goated deck Flashcards
1
Q
What is the doctrine of signatures?
A
Things in the world are encoded with clues as to their purpose.
2
Q
Why are all-in-one cold medications a poor choice?
A
Many ingredients interfere with each other.
3
Q
What is a counter-indication?
A
A condition for which a medication should NOT be used.
4
Q
What is trepanation?
A
Cutting a hole in the skull.
5
Q
Which herbal remedy interacts poorly with Tylenol?
A
St. John’s wort.
6
Q
What is the most common cause of cancer?
A
Tobacco.
7
Q
How does a GC/MS detect steroid use?
A
GC sorts molecules; MS weighs them.
8
Q
Which drug killed cyclists (1987-1989)?
A
Erythropoietin (EPO).
9
Q
Why is aspirin a stomach irritant?
A
Decreases mucus production and increases acid.
10
Q
What is a teratogen?
A
A substance causing birth defects.
11
Q
What is apoptosis?
A
Cellular self-destruction.
12
Q
How was cisplatin discovered?
A
By passing electric current through platinum electrodes.
13
Q
What food increases cancer risk if consumed excessively?
A
Steak (processed/red meat).
14
Q
Why are tumors difficult to treat?
A
Tumor cells are similar to normal cells
15
Q
What does EPO do in the body?
A
Stimulates red blood cell production.
16
Q
What is the safest way to obtain human protein for drug use?
A
Genetic modification (recombinant DNA).
17
Q
Why does penicillin cause allergies?
A
Its structure resembles allergens.
18
Q
What is the leading cause of death due to tobacco?
A
Heart attack (not lung cancer).
19
Q
What is the primary immunologic memory cell for bacterial infections?
A
B cells.
20
Q
Why are adjuvants added to vaccines?
A
To enhance immune response.
21
Q
What is thiomersal?
A
A vaccine preservative.
22
Q
What neurotransmitter do hallucinogens mimic?
A
Serotonin.
23
Q
What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?
A
~11 m/s (African or European?).
24
Q
What is the basis for selectivity in cancer chemotherapy?
A
Tumor cells grow much faster than normal cells.
25
How long does tumor formation typically take?
About 20 years.
26
What percentage of fatal cancers are caused by smoking?
30%.
27
Which performance-enhancing substance is hardest to detect?
Erythropoietin (EPO).
28
How do anabolic steroids benefit athletes?
Enlarge existing muscle cells.
29
Why were amphetamines given to WWII soldiers?
To prevent drowsiness.
30
Which country first used testosterone for sports training?
Soviet Union.
31
How is recombinant human protein made?
Insert human gene into bacteria.
32
What does a GC peak size indicate?
Amount of molecules present.
33
What drug masks steroid use?
Epitestosterone.
34
How long does blood doping take?
About 1 month.
35
How do sulfa drugs inhibit bacteria?
Block coenzyme F production.
36
What was the leading cause of death in 1900?
Infection.
37
Which antibiotic causes cells to explode?
Penicillin.
38
What microbe type do antibiotics target?
Bacteria.
39
Why was penicillin mass-produced using corn steep liquor?
It provided ideal nutrients.
40
What technique treats necrotizing fasciitis?
Debridement.
41
What smoking-related disease kills most people?
Heart attack.
42
How much nicotine is in one cigarette?
About 2mg.
43
Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?
Interferes with oxygen transport.
44
What defines addictiveness scientifically?
Dependence, withdrawal, tolerance.
45
What happens when a messenger binds to a receptor?
The receptor changes shape.
46
What's the most dangerous e-cigarette substance?
Carbonyls.
47
What do antibodies stick to?
Epitopes.
48
What cell carries IgM antibodies?
B cells.
49
What do killer T cells display?
CD8 receptor.
50
What do most vaccines contain?
Dead/attenuated microbes.
51
What is squalene converted into?
Steroids.
52
Why did parents link autism to vaccines?
