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MOD 9 > GLYCEROL METABOLISM > Flashcards

GLYCEROL METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

refers to a two-carbon chain covalently bonded to coenzyme A

A

Acetyl CoA

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2
Q

Hydrogen atoms are removed from the α and β carbons, creating a double bond between these two carbon atoms

A

First Dehydrogenation

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3
Q

an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and it can be converted to pyruvate, then acetyl CoA, and finally carbon dioxide, or it can be used to form glucose

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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4
Q

FAD is the oxidizing agent, and a FADH2 molecule is a product

A

First Dehydrogenation

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5
Q

fatty acid must be transported into mitochondrial matrix
shuttle mechanism

A

Transport

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6
Q

There are three parts to the process by which fatty acids are broken down to obtain energy:

A

1) Activation
2) Transport
3) β-oxidation

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7
Q

fatty acid must be repeatedy oxidized,cycling through a series of four reactions, to produce CoA,FADH2, and NADH

A

β-oxidation

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8
Q

The enzyme involved is stereospecific in that only trans double bonds are produced

A

First Dehydrogenation

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9
Q

fatty acid must be activated by boding to coenzyme A

A

Activation

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10
Q

In the mitochondrial matrix, a sequence of four reactions repeatedly cleaves two carbon units from the carboxyl end of the
acyl CoA molecule

A

β-oxidation pathway

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11
Q

A molecule of water
is added across the trans double bond,
producing a secondary alcohol at the b-carbon position

A

Hydration

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12
Q

Occur at the outer mitochondrial membrane and the reactants are: fatty acid, coenzyme A, and a molecule of ATP

A

Activation

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13
Q

a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions that degrades acyl CoA to acetyl CoA by removing two carbon atoms at a time, with FADH2 and NADH also being produced

A

β-oxidation pathway

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14
Q

enzyme involved is stereospecific in that only the L-hydroxy isomer is produced from the trans double bond

A

Hydration

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15
Q

activated fatty acid–CoA molecule refers to a random length fatty acid carbon chain that is covalently bonded to coenzyme A

A

Acyl CoA

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16
Q

TRUE / FALSE:
pyruvate can be converted to
oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase

A

TRUE

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17
Q

first ketone body to be produced

A

acetoacetate

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18
Q

Removal of two hydrogen atoms converts the b-hydroxy group to a keto group, with NAD+ serving as the oxidizing agent

A

Second Dehydrogenation

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19
Q

one of three substances produced from acetyl CoA when an excess of acetyl CoA from fatty acid degradation accumulates because of triacylglycerol–carbohydrate metabolic
imbalances

A

KETONE BODY

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20
Q

second ketone body

A

β-hydroxybutyrate

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21
Q

The b-carbon atom has been oxidized from a -CH2- group to a ketone group

A

Second Dehydrogenation

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22
Q

serve as sources of energy for various
tissues and are very important energy sources in heart muscle and the renal cortex

A

KETONE BODY

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23
Q

third ketone body

A

acetone

23
Q

fatty acid carbon chain is broken between the a and b carbons by reaction with a coenzyme A molecule

A

Thiolysis

23
Q

the metabolic pathway by which ketone bodies
are synthesized from acetyl CoA

A

Ketogenesis

24
Q

somewhat unstable and can spontaneously or enzymatically lose its carboxyl group to
form acetone

A

Acetoacetate

25
Q

result is an acetyl CoA molecule and a new
acyl CoA molecule that is shorter by two carbon atoms than its
predecessor

A

Thiolysis

25
Q

primary site for the KETOGENESIS

A

liver mitochondria

25
Q

Reaction steps in the process of ketogenesis are:

A

1) First condensation
2) Second condensation
3) Chain cleavage
4) Hydrogenation

26
Q

when there is adequate balance between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and most of the acetyl CoA produced from the β oxidation pathway is further processed through the citric acid cycle

A

Ketone Bodies

27
Q

extremely serious ketosis that can develop to persons with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes

A

Ketoacidosis

28
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
CoA

A

B-OXI

29
Q

Two acetyl CoA molecules combine to produce acetoacetyl
CoA, a reversal of the last step of the b-oxidation pathway via a condensation reaction

A

First condensation

30
Q

Two of the three ketone bodies (acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate) are acids; a carboxyl group is present in their structure. At elevated levels, the presence of these two ketone bodies can cause a
significant decrease in blood pH

A

Ketoacidosis

31
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
reducing agent NADPH

A

LIPO

32
Q

Acetoacetyl CoA reacts with a third acetyl CoA and water to produce 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMGCoA) and CoA-SH

A

Second condensation

33
Q

if left untreated, leads to heavy breathing
(acidic blood carries less oxygen) and increased urine output that can lead to dehydration or ultimately can
cause coma and death

A

Ketoacidosis

34
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
oxidizing agents FAD and NAD+

A

B-OXI

35
Q

HMG-CoA is cleaved
to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate

A

Chain cleavage

36
Q

Ketoacidosis is also known as

A

metabolic acidosis

37
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
acetyl CoA is used to form malonyl ACP, which becomes the carrier of the two carbon units

A

LIPO

37
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Ketoacidosis

37
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
CoA derivatives are involved in all steps

A

B-OXI

37
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
Cell site: cell cytosol

A

LIPO

37
Q

normal concentration of ketone bodies in the
blood

A

1 mg/100 mL

37
Q

Acetoacetate is reduced to β-hydroxybutyrate. The reducing
agent is NADH

A

Hydrogenation

38
Q

Abnormal metabolic conditions, the body produces elevated blood ketone levels which ranges from

A

50 –100 times greater than normal

39
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
Cell site: mitochondrial matrix

A

B-OXI

40
Q

excess accumulation of ketone bodies in blood (20 mg/100 mL)

A

Ketonemia

41
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
collected into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthase making the steps close
together

A

LIPO

42
Q

disease with a ketone level of 70 mg/100 mL

A

Ketonemia

42
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
not physically associated, so the
reaction steps are independent

A

B-OXI

42
Q

renal threshold is exceeded and ketone bodies are excreted in the urine

A

Ketonuria

42
Q

LIPO / B-OXI:
bonded to ACP (acyl carrier protein)

A

LIPO

43
Q

result of such dieting include headache, dry mouth, and sometimes acetone-smelling breath. It is also true for fasting situations

A

Mild ketosis

MOD 9 (3 decks)

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