GM Week 1 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Explain how proteins can be used as an energy source:
During digestion, amino acids are absorbed into the blood. Some of these are de-nitrogenated and the resulting ketoacids can be used as a source of ATP.
What’s the absorption pathway for lipids compared with carbohydrates:
- lipids are packaged into chylomicrons, which travel through the lymphatic system, through the thoracic duct and into the circulation
- carbohydrates travel directly through the hepatic portal vein and into the circulation from there
How is the RDA defined in relation to the EAR?
- EAR (estimated average requirement) is defined as the daily requirement for the population median.
- RDA is defined as 2 standard deviations from the EAR. It’s sufficient to meet 98% of the populations dietary needs.
How does the acceptable macronutrient distribution range change from childhood through adulthood?
- The % of dietary fat needed decreases as you grow up
- The % of dietary protein needed increases as you grow up
- The % of dietary carbohydrates needed stays the same
SSx of pellagra:
- Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea
- Due to niacin deficiency
Results from vitamin B12 deficiency:
Megaloblastic anemia
Where in the GI tract is B12 absorbed
Only in the terminal ileum
Is it possible to distinguish between folate and B12 deficiencies based on blood panel results?
No
Results from vitamin A deficiency:
- Night blindness
- Xerophthalmia
- Lower immunity
True or false: heme iron is absorbed better than iron from leafy vegetables or other non-animal sources.
True
SSx of copper deficiency:
- Anemia
- Cardiac enlargement
- Neutropenia
Results from iodine deficiency:
- Goiter
- Cretinism
What’s the only way to increase your metabolism?
- Lifting weights
- Every pound of muscle burns roughly 50 calories at rest
What are the main restrictions on a renal diet?
- Low phosphorus
- Low sodium
- Low potassium
What’s one indication for the ketogenic diet?
Intractable epilepsy
Most common allergens in children:
Milk, soy, eggs, wheat
What type of allergic reaction is eosinophilic esophagitis? What’s its most common cause?
- Mixed IgE/non-IgE
- Milk
Common non-IgE mediated allergies:
- Cow’s milk protein allergy
- Celiac
- FPIES (Food-Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome)
What’s the MOA for statin drugs?
Decrease production of cholesterol in the liver by interrupting its synthesis pathway.
Most common serious side effect of statin drugs:
- Myopathy
- Ranges from mild myalgia to rhabdomyolysis
What other effects might statins have besides lipid level improvement?
May also have anti-inflammatory effects, improve endothelial function and reduce thrombus formation
Which 3 statins have the most drug interactions, and why? Name a dietary interaction with these medications.
- Atorvastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin
- CYP3A4 metabolism
- Interacts with grapefruit and alcohol
What’s the major effect of niacin (nicotinic acid)?
- Decreases triglyceride synthesis
- Increases HDL by lowering HLD uptake in liver
- Variable effect on LDL
- No effect on mortality when added to statin therapy
What does the mnemonic G PACMAN stand for?
What does it apply to?
G = grapefruit P = protease inhibitors A = azoles C = cyclosporine M = macrolides A = amiodarone N = non-dihydropyridine CCP
Statin drug interactions
