Gosia Deck Flashcards

Question

23. Who has the authority to activate the European Union's integrated political crisis response mechanism? A. European Commission B. European Parliament C. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy D. The rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU

Answer 1

D. The rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU The authority to activate the European Union's Integrated Political Crisis Response (IPCR) mechanism lies with the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU. The IPCR is a framework that enhances the EU's ability to respond to major, complex crises (natural disasters, terrorist attacks, pandemics, etc.) through improved coordination and information-sharing among EU institutions, Member States, and international partners. The rotating Presidency of the Council (which changes every six months) can activate the IPCR mechanism, either in full mode or monitoring mode, depending on the severity of the crisis. In some cases, activation can be requested by the European Commission, but it is ultimately the Presidency that makes the decision. Role of the High Representative: While the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy plays a critical role in the EU's crisis response, particularly in external action and diplomatic coordination, they do not have the authority to activate the IPCR mechanism. Crisis Coordination: Once activated, the IPCR enables continuous information exchange and coordinated decision-making among Member States, the European Commission, and relevant EU bodies. It ensures timely responses and strategic decision-making at the highest political level, including regular video conferences with ministers and senior officials. Source:

Answer 2

According to Europol, more than 90% of money mule transactions identified through the European Money Mule Actions are linked to cybercrime. These illicit funds often originate from cybercriminal activities such as phishing, malware attacks, online auction fraud, e-commerce fraud, business email compromise (BEC), CEO fraud, romance scams, and holiday booking fraud. Money mules are individuals recruited, sometimes unwittingly, to transfer illegally obtained money on behalf of criminals, thereby facilitating the laundering of proceeds from cybercrime. The high percentage of money mule transactions connected to cybercrime underscores the critical role these intermediaries play in the cybercriminal ecosystem. https://www.europol.europa.eu/operations-services-and-innovation/public-awareness-and-prevention-guides/money-muling

Answer 3

The European Union provides financial assistance covering 75% of the operational costs, including transport, for capacities pre-committed to the European Civil Protection Pool (ECPP) when deployed in response to disasters. This co-financing arrangement incentivizes EU Member States and Participating States to contribute their resources to the ECPP, ensuring a more coordinated and effective response to emergencies both within and outside the EU. https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/european-civil-protection-pool_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Answer 4

According to the EU Policy on Training for the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), the training of personnel for CSDP missions and operations is primarily the responsibility of the EU Member States. This policy emphasizes that while Member States hold the primary responsibility, this task is shared with EU institutions and dedicated bodies to ensure a coordinated and effective approach to training. The policy outlines that each Member State maintains full discretion over the organization of its training systems and is responsible for providing strategic guidance for CSDP training through relevant Council configurations. This includes ensuring that seconded staff deployed to CSDP missions and operations receive adequate training based on common CSDP standards set by the Council. Additionally, the European External Action Service (EEAS) is tasked with coordinating the EU Policy on CSDP Training, aligning it with broader EU objectives and relevant policies. The European Security and Defence College (ESDC) plays a pivotal role in coordinating the implementation of this policy and CSDP training, working closely with Member States and relevant training institutions. Source:https://www.coe-civ.eu/kh/eu-policy-on-training-for-csdp-2024

Answer 5

The EU Strategic Compass addresses the EU's role in conflict prevention and peacebuilding by enhancing the EU's conflict prevention and peacebuilding capabilities. This comprehensive strategy outlines concrete actions to strengthen the EU's capacity to act decisively in crises and to contribute to international peace and security. Key Initiatives Include: Establishing a Rapid Deployment Capacity: The EU plans to create a Rapid Deployment Capacity of up to 5,000 troops to respond swiftly to emerging crises. Boosting Intelligence and Threat Analysis: Enhancing intelligence capabilities to better anticipate and respond to potential conflicts. Developing Hybrid and Cyber Defense Tools: Creating specialized teams and tools to address hybrid threats and cyberattacks, which are increasingly used to destabilize regions. Strengthening Partnerships: Collaborating with international organizations like the UN and regional partners to support peacebuilding efforts.

Answer 6

In response to the devastating earthquake that struck Türkiye and Syria on 6 February 2023, the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the EU activated the Integrated Political Crisis Response (IPCR) mechanism in full activation mode. This decision facilitated coordinated EU support measures in close collaboration with the European Commission. The full activation of the IPCR enabled the EU to effectively mobilize resources and coordinate assistance to the affected regions, demonstrating solidarity and a swift response to the crisis.

Answer 7

Correct. answer: B: The Political and Security Committee (PSC) plays a pivotal role in the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Its primary responsibilities include: a. Monitoring the International Situation: The PSC keeps track of global events and developments that may impact the EU's foreign and security interests. b. Defining EU Policies: It contributes to shaping the EU's CFSP and CSDP by formulating policy recommendations and strategies. c. Political Control and Strategic Direction: Under the authority of the Council and the High Representative, the PSC exercises political control and provides strategic direction for crisis management operations. Given these functions, the PSC does not engage directly with the European Parliament nor does it ensure coordination between the European Commission's Directorates-General. Its focus is on monitoring international situations, defining EU policies, and overseeing crisis management operations within the CFSP and CSDP frameworks.

Answer 8

C. European Stability Mechanism. In times of crisis, the European Union (EU) primarily relies on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) to provide financial assistance to Member States. The ESM offers various lending instruments to support euro area countries facing financial difficulties. Additionally, the EU has established mechanisms such as the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to assist Member States during financial crises. While the European Investment Bank (EIB) plays a significant role in financing projects that promote EU objectives, it is not the primary institution for crisis-related financial assistance to Member States. Similarly, the European Central Bank (ECB) focuses on monetary policy and financial stability but does not directly provide financial assistance to Member States during crises. Therefore, the EU primarily utilizes the ESM, EFSM, and EFSF for financial assistance to Member States during crises, rather than the EIB or ECB.

Answer 9

The Working Party on Civil Protection (PROCIV) is the Council of the EU's preparatory body responsible for negotiating civil protection legislation. It deals with issues related to disaster risk reduction, prevention, preparedness, and response, both within and outside the EU. PROCIV plays a crucial role in shaping and updating the EU Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM), which enables coordinated disaster response among EU Member States.https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/working-party-civil-protection/

Answer 10

D. The European Union (EU) formally launched its first Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions in 2003. These initial operations included the EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a military operation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia). Since then, the EU has undertaken numerous overseas missions, deploying both civilian and military operations across various regions, including Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Answer 11

National risk assessments are increasingly incorporating **hybrid threats** as an emerging theme. Hybrid threats combine conventional military force with unconventional tactics such as cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and economic pressure, aiming to exploit societal vulnerabilities and undermine national security. While **climate change threats**, **terrorist threats**, and **cyberattacks** have been longstanding concerns in national risk assessments, the recognition of hybrid threats represents a more recent development. This shift acknowledges the complex and multifaceted nature of modern security challenges that transcend traditional categories. For instance, the UK's National Risk Register identifies nine risk themes, including hybrid threats, reflecting their growing importance in national security planning.

Answer 12

A. The European Peace Facility (EPF) is financed through contributions from EU Member States, calculated based on each country's Gross National Income (GNI). This off-budget mechanism, established to support the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) actions with military and defense implications, ensures that funding aligns with the economic capacity of each Memb

Answer 13

The European Union (EU) has earmarked substantial funding for disaster risk management (DRM) and climate change adaptation for the 2021-2027 period through various instruments: Cohesion Policy Funds: Approximately €14 billion is allocated to support Member States in preventing and managing climate-