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Biology Cellular respiration > Glycolisis > Flashcards

Glycolisis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy.

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2
Q

True or False: Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

A

False: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

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3
Q

What is the main input molecule for glycolysis?

A

The main input molecule for glycolysis is glucose.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis converts glucose into _______.

A

pyruvate.

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5
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?

A

A net gain of 2 ATP molecules is produced in glycolysis.

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6
Q

What are the two main phases of glycolysis?

A

The energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase.

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7
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the first step of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase.

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8
Q

True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen to occur.

A

False: Glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

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9
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A

The end products are 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? A) ATP B) NADH C) FADH2 D) Pyruvate

A

C) FADH2

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11
Q

What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

A

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier and is reduced to NADH.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis is a series of _____ reactions.

A

enzyme-catalyzed.

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13
Q

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis if oxygen is present?

A

It enters the Krebs cycle for further energy production.

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14
Q

True or False: Glycolysis occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

True.

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15
Q

What is the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

The phase where 2 ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates.

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16
Q

What does the term ‘substrate-level phosphorylation’ refer to in glycolysis?

A

It refers to the direct production of ATP from ADP using the energy from breaking down substrates.

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17
Q

Multiple Choice: Which step of glycolysis involves the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate? A) Step 1 B) Step 3 C) Step 5 D) Step 7

A

A) Step 1

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The enzyme phosphofructokinase is important in glycolysis because it regulates _______.

A

the rate of the pathway.

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19
Q

What is the significance of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

A

It is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy.

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20
Q

True or False: Glycolysis can occur without enzymes.

A

False: Glycolysis requires enzymes to facilitate the reactions.

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21
Q

What is the role of ATP in glycolysis?

A

ATP provides energy and phosphate groups for the phosphorylation of glucose.

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22
Q

Multiple Choice: During glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of what? A) Acetyl-CoA B) Lactic acid C) Pyruvate D) Ethanol

A

C) Pyruvate

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23
Q

What happens to NADH produced in glycolysis if oxygen is absent?

A

It is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis is a crucial metabolic pathway for _____ respiration.

A

anaerobic.

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25
What type of organisms rely on glycolysis as a primary energy source?
Anaerobic organisms and some cells in aerobic organisms.
26
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
It is the process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
27
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
False
28
What is the main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?
To generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
29
Fill in the blank: The electron transport chain is located in the __________ of the mitochondria.
inner membrane
30
What are the two main components of oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
31
What molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen
32
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose during oxidative phosphorylation?
Up to 34 ATP molecules.
33
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of oxidative phosphorylation? A) ATP B) Water C) Carbon Dioxide D) Glucose
D) Glucose
34
What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
They donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
35
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation is an anaerobic process.
False
36
What is chemiosmosis?
It is the movement of protons across a membrane, which generates ATP.
37
Fill in the blank: ATP is synthesized from ADP and __________ during oxidative phosphorylation.
inorganic phosphate
38
What creates the proton gradient used in chemiosmosis?
The pumping of protons (H+) into the intermembrane space by the electron transport chain.
39
Multiple Choice: Which complex in the electron transport chain is responsible for the majority of ATP production? A) Complex I B) Complex II C) Complex III D) ATP Synthase
D) ATP Synthase
40
What is the equation for cellular respiration that includes oxidative phosphorylation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
41
True or False: The process of oxidative phosphorylation can occur without oxygen.
False
42
What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water.
43
Fill in the blank: The energy released from electrons moving through the electron transport chain is used to pump __________ into the intermembrane space.
protons (H+)
44
What is the pH difference created by the proton gradient during oxidative phosphorylation?
Higher pH in the matrix and lower pH in the intermembrane space.
45
How does ATP synthase generate ATP?
It uses the energy from the flow of protons back into the matrix to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
46
Multiple Choice: Which of the following processes directly produces ATP? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs Cycle C) Oxidative Phosphorylation D) All of the above
D) All of the above
47
What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) and how are they formed during oxidative phosphorylation?
ROS are highly reactive molecules formed when electrons leak from the electron transport chain.
48
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation is a slow process compared to glycolysis.
True
49
What is the significance of the proton motive force?
It drives ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation.
50
Fill in the blank: The process of oxidative phosphorylation primarily occurs in __________ cells.
eukaryotic
51
What is the main energy carrier produced during oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP
52
Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the electron transport chain? A) To oxidize glucose B) To produce heat C) To transfer electrons D) To synthesize proteins
C) To transfer electrons
53
What is the relationship between oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces NADH and FADH2, which are used in oxidative phosphorylation.
54
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
False
55
What happens to the protons after they flow through ATP synthase?
They return to the mitochondrial matrix.
56
57
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
58
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
True
59
Fill in the blank: The main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation is to generate ______.
ATP
60
What are the two main components of oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
61
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen
62
Multiple choice: Which of the following is produced as a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation? A) Carbon Dioxide B) Lactic Acid C) Glucose D) Ethanol
A) Carbon Dioxide
63
What is the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?
To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the proton gradient.
64
True or False: The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
True
65
Fill in the blank: The movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane creates an ______ gradient.
Electrochemical
66
What is the primary energy source that drives ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation?
Proton motive force.
67
Which complex in the electron transport chain is responsible for pumping protons into the intermembrane space?
Complex I, Complex III, and Complex IV.
68
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the electron transport chain? A) NADH B) FADH2 C) Coenzyme A D) Cytochrome c
C) Coenzyme A
69
What happens to NADH and FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?
They are oxidized to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
70
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation does not require oxygen.
False
71
Fill in the blank: The process of chemiosmosis couples ______ transport to ATP synthesis.
Proton
72
What is the approximate yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose through oxidative phosphorylation?
About 30 to 32 ATP molecules.
73
Multiple choice: Which of the following factors can affect the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation? A) Temperature B) pH C) Availability of oxygen D) All of the above
D) All of the above
74
What is the role of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the electron transport chain?
To transfer electrons between Complex I or II and Complex III.
75
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation is the only method for ATP production in aerobic organisms.
False
76
Fill in the blank: The energy stored in the proton gradient is known as ______ energy.
Potential
77
What happens if oxygen is not present during oxidative phosphorylation?
The electron transport chain cannot function, leading to a halt in ATP production.
78
Multiple choice: What is the role of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain? A) Electron carrier B) Proton pump C) ATP synthase activator D) NADH oxidizer
A) Electron carrier
79
What is the function of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?
To transfer electrons to oxygen and facilitate the formation of water.
80
True or False: The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded to increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
True
81
Fill in the blank: The process of oxidative phosphorylation is also known as ______ respiration.
Aerobic
82
What is the role of FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
To donate electrons to the electron transport chain at Complex II.
83
Multiple choice: How many protons are typically pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for each pair of electrons transferred through the electron transport chain? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 10
B) 4
84
What is the significance of the proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation?
It drives the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.
85
True or False: Oxidative phosphorylation can occur in the absence of the electron transport chain.
False
86
Fill in the blank: The energy released during electron transport is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial ______ into the intermembrane space.
Matrix

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