goni chapter 1 and 2

Question 1

What is goniometry

Answer 1

• measures angles created at a human joint
• part of comprehensive examination of joints and soft tissue

Question 2

why we use goniometry

Answer 2

• determine joint position
• measure total amount of motion available (AROM vs PROM)
• modify treatment
• determine presence, absence or change in impairment
• helps establish a diagnosis
• shows progress or lack of
• motivate patient
• evaluate effectiveness of treatment

Question 3

what is kinematics

Answer 3

• study of motion without regard to the forces that are causing the motion
• type, direction, and magnitude of motion
• location in space
• rate of change or velocity

Question 4

the 3 types of motion of a bony segment

Answer 4

• translatory (linear, all points of segment move in the same direction at the same time)
• rotary (angular, spins around a fixed point)
• combination (most common)

Question 5

arthrokinematic : slide

Answer 5

• sliding of one joint surface over another
• translatory motion
• same point comes into contact with new point on the opposing surface

Question 6

arthrokinematics : spin

Answer 6

rotary motion with all points on a moving joint surface rotating around a fixed axis of motion

Question 7

arthrokinematics : roll

Answer 7

• rotary motion like rolling of the bottom of a rocking chair on the floor
• new points on the moving joint surface come in contact with new points on the opposing joint surface

Question 8

osteokinematics

Answer 8

• gross movement of the shafts of bones
• motions take place in 3 planes, sagittal (left and right), frontal (front and back), transverse (top and bottom)

Question 9

degrees of freedom

Answer 9

how many planes a joint moves in
- 1 degree 1 place
- 2 degrees 2 planes
- 3 degrees 3 planes

Question 10

which 2 motions does extension refer to

Answer 10

• from full flexion (180) to 0
• motions the normally occurs beyond the 0 starting point

Question 11

factors that affect ROM

Answer 11

• age (younger usually has more)
• 20-30 ROM declines then plateaus until 60 then declines
• gender (females are more bendy)
• pregnancy increases mobility

Question 12

info gained by AROM goni

Answer 12

• persons willingness to move
• coordination
• muscle strength
• joint ROM
• pain

Question 13

info gained by PROM gony

Answer 13

usually higher than active
- integrity of articular surfaces
- extensibility of joint capsules
- does not depend on subjects muscle strength
- comparisons

Question 14

normal end feels

Answer 14

• soft : soft tissue approximation
• firm : stretch of tissues
• hard : bone on bone

Question 15

abnormal end feels

Answer 15

occur sooner or later than normal
- soft in joint that is usually hard
- firm in a joint that is usually soft or hard
- hard in a joint that is usually firm or soft
- empty end feel is when pain stops the motion

Question 16

what causes joint hypomotility

Answer 16

• joint surface abnormalities
• passive shortening or inflammation
• osteoarthritis
• spinal disorders
• immobilization after fractures
• scar development after burns
• neurological conditions (muscle guarding)

Question 17

capsular patterns of restricted motion

Answer 17

• conditions where there is considerable joint effusion or synovial inflammation with extra fluid (RA, gout)
• conditions where there is relative capsular fibrosis (chronic inflammation, immobilization)

Question 18

joint hypermobility

Answer 18

• ability of a joint to move beyond normal limits related to age and gender
• due to laxity in soft tissues, joint trauma, or serious hereditary connective tissue disease

Question 19

what is muscle length testing

Answer 19

• maximal muscle length is the greatest extensibility of the muscle tendon unit
• greatest distance between the proximal and distal attachments

Question 20

1 joint muscles

Answer 20

• only cross one joint
• influence the motion of one joint
• muscle length is measured the same way that PROM is in the direction opposite the muscles active motion
• firm end feels
• pt may complain of pain if the muscle is tight

Question 21

2 joint muscles

Answer 21

• cross and influence the motion of 2 joints
• length is usually not long enough to allow PROM at all joints at the same time
• Passive insufficiency : inability of a muscle to lengthen and allow full ROM at all joints

Question 22

positioning for testing

Answer 22

• preferred testing position
• critical for accuracy
• same testing position should be used for subsequent measurements
• places the joint in a 0 starting position
• permits unobstructed motion of the joint
• provides stabilization for the proximal joint segment
• isolation of the motion to one joint rather than combined motions

Question 23

stabilization for testing

Answer 23

• positional stabilization
• manual stabilization (keep proximal part fixed with distal moves, isolate the joint, can get a second person if needed)