Glycolysis

Question 1

1st commited step of glycolysis

Answer 1

Step 3: 2nd priming phosphorylation

Question 2

Tautomerization? which step? what does it drive?

Answer 2

pyruvate: enol form to keto form. step 10. drives reaction toward ATP formation

Question 3

Which step produces NADH?

Answer 3

Step 6

Question 4

1st energy yielding step of glycolysis

Answer 4

Step 6: oxidation of GAP

Question 5

Hexokinase

Answer 5

1st step. use ATP: add phosphate to glucose. F + I

Question 6

Phosphohexose isomerase

Answer 6

2nd step. glucose to fructose. U + R

Question 7

Phosphofructose kinase

Answer 7

3rd step. Use ATP to add phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate. F + I

Question 8

Aldolase

Answer 8

4th step. Cleave fructose 1-6 phosphate into DHAP and GAP. U + R

Question 9

Triose phosphate isomerase

Answer 9

5th step. DHAP to GAP. U + R

Question 10

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 10

6th step. remove hydrogen and add phosphate to GAP –> 1-3 biphosphoglycerate. U + R. produces NADH

Question 11

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 11

7th step. make ATP! substrate level phosphorylation. F + R

Question 12

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Answer 12

8th step. phosphoryl group from C3 to C2. U + R

Question 13

Enolase

Answer 13

9th step. Water removed from phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate. U + R

Question 14

Pyruvate kinase

Answer 14

10th step: generate ATP. F + I. tautomerization

Question 15

Substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 15

ATP produced by enzyme catalyzed transfer of Phosphate group from intermediate substrate to ADP

Question 16

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 16

in e- transport chain. proton gradient provides E for ATP production –> ATP synthase uses E to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP

Question 17

What regulates glycolysis? (2) How?

Answer 17

1. Feedback inhibition: high levels of ATP inhibits PFK
2. PFK: 2 binding sites: if ATP bound to active site –> enzyme catalyze step 3 VS if ATP bound to regulatory site –> inhibits enzyme

Question 18

Which steps use ATP?

Answer 18

Steps 1 and 3

Question 19

Which steps produce ATP?

Answer 19

Steps 7 and 10

Question 20

High energy stored in what?

Answer 20

C-H and C-O bonds

Question 21

Glucose oxidation through (3)

Answer 21

glycolysis + TCA cycle + electron transport chain

Question 22

4 processes of cellular respiration and where?

Answer 22

1. glycolysis: cell cytoplasm
2. pyruvate processing: matrix of mitochondria (OR cytosol of prokaryotes)
3. TCA cycle: matrix of mitochondria (OR cytosol of prokaryotes)
4. e- transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria (OR membrane of prokaryotes)

Question 23

2 fundamental requirement of cells

Answer 23

1. Energy to generate ATP
2. source of carbon to make macros

Question 24

cellular respiration definition

Answer 24

any set of reaction that uses electrons from high-energy molecules to make ATP

Question 25

what can also be included in glycolysis as intermediates?

Answer 25

amino acids, lipids, other carbs

Question 26

in absence of oxygen as electron acceptor, cell can get E through ? (2)

Answer 26

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

Question 27

4 major pathways of glucose

Answer 27

1. storage. glycogen, starch, sucrose 2. synthesis of structural polymers (extracellular matrix, cell wall polysac) 3. oxidation of pentose phosphate pathway: DNA/RNA biosynthesis 4. oxidation via glycolysis: pyruvate --> how storage energy is released

Question 28

are enzymes for glycolysis same for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

research of glycolysis --> role in modern biochemistry? (4)

Answer 29

1. understanding role of enzymes 2. discovery of role of ATP 3. dev methods for enzyme purification 4. inspiration for next gen of biochemists

Question 30

What happens to glycolysis when cancer?

Answer 30

High turnover of glycolysis

Question 31

What is used during glycolysis?

Answer 31

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

Question 32

What is made during glycolysis?

Answer 32

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 33

Which 2 steps are coupled together to drive reactions forward? In glycolysis

Answer 33

Steps 6 ans 7. Step 7 is reversible even if it’s favorable.