6
Q
adjective
A
a word class used to modify nouns
7
Q
adverb
A
a word class used for a number of functions, including modifying adjectives and verbs
8
Q
adverbs of manner
A
adverbs suggesting time, manner, and place
9
Q
adverbs of degree
A
adverbs that suggest the degree of the nouns and verbs they modify
10
Q
allegory
A
a story that reveals a hidden truth, moral, political message
11
Q
alliteration
A
the repetition of sound at the beginning of several words, generally used to express the lyrical qualities of language
12
Q
allusion
A
a form of figurative language in which reference is made to text, event, person or place, thereby the author relies on the reader’s contextual knowledge and makes an implicit comparison between what is presented and what is known
13
Q
ambient advertising
A
advertisements that make use of their physical surroundings in order to construct meaning
14
Q
amplification
A
rhetorical device where the writer embellishes the sentence by adding more information to it, to increase its worth and understandability
15
Q
anadiplosis
A
a form of repetition in which the last word of one clause or sentence is repeated as the first word of the next sentence
16
Q
analogy
A
a cognitive process of transferring traits from one thing or idea to another
17
Q
anaphora
A
the repetition of the same word or phrase in a succession of phrases or sentences, often used to establish rhetorical or ‘literary’ effect
18
Q
anecdote
A
a short personal story
19
Q
anti-advertising
A
advertising that draws your attention to and makes you aware of the conventions of advertising
20
Q
antithesis
A
a contrast between ideas (the thesis and antithesis) by placing them together for rhetorical or literary effect
21
Q
appeal
A
a mode of persuasion
22
Q
appeal to authority
A
argumentum ad verecundiam = an argumentation technique, in which one refers to a source that claims to have authority, assuming that authorities are right
23
Q
argument
A
a line of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood
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argument ad hominem
attacking the opposition’s character, not their arguments
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argumentation fallacy
the use of invalid or faulty reasoning in an argument
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assertion
a strong declaration or forceful conviction based on belief
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assonance
the repetition of the same sound between syllables of nearby words
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atmosphere
the feeling or mood that a writer creates by describing a setting, objects, characters
29
banner
an image-based advertisement
30
biographical criticism
literary criticism which uses a writer’s biography in order to show a relationship between the author and his works
31
blank verse
verses with regular metrical feet without rhyme
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audience
the reader or listener of a text
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cacaphony
discordant, rugged or hard-sounded effects in prose or verse, usually produced by clusters of consonants arranged so as to make pronunciation difficult
34
caesura
a pause within a line of verse, established by the natural organisation of language into phrases, clauses, and sentences, which do not conform to the metric pattern
35
capitalisation
the inclusion of capital letters in a word
36
caricature
a picture, imitation of a person which exaggerates that person’s features or character traits
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cartoonification
the process of turning an object or person into a cartoon by drawing them
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catharsis
the process of being relieved from strong or repressed feelings
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characterisation
the way in which a writer creates her characters in a narrative so as to attract or repel the sympathy of the reader or audience
40
chiasmus
a rhetorical device in which words, grammatical constructions or ideas are **repeated in reverse order**
41
clause
a group of words that express a single idea, consisting of a subject and verb
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cliché
a boring phrase, made tedious by frequent repetition
43
coherence
the systematic **connection of ideas** in a written piece achieved through the use of **linking words** and the **integration of illustrations**
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colloquialism
expression or grammar that is associated with ordinary, everyday speech rather than formal language
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colonial discourse
a way of using language that establishes a relationship between colonial powers and colonised power
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colonialism
a policy or practice of acquiring full/partial political control over another country
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complex sentence
consists of at least two clauses, one of which is subordinate to a main clause
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compound sentence
consists of two or more main clauses linked with one of the conjunctions “or”, “and” and “but”
49
condescension
a way of talking down to someone in a patronising way
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conjunctions
words that are used to connect words, phrases, and clauses
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connotation
the aura of emotion that is associated with the word through personal experience
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denotation
the literal, factual meaning of a word
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consonance
repetition of the same sound between syllables of nearby words, caused by the repetition of consonants
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context
the time, place and people that influence the way a text is interpreted
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context of production
the situation or circumstances in which a text is produced with significant factors influencing the writing or speaking of a text
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context of reception
the situation or circumstances in which a text is received with significant factors influencing the reading or listening of a text
57
contrast ad
a political advertisement which includes information about opposing candidates, highlighting their negative traits
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core vocabulary
everyday and easily understood words that constitute a significant majority of our vocabulary
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couplet
a pair of rhymed lines in any meter in poetry
60
crowdsourcing
the act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated employee and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call
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culture jamming
the practice of criticising and subverting advertising or consumerism in the mass media
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deictic
words that point in various directions, within a text and beyond it
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deontology
the study of nature of duty and obligation
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diacope
the **repetition of a word** or phrase with one or two **intervening words**
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diatribe
a severely **critical type of discourse**, often spoken, characterised by **anger directed towards something** or someone
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diegetic sound
any sound that originates from the people or things within the world being filmed, on screen or off screen
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dolly
the vehicle on which a camera is placed in order to track its subject while moving
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dramatic irony
when the development of the plot allows the audience to possess more information about what is taking place than some of the characters themselves have
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dramatic aside
an instance when a character in drama speaks briefly and directly to the audience without being heard by other characters
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dysphemism
opposite of a euphemism
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dystopia
an unpleasant, bad, totalitarian place, opposite of a utopia
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ellipsis
the omission of part of a language structure
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end-stopped line of verse
the end of the line coincides with a grammatical pause usually signalled by punctuation
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enjambment
a line of poetry that is not end-stopped, meaning the sentence continues into the next line without pause or punctuation
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equivocation
a word is used in two different senses in an argument
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ethos
the character of an audience, nation or community
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euphemism
a word or phrase that makes something sound better than it actually is
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enumeration
a rhetorical device which mentions or numbers items one by one
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ephemral
lasting for only a short period of time
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expression
a turn of phrase or idiom which does not have a literal meaning
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facetious
treating a serious matter with flippant or inappropriate humor
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freeze-frame
the act of stopping action in order to point to a particular moment
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free-verse
verse that is released from the convention of metre, with its regular pattern of stresses and line lengths, printed in broken-up lines like verse frequently rhythmical, sometimes containing metrical regularity, but overall free from regular of repeated feet
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gatekeeper
a person who has access to a particular medium and can disseminate ideas with it
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genre
| def, main kinds
a kind or type of literature
the three major genres: poetry, drama, prose
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graphology
the visual aspect of a text, including layout, font, and image
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haiku
a Japanese lyric form, exactly seventeen syllables are used in three lines: 5-7-5; their common method is to describe a natural scene or object as a way of implying feeling
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hegemony
dominance of one social group over another
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hyperbole
a figure of speech; emphasis through exaggeration
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hypophora
a figure of speech in which the speaker raises a question and then answers it immediately
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icon
an image that resembles what it represents
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inflection
a change in pitch or loudness of the voice
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intonation
the rise and fall of the voice in speaking
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intertextuality
the ways in which a text resonates or **refers to another text**
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irony
| def, forms
a literary or stylistic device in which one states something that is in discordance with what is expected, when someone says one thing but means something else
forms of irony: verbal, situational (the opposite of what is expected happens), dramatic
96
jargon
the special technical language of any trade, profession, branch, or scholarship
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juxtaposition
the placement of two opposite ideas in close proximity
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language
a system of communication that is mutually intelligible among all members of a community; a dialect with ‘official’ acceptance as the standard to which all other varieties are compared
99
logos
the appeal to a reader or listener's sense of logic
100
literary theory
the study of methods used for analysing texts
101
loaded word
a word that is charged with emotion
102
male chauvinism
a belief that men are better than women in terms of ability and intelligence
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manifesto
a text used to declare policy or aims
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mash up
online texts, usually short films, that copy content from an original source and alter it to some extent to give it new meaning
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metaphor
a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another
106
metonymy
the act of referring to a concept not by its name, but by something intimately associated with it
107
metre
the basic rhythmic structure in a verse
108
mise en scène
arrangement of scenery, props and characters on a stage or set of a film
109
modality
the linguistics of judgement, **the way in which writers express attitudes** towards their subject matter and towards their addresses
110
monologue
a long speech by a character
111
mood
the emotional connotations that surround the language of a text
112
multivocal
**meaning is not fixed** in a text, however, it is **constructed by readers** who occupy particular positions, who are informed ideologically, and who exist in particular historical and cultural contexts
113