Symptoms appear at vaccination age.
53
What is adaptive immunity's function?
Delayed but specific response.
54
How does the immune system recognize infected cells?
T cells stick to MHC+viral protein.
55
What disease had only 37 global cases last year?
Polio.
56
What is used to make flu vaccines?
Eggs.
57
What inflates risk perception?
Dread (emotional response).
58
What two factors determine drug risk?
Exposure and toxicity.
59
What is risk?
Probability of harm.
60
What is a hazard?
Potential source of harm (e.g., stored paint).
61
What was amphetamines' first medical use?
Nasal decongestant.
62
Why did the IOC restrict drugs?
Unfair competitive advantage.
63
How did East Germany mask steroid use?
Injected epitestosterone.
64
What's false about modern penicillins?
Most sold today are natural forms.
65
Why did early smokers prefer pipes?
Reduced throat irritation.
66
What tobacco substance doesn't cause cancer?
Nicotine.
67
Why add ammonia to cigarettes?
Increases nicotine delivery.
68
What doesn't contain squalene?
Influenza vaccine.
69
What disease kills most globally today?
AIDS
70
Why design artificial drugs?
Natural ones are hard to mass-produce.
71
How do people misjudge risk?
Emotional over rational responses.
72
What was Joseph Lister's breakthrough?
Antisepsis.
73
What was associated with doctrine of signatures?
Mandrake root.
74
What did the 1907 Board of Food/Drug Inspection do?
Ensure proper drug labeling.
75
What's true about aspirin's discovery?
First isolated from willow bark.
76
What drug should children avoid?
Aspirin (Reye's syndrome risk).
77
What's the difference between brand/generic drugs?
Price (same active ingredient).
78
What shouldn't you use for a hangover?
Acetaminophen (liver risk).
79
How do triptans abort migraines?
Activate serotonin signals.
80
What's true about cold transmission?
Via touching contaminated surfaces.
81
What do antihistamines do?
Clear runny eyes, stop sneezing, cause drowsiness.
82
Best nasal decongestant for colds?
Pseudoephedrine (e.g., Sudafed).
83
What was Henrietta Lacks' contribution?
Source of HeLa cell line.
84
How do most cancer drugs work?
Trigger apoptosis.
85
How do doctors typically choose treatments?
Statistical benefit/risk analysis.
86
What's false about plant-derived drugs?
They're safer than synthetics.
87
How much is spent on OTC drugs yearly in NA?
$25 billion.
88
What was a bodily humor?
Yellow bile.
89
What most improved human survival?
Pure drinking water.
90
What term described fake medicines in 1800s?
Patent medicines.
91
What % of world drugs does the US consume?
49%.
92
Why use chlorophyll for bad breath?
It neutralizes odors.
93
Ancient major drug source?
Plants.
94
Why is children's Tylenol sold in small bottles?
Prevent accidental overdose.
95
What drug causes liver damage?
Acetaminophen (Tylenol).
96
How does aspirin work?
Blocks cyclooxygenase from making prostaglandins.
97
What drug reduces fever?
Antipyretic (e.g., acetaminophen).
98
Source of synthetic drug chemicals?
Coal tar.
99
Why was Vioxx removed?
The company was losing too much money in lawsuits.
100
What's true about aspirin's discovery?
First synthetic drug.
101
Why do NSAIDs cause stomach irritation?
Block COX-1 (protects stomach).
102
Which products contain the same drug?
Advil and Motrin (both ibuprofen).
103
Pain-relieving chemical in willow bark?
Salicin.
104
Most fatal aspirin poisonings are from?
Suicide (intentional overdose).
105
Generic vs brand name similarities?
Same active ingredient, dose, bioavailability.
106
Source of first artificial drugs?
Coal tar waste.
107
Original purpose of trepanation?
Treat schizophrenia (release spirits).
108
Final migraine stage?
Postdrome (recovery).
