Goniometry

Question 1

Shoulder flexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 1

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the greater tubercle
Proximal arm: parallel to the mid axillary line of the thorax
Distal arm: lateral midline of the humerus
180 degrees

Question 2

Shoulder extension:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 2

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the greater tubercle
Proximal arm: parallel to the mid axillary line of the thorax
Distal arm: lateral midline of the humerus
50 degrees

Question 3

Shoulder Abduction:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 3

Fulcrum: close to the anterior aspect of the acromion process
Proximal arm: parallel to the midline of the sternum
Distal arm: anterior midline of the humerus
180 degrees

Question 4

Shoulder internal rotation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 4

Fulcrum: over the olecranon
Proximal arm: perpendicular to the floor
Distal arm: aligned with the ulnar styloid
90 degrees

Question 5

Shoulder external rotation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 5

Fulcrum: over the olecranon
Proximal arm: perpendicular to the floor
Distal arm: aligned with the ulnar styloid
90 degrees

Question 6

Elbow flexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 6

Fulcrum: over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Proximal arm: midline of the humerus
Distal arm: midline of the radius
140 degrees

Question 7

Elbow extension:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 7

Fulcrum: over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Proximal arm: midline of the humerus
Distal arm: midline of the radius
0 degrees

Question 8

Elbow pronation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 8

Fulcrum: laterally and proximally to the ulnar styloid
Proximal arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
Distal arm: across the dorsal aspect of the forearm just proximal to the styloid process
80 degrees

Question 9

Elbow supination:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 9

Fulcrum: mediallly and just proximally tot he ulnar styloid process
Proximal arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
Distal arm: across the ventral aspect of the forearm just proximal to the styloid process
80 degrees

Question 10

Wrist flexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 10

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the wrist over the triquetrum
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the ulna
Distal arm: lateral midline of the fifth metacarpal
80 degrees

Question 11

Wrist extension:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 11

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the wrist over the triquetrum
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the ulna
Distal arm: lateral midline of the fifth metacarpal
70 degrees

Question 12

Wrist radial deviation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 12

Fulcrum: dorsal aspect of the wrist over the capitate
Proximal arm: dorsal midline of the forearm
Distal arm: dorsal midline of the third metacarpal
20 degrees

Question 13

Wrist ulnar deviation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 13

Fulcrum: dorsal aspect of the wrist over the capitate
Proximal arm: dorsal midline of the forearm
Distal arm: dorsal midline of the third metacarpal
30 degrees

Question 14

Hip flexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 14

Fulcrum: over the greater trochanter
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the pelvis
Distal arm: aligned with the lateral epicondyle
120 degrees

Question 15

Hip extension:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 15

Fulcrum: over the greater trochanter
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the pelvis
Distal arm: aligned with the lateral epicondyle
30 degrees

Question 16

Hip abduction:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 16

Fulcrum: over the ASIS
Proximal arm: imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other
Distal arm: midline of the patella
40 degrees

Question 17

Hip adduction:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 17

Fulcrum: over the ASIS
Proximal arm: imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other
Distal arm: midline of the patella
20 degrees

Question 18

Hip internal rotation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 18

Fulcrum: anterior aspect of the patella
Proximal arm: perpendicular to the floor
Distal arm: anterior midline of the lower leg
40 degrees

Question 19

Hip external rotation:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 19

Fulcrum: anterior aspect of the patella
Proximal arm: perpendicular to the floor
Distal arm: anterior midline of the lower leg
50 degrees

Question 20

Knee flexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 20

Fulcrum: over the lateral epicondyle
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the femur
Distal arm: lateral midline of the fibula
150 degrees

Question 21

Knee extension:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 21

Fulcrum: over the lateral epicondyle
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the femur
Distal arm: lateral midline of the fibula
0 degrees

Question 22

Dorsiflexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 22

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the lateral malleolus
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the fibula
Distal arm: parallel tot eh lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal
20 degrees

Question 23

Plantarflexion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 23

Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the lateral malleolus
Proximal arm: lateral midline of the fibula
Distal arm: parallel tot eh lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal
50 degrees

Question 24

Inversion:
Fulcrum?
Proximal arm?
Distal arm?
Normal range?

Answer 24

Fulcrum: the anterior aspect of the ankle midway between the malleoli
Proximal arm: anterior midline of the lower leg
Distal arm: anterior midline of the second metatarsal
30 degrees

Question 25

``` Eversion: Fulcrum? Proximal arm? Distal arm? Normal range? ```

Answer 25

Fulcrum: the anterior aspect of the ankle midway between the malleoli Proximal arm: anterior midline of the lower leg Distal arm: anterior midline of the second metatarsal 12 degrees

Question 26

``` Cervical flexion: Fulcrum? Proximal arm? Distal arm? Normal range? ```

Answer 26

Fulcrum: over the external auditory meatus Proximal arm: perpendicular to the ground Distal arm: base of the nares 40 degrees

Question 27

``` Cervical extension: Fulcrum? Proximal arm? Distal arm? Normal range? ```

Answer 27

Fulcrum: over the external auditory meatus Proximal arm: perpendicular to the ground Distal arm: base of the nares 50 degrees

Question 28

``` Cervical lateral flexion: Fulcrum? Proximal arm? Distal arm? Normal range? ```

Answer 28

Fulcrum: spinous process of the C7 vertebra Proximal arm:spinous processes fo the thoracic vertebrae Distal arm: dorsal midline of the head 22 degrees

Question 29

``` Cervical rotation: Fulcrum? Proximal arm? Distal arm? Normal range? ```

Answer 29

Fulcrum: center of the head Proximal head: parallel to an imaginary line between the two acromial processes Distal arm: aligned with the tip of the nose 70-90 degrees

Question 30

Thoracolumbar flexion: | Procedure?

Answer 30

Finger tip to floor: Bend forward as far as possible while keeping knees extended and feet together. Measure the perpendicular distance between the tip of the subjects middle finger and the floor 0.1cm for females 2.2cm for males

Question 31

Thoracolumbar extension: | Procedure?

Answer 31

Mark spinous processes of the C7 and S2 vertebrae. Use the tape measure to measure the distance between the two. Then have the subject extend back as far as they can and measure the distance again.t hen take the difference between the two

Question 32

Thoracolumbar lateral flexion: | Procedure?

Answer 32

Finger tip to floor: Have the subject stand with feet shoulder width apart and arms hanging freely at the sides of the body. Ask the subject to bend to the side as far as possible while keeping both feet flat on the ground with knees extended. At the end of the ROM, make a mark on the leg level with the tip of the middle finger and use a tape measure or ruler to measure the distance between the mark on the leg and the floor

Question 33

``` Thoracolumbar rotation: Fulcrum? Proximal arm? Distal arm? Normal range? ```

Answer 33

Fulcrum: center of the head Proximal arm: parallel to an imaginary line between the iliac crests Distal arm: imaginary line between the two acromial processes 45 degrees