Glyco And Krebs Flashcards
6 types of reactions?
- Redox
- Location requiring ATP cleavage
- Isomerization
- Group transfer
- Hydrolytic
- Add/remove functional groups
10 steps of glycolysis?
- Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate using hexokinase and ATP
- Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate using phosphoglucose isomerase
- Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using PFK and ATP
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate using aldolase
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using TPI
- 2x glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate using GAPDH forming NADH
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate using phosphoglycerate kinase forming ATP
- 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate using phosphoglycerate mutase
- 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate using enolase forming water
- phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate using pyruvate kinase forming ATP
What is the net result of glycolysis?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
What is the importance of phosphorylating glucose when it enters the cytoplasm?
An essentially irreversible reaction that commits the glucose molecule to subsequent reactions and traps the glucose inside the cell due to the negative charge.
2 steps of alcoholic fermentation
- pyruvate to acetaldehyde using pyruvate decarboxylase forming Co2
- acetaldehyde to ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase forming NAD+
Generation of lactate reaction?
Pyruvate to lactate using lactate dehydrogenase forming NAD+.
This reaction is reversible.
Why must NAD+ be regenerated for glycolysis to continue?
Needed for the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is the first step in generating ATP for the body.
How is acetyl coa generated?
pyruvate + hs-coa to acetyl coa + co2 using pyruvate dehydrogenase complex forming NADH
What is the cause and symptoms of beri-beri?
thiamine deficiency - thiamine pyrophopshate is a cofactor of the PDH complex (think acetyl coa generation)
causes damage to the peripheral nervous system, weakness of musculature and decreased cardiac output
Where does glycolysis, link, TCA and oxidative phos occur?
glycolysis - cytoplasm
rest - mitochondria
8 steps ot TCA
- 2C Acetyl CoA binds to 4C oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate using citrate synthase.
- 6C citrate rearranges to form 6C isocitrate using aconitase.
- 6C Isocitrate forms 5C alpha ketoglutarate using IDH forming NADH and CO2.
- 5C Alpha ketoglutarate forms 4C succinyl CoA using an alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex forming NADH and CO2
- Succinyl CoA forms succinate using Succinyl CoA synthase producing GTP.
- Succinate forms fumarate using SDh forming FADH2.
- Fumarate is hydrated to form malate using fumarase.
- Finally malate reforms oxaloacetate using mdh forming NADH.
What must occur to amino acids before they enter the TCA cycle?
Deamination
What are transamination reactions?
An amine group is transferred from one amino acid to a keto acid forming a new pair of amino and keto acids.
What are the 2 ways NADH is transported and where does each transportation occur?
- Glycerol phosphate shuttle in skeletal muscle and brain
2. Malate-aspartate shuttle in liver, kidney and heart.
How does the glycerol phosphate shuttle work?
This process works by transporting electrons from NADH rather than NADH itself.
First electrons from NADH are transferred to DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) generating glycerol-3-phosphate using cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Membrane bound glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers the electrons to FAD forming FADH2. These then enter the electron transport chin via co enzyme Q.
