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Metabolism and Regulation > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

how do we know if FAD is reduced or not

A

can measure the absorption as it changes when reduced/oxidised
can determine the structure - when reduced flavin ring has a butterfly structure

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2
Q

what are monosaccharides and examples

A

hexoses and pentoses
saccharide monomers of sugars
glucose, galactose, ribose

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3
Q

examples of disaccharides and what they are made of

A

sucrose (glucose + fructose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)

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4
Q

why is glucose the most important sugar in humans

A

it is the sole energy source for the brain/blood

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5
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

polymers of mono- or disaccharides

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6
Q

what polysaccharide is glucose stored as in animals
why

A

glycogen
its structure doesn’t take up too much space

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7
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

1-4 and 1-6 bonds
branched structure every ~10 subunits

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8
Q

what is the function of glycolysis

A

generation of ATP from free energy from glucose
partially break down glucose and provide a starting point for the TCA cycle

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9
Q

what is the function of the TCA cycle

A

the completion of oxidation of glucose

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10
Q

where in the body does glycolysis occur

A

muscle
brain
heart
adipose tissue
intestine
liver

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11
Q

where in the cell does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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12
Q

how does glucose get to the tissues that perform glycolysis

A

via the blood and enters cells via GLUT transporters

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13
Q

what is the chemical formula of glycolysis

A

C6H12o^ + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2H2O + 2NADH + H+

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14
Q

what type of phosphorylation is the generation of ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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15
Q

what type of phosphorylation is the consumption of ATP

A

oxidative level phosphorylation

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16
Q

explain the investment stage of glycolysis

A

two ATP consumed
glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved

17
Q

explain stage two of glycolysis

A

four ATP produced
two molecule of G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) are converted into pyruvate

18
Q

what are the three part of glycolysis

A

priming
cleavage
oxido-reduction-phosphorylation

19
Q

does hexokinase or glucokinase have a higher affinity for glucose
what does this high affinity allow

A

hexokinase
allows utilisation of glucose even when blood glucose is low

20
Q

where is the first regulation of glycolysis

A

substrates and products of step 1 act as allosteric regulators
products create a negative feedback loop when their concentration is high (fructose-6-phosphate, ATP)

21
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

regeneration of ATP by coupling its formation to more highly exergonic metabolic process

22
Q

why can stage 2 be seen as exergonic and endergonic

A

energy is used to create ATP but also half of the energy of the reaction is lost as heat

23
Q

what are the three irreversible steps in glycolysis
what enzymes catalyse them

A

1) glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate, hexokinase
3) fructose 6-phosphate ->

24
Q

which enzymes of glycolysis does ATP inhibit the activity of

A

phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase

25
Q

which enzyme of glycolysis is affected by alanine and phosphorylation and what is their effects

A

pyruvate kinase
alanine is an allosteric inhibitor
phosphorylation causes inhibition from hormonal control

25
Q

what molecules alter phosphofructokinase activity and how

A

ATP - substrate and inhibitor
ADP/AMP and F2,6P - activators

26
Q

explain how the absence of triose phosphate isomerase affects energy production from glycolysis

A

isomerase converts DHAP
without isomerase DHAP is not converted to G3P and only half of the carbons from glucose proceed through stage two of glycolysis
net ATP production is zero
DHAP accumulates and undergoes alternate metabolic conversions

Metabolism and Regulation (13 decks)

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