Glossary terms - food fuels, energy systems, acute responses

Question 1

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 1

A high energy molecule stored in muscle cells and other parts of the body. It is the energy currency for biological work.

Question 2

Adenosine diphosphate

Answer 2

Is a by-product that results when ATP breaks down and loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.

Question 3

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 3

A chemical compound found in muscle cells that is capable of storing and releasing energy that can be used to resynthesise ATP from ATP and Pi

Question 4

carbohydrates

Answer 4

Naturally occurring compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 5

Glucose

Answer 5

Simplest form of carbohydrate and the basic ingredient for anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis

Question 6

glycogen

Answer 6

Storage form of glucose found in the muscles and in larger quantities in the liver

Question 7

Fats

Answer 7

Essential component of a balanced diet and should comprise about 20-25 % of daily food intake

Question 8

Free Fatty Acids

Answer 8

Broken-down transportable form of fats

Question 9

Triglycerides

Answer 9

Stored form of fats found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Question 10

Protein

Answer 10

Allows for muscle growth and repair, fights disease, helps chemical reactions and transports materials

Question 11

Amino acids

Answer 11

Building blocks of protein. Protein is broken down through the process of digestion into amino acids

Question 12

ATP demand

Answer 12

How much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended and, therefore, needs to be resynthesised

Question 13

Rate

Answer 13

How quickly ATP is resynthesised

Question 14

Yield

Answer 14

The total amount of ATP that is resynthesised during an exercise bout

Question 15

ATP-PC system

Answer 15

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of creatine phosphate without oxygen being involved

Question 16

Fatigue

Answer 16

An exercise-induced reduction in the ability of muscles to produce force or power

Question 17

Recovery

Answer 17

Overcoming or reversal of the fatigue experienced as the result of participation in a training session or some form of exercise bout, where body systems repair damaged tissue and replenish energy stores

Question 18

Anaerobic glycolysis system

Answer 18

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of glycogen through a series of chemical steps that do not require oxygen

Question 19

metabolic by - product

Answer 19

Substance produced as a result of chemical reactions within the body associated with the production of energy for ATP resynthesis

Question 20

Active recovery

Answer 20

Low-intensity (60-70% MHR) activity completed at the end of an exercise bout that allows the body to recover by maintaining an elevated blood flow to the muscles and preventing venous pooling, gradually returning the body to its resting physiological state

Question 21

Aerobic system

Answer 21

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of various energy fuels (mainly glycogen and triglycerides) through a series of chemical steps that require oxygen

Question 22

glycolosis

Answer 22

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 23

lipolosis

Answer 23

Breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol within muscle cells

Question 24

mitochondria

Answer 24

Cell structures or organelles that can be viewed as the power generators of the cell, converting nutrients into ATP

Question 25

Hitting the wall

Answer 25

Term used to describe the depletion of glycogen stores in the muscles and liver

Question 26

Interplay of energy systems

Answer 26

Refers to energy systems working together, but at different rates, to supply the ATP required for an activity

Question 27

Lactate inflection point (LIP)

Answer 27

Represents the highest intensity point where there is a balance between lactate production and removal from the blood

Question 28

Acute responses

Answer 28

The body’s immediate, short-term responses that last only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for a short time period (recovery) afterwards

Question 29

heart rate

Answer 29

Number of times the heart beats per minute

Question 30

resting heart rate

Answer 30

Refers to the number of heartbeats per minute while the body is at rest

Question 31

Maximum heart rate

Answer 31

The highest heart rate value achieved in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion

Question 32

Anticipatory response

Answer 32

When the heart rate rises above resting values just before the start of exercise

Question 33

stroke volume

Answer 33

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per heartbeat

Question 34

vasodilation

Answer 34

The process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue

Question 35

Cardiac output

Answer 35

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 36

Blood pressure

Answer 36

The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls as it is forced through the circulatory system by the action of the heart.

Question 38

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 38

The blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. It is the higher of the two blood-pressure values

Question 39

Diastolic blood pressure

Answer 39

The blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle. It is the lower of the two blood-pressure values

Question 40

vasoconstriction

Answer 40

The process where blood vessels narrow or constrict as a response to a decreased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue

Question 41

arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 41

A measure of the difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood

Question 42

respiratory rate

Answer 42

The number of breaths per minute

Question 43

tidal volume

Answer 43

The amount of air breathed in and out in one breath

Question 44

ventilation

Answer 44

The amount of air breathed in and out per minute by the lungs. Ventilation (V) = respiratory rate x tidal volume

Question 45

Pulmonary diffusion

Answer 45

The process whereby oxygen is taken in via the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood to the lungs

Question 46

oxygen uptake vo2

Answer 46

Amount of oxygen taken in, transported and utilised by the body for energy production

Question 47

maximum oxygen uptake (vo2 max)

Answer 47

The maximum amount of oxygen taken in, transported and utilised by the body for energy production

Question 48

Oxygen deficit

Answer 48

The state in which there is a shortfall between oxygen supply and demand

Question 49

steady state

Answer 49

The state in which oxygen supply equals oxygen demand

Question 50

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Answer 50

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery after the cessation of exercise bout that is over and above the amount usually required during rest

Question 51

carbohydrate loading

Answer 51

A nutritional strategy in which muscle glycogen stores are maximised prior to endurance events