news satire
a type of satire which aims to imitate the conventions of news storytelling for humorous effect
114
newsworthiness
the value of a news story in terms of its relevance, negativity, extraordinariness
115
noble savage
a representation of a primitive person in an idealised way
116
non-diegetic sound
any sound whose source is not present in the world being filmed
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nominalisation
a process in which a verb or verb group is transformed into a noun
118
noun phrase
a word or group of words with a noun as the essential word with added information in the form of modifiers (a determiner, premodifier, headword, postmodifier)
119
onomatopeia
a stylistic device that refers to words that sound like what they represent
120
othering
the process of treating people differently, as though they are intrinsically different from oneself
121
paralanguage
aspects of communication functioning in conjunction with verbal language (intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial expression)
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parallelism
the repetition and aligning of components of a sentence so that they follow a similar construction or pattern
123
pastiche
a text that imitates the style of another text or author
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pathos
speakers appeal to one's sense of emotion
125
personification
a stylistic device where inanimate objects are given human qualities, a form of analogy where one thing is compared to another thing
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phonological
the sound system of a language
127
phoneme
a single unit of sound
128
phonological substitution
replacing an anticipated sound with an unanticipated sound
129
phrase
a unit of language made up of anything from an individual word to several words acting together, but smaller than a sentence
130
problem-solution technique
persuasive technique used by advertisers and politicians, in which if an audience can identify with one characteristic of the problem, then they can be persuaded to believe that they must buy into the solution
131
polysyndeton
the repetition of coordinating conjunctions such as ‘and’ or ‘or’
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prosody
the patterns of rhythm and sound
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pun
a play on words, often comic, resulting from a word having more than one meaning, or two words with the different meanings having the same sound
134
referendum
a general vote by the electorate on a single political issue
135
riddle
a question or statement which presents a puzzle for someone to solve
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semantic field
a group of words that are related or analogous in meaning, and are often connected with a particular context of use
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lexical cluster
sets of noun or adjective forms, perhaps multiple or in multiple languages, which have in common that they share a meaning
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sensationalism
language that appeals to emotions — it exaggerates, over-hypes and attracts attention to controversy
139
signifier
any form that takes meaning (word, sign, symbol, colour)
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signpost
a connective word that tells the reader where the text is going (‘next’)
141
simile
the comparison of two things, using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’
142
slang
a deviation in language use, be it vocabulary or expressions, from the standardized form of a particular language
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slogan
a phrase used in a political or commercial campaign repeatedly which is short and express a shared purpose or idea
144
social commentary
a message that criticizes society and the ways in which that society is organised
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social networking
a structure of individuals and their interdependence on each other, be it through friendship, economics or interests
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socialisation
the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society
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soliloquy
a speech given by a character to himself so that the audience but no other characters can hear the character’s thoughts
148
speech direction
the instructions given in the play script by the playwright to the actors on how to deliver the lines
149
spoof
humorous imitation of a text in which its features are exaggerated
150
stereotyping
assigning fixed characteristics to individuals on the basis of their group membership
150
surrealism
movement which includes unnatural, fantastical or irrational depictions of the world
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subvertising
making spoofs of parodies of corporate and political advertisement
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supercrunching
the phenomenon of how large databases are helping us make decisions everyday, especially on the Internet
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synecdoche
a stylistic device with which we **refer** to an entity by **one of its parts**
153
tagline
a catchphrase or slogan
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tautology
a phrase that says the same thing twice
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palindrome
a word or phrase that reads the same forwards and backwards
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tension
the feeling of an unresolved problem or unfulfilled events
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testimonial
the retelling of a personal experience with a product
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textuality
the characteristics that define a text (What makes a speech a speech?)
159
topical
current or relevant to current events
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trompe l'oeil
a 2D art-style that creates an illusion of 3D when viewed from a particular perspective
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truncated sentence
a sentence that misses words out
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visual narrative
the storyline that is suggested through an image
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voice
the quality that makes an author’s style unique
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volta
a turning point in argument of thought in poetry
165
emanata
= symbols or lines that represent a character's emotions, thoughts, or states of being (hearts, lightbulb, zzz’s, …)
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oxymoron
a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
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paradox
a statement, pair of statements, or even the exploration of an idea that seems contradictory upon first glance
