GLYCEROL METABOLISM

Question 1

refers to a two-carbon chain covalently bonded to coenzyme A

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA

Question 2

Hydrogen atoms are removed from the α and β carbons, creating a double bond between these two carbon atoms

Answer 2

First Dehydrogenation

Question 3

an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and it can be converted to pyruvate, then acetyl CoA, and finally carbon dioxide, or it can be used to form glucose

Answer 3

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 4

FAD is the oxidizing agent, and a FADH2 molecule is a product

Answer 4

First Dehydrogenation

Question 5

fatty acid must be transported into mitochondrial matrix
shuttle mechanism

Answer 5

Transport

Question 6

There are three parts to the process by which fatty acids are broken down to obtain energy:

Answer 6

1) Activation
2) Transport
3) β-oxidation

Question 7

fatty acid must be repeatedy oxidized,cycling through a series of four reactions, to produce CoA,FADH2, and NADH

Answer 7

β-oxidation

Question 8

The enzyme involved is stereospecific in that only trans double bonds are produced

Answer 8

First Dehydrogenation

Question 9

fatty acid must be activated by boding to coenzyme A

Answer 9

Activation

Question 10

In the mitochondrial matrix, a sequence of four reactions repeatedly cleaves two carbon units from the carboxyl end of the
acyl CoA molecule

Answer 10

β-oxidation pathway

Question 11

A molecule of water
is added across the trans double bond,
producing a secondary alcohol at the b-carbon position

Answer 11

Hydration

Question 12

Occur at the outer mitochondrial membrane and the reactants are: fatty acid, coenzyme A, and a molecule of ATP

Answer 12

Activation

Question 13

a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions that degrades acyl CoA to acetyl CoA by removing two carbon atoms at a time, with FADH2 and NADH also being produced

Answer 13

β-oxidation pathway

Question 14

enzyme involved is stereospecific in that only the L-hydroxy isomer is produced from the trans double bond

Answer 14

Hydration

Question 15

activated fatty acid–CoA molecule refers to a random length fatty acid carbon chain that is covalently bonded to coenzyme A

Answer 15

Acyl CoA

Question 16

TRUE / FALSE:
pyruvate can be converted to
oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

first ketone body to be produced

Answer 17

acetoacetate

Question 18

Removal of two hydrogen atoms converts the b-hydroxy group to a keto group, with NAD+ serving as the oxidizing agent

Answer 18

Second Dehydrogenation

Question 19

one of three substances produced from acetyl CoA when an excess of acetyl CoA from fatty acid degradation accumulates because of triacylglycerol–carbohydrate metabolic
imbalances

Answer 19

KETONE BODY

Question 20

second ketone body

Answer 20

β-hydroxybutyrate

Question 21

The b-carbon atom has been oxidized from a -CH2- group to a ketone group

Answer 21

Second Dehydrogenation

Question 22

serve as sources of energy for various
tissues and are very important energy sources in heart muscle and the renal cortex

Answer 22

KETONE BODY

Question 23

third ketone body

Answer 23

acetone

Question 23

fatty acid carbon chain is broken between the a and b carbons by reaction with a coenzyme A molecule

Answer 23

Thiolysis

Question 23

the metabolic pathway by which ketone bodies are synthesized from acetyl CoA

Answer 23

Ketogenesis

Question 24

somewhat unstable and can spontaneously or enzymatically lose its carboxyl group to form acetone

Answer 24

Acetoacetate

Question 25

result is an acetyl CoA molecule and a new acyl CoA molecule that is shorter by two carbon atoms than its predecessor

Answer 25

Thiolysis

Question 25

primary site for the KETOGENESIS

Answer 25

liver mitochondria

Question 25

Reaction steps in the process of ketogenesis are:

Answer 25

1) First condensation 2) Second condensation 3) Chain cleavage 4) Hydrogenation

Question 26

when there is adequate balance between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and most of the acetyl CoA produced from the β oxidation pathway is further processed through the citric acid cycle

Answer 26

Ketone Bodies

Question 27

extremely serious ketosis that can develop to persons with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes

Answer 27

Ketoacidosis

Question 28

LIPO / B-OXI: CoA

Answer 28

B-OXI

Question 29

Two acetyl CoA molecules combine to produce acetoacetyl CoA, a reversal of the last step of the b-oxidation pathway via a condensation reaction

Answer 29

First condensation

Question 30

Two of the three ketone bodies (acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate) are acids; a carboxyl group is present in their structure. At elevated levels, the presence of these two ketone bodies can cause a significant decrease in blood pH

Answer 30

Ketoacidosis

Question 31

LIPO / B-OXI: reducing agent NADPH

Answer 31

LIPO

Question 32

Acetoacetyl CoA reacts with a third acetyl CoA and water to produce 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMGCoA) and CoA-SH

Answer 32

Second condensation

Question 33

if left untreated, leads to heavy breathing (acidic blood carries less oxygen) and increased urine output that can lead to dehydration or ultimately can cause coma and death

Answer 33

Ketoacidosis

Question 34

LIPO / B-OXI: oxidizing agents FAD and NAD+

Answer 34

B-OXI

Question 35

HMG-CoA is cleaved to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate

Answer 35

Chain cleavage

Question 36

Ketoacidosis is also known as

Answer 36

metabolic acidosis

Question 37

LIPO / B-OXI: acetyl CoA is used to form malonyl ACP, which becomes the carrier of the two carbon units

Answer 37

LIPO

Question 37

metabolic acidosis

Answer 37

Ketoacidosis

Question 37

LIPO / B-OXI: CoA derivatives are involved in all steps

Answer 37

B-OXI

Question 37

LIPO / B-OXI: Cell site: cell cytosol

Answer 37

LIPO

Question 37

normal concentration of ketone bodies in the blood

Answer 37

1 mg/100 mL

Question 37

Acetoacetate is reduced to β-hydroxybutyrate. The reducing agent is NADH

Answer 37

Hydrogenation

Question 38

Abnormal metabolic conditions, the body produces elevated blood ketone levels which ranges from

Answer 38

50 –100 times greater than normal

Question 39

LIPO / B-OXI: Cell site: mitochondrial matrix

Answer 39

B-OXI

Question 40

excess accumulation of ketone bodies in blood (20 mg/100 mL)

Answer 40

Ketonemia

Question 41

LIPO / B-OXI: collected into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthase making the steps close together

Answer 41

LIPO

Question 42

disease with a ketone level of 70 mg/100 mL

Answer 42

Ketonemia

Question 42

LIPO / B-OXI: not physically associated, so the reaction steps are independent

Answer 42

B-OXI

Question 42

renal threshold is exceeded and ketone bodies are excreted in the urine

Answer 42

Ketonuria

Question 42

LIPO / B-OXI: bonded to ACP (acyl carrier protein)

Answer 42

LIPO

Question 43

result of such dieting include headache, dry mouth, and sometimes acetone-smelling breath. It is also true for fasting situations

Answer 43

Mild ketosis