109
True about vascular headaches?
Some caused by poisons.
110
How do triptans reduce migraine pain?
Replace serotonin.
111
Source of tension headache pain?
Skull muscle squeezing.
112
Hangover severity predictor?
Congener content (darker drinks worse).
113
What percentage of men get migraines?
6%.
114
Common aura phase effect?
Scotomas (visual disturbances).
115
Least hangover-contributing metabolite?
Acetic acid.
116
What is MSG's purpose?
Flavor enhancer.
117
Original MSG source?
Seaweed.
118
What do decongestants do?
Reduce nasal secretions.
119
How are colds most often transmitted?
Touching contaminated surfaces.
120
Difference between sinus/regular cold?
None (same viruses).
121
What treats sore throat in colds?
Benzocaine (numbing agent).
122
Best cold medication selection method?
Match ingredients to symptoms.
123
How many cold-causing viruses exist?
200+.
124
What doesn't contain antihistamines?
Anti-nausea medication.
125
Why do older people get fewer colds?
Built immunity over time.
126
Best statistical risk evaluation?
Absolute numbers.
127
Why use relative benefits in ads?
They appear larger.
128
Why avoid statistics for risk decisions?
Emotional need for certainty.
129
What limited taxol development?
Scarcity of yew trees.
130
Which of the following was highly profitable for the drug industry because of illegal use?
Methamphetamine.
131
What does a human cell use to signal to the immune system that it is infected with a virus?
MHC receptor.
132
What is the major reason why industrial chemicals are dangerous?
Industrial chemicals are produced in very large quantities.
133
What is the most common side effect of first generation antihistamines?
Drowsiness.
134
What potentially serious side effect is associated with asthma inhalers?
Heart attack.
135
What is the most common side effect of metal heart valve replacement?
Clicking sound.
136
According to Health Canada, how much salt should the average person consume each day?
a. 1000 – 1500 mg.
137
Which blood pressure regulatory system can be controlled with drugs?
Secondary.
138
Which of the following natural remedies is highly effective in treating congestive heart failure?
Foxglove.
139
What natural health product does Health Canada warn against taking for angina?
Arginine.
140
Which of the following indicates an increased risk of heart attack?
LDL/HDL ratio more than 5.
141
Why are vegetable oils hydrogenated by the food industry?
Improve mouth feel of food.
142
What legal loophole did Pfizer use to get fast-track FDA approval for Lipitor?
Orphan Drug Act.
143
What drugs are added to herbal incense?
Designer analgesics.
144
What patent medicine was the alcoholic version of Coca-Cola?
Vin Mariani.
145
How is cocaine converted into crack?
Dissolve cocaine hydrochloride in water and add baking soda.
146
Which of the following is characteristic of LSD intoxication?
Sensation of flying.
147
What neurotransmitter do many hallucinogens resemble?
Serotonin.
148
Bath salts are 'legal' versions of what natural (but illegal) narcotic?
Khat (cathinone).
149
What 'smart' drug is given to everyone in Canada, essentially without their knowledge?
Iodide.
150
How large is the world market for counterfeit drugs?
$75 billion.
151
Why do many people take saw pimento?
Benign prostate hyperplasia.
152
Why do some people take glucosamine supplements?
Arthritis.
153
What substance, found in human sweat, is present in many perfumes and colognes?
Androstenone.
154
What substance is released during breastfeeding and promotes mother-child bonding?
Oxytocin.
155
What is a substance that elicits a specific unlearned response in another member of the same species called?
Pheromone.
156
How are most aphrodisiacs discovered?
By applying the doctrine of signatures.
157
What did Giles Brindley ask members of his audience to do?
Touch his erection.
158
Why was Alprostadil considered a success?
It proved that erectile dysfunction had a physical cause.
159
The biggest obstacles to using appropriate pain medications for those experiencing chronic pain is
Social attitudes and legal barriers.
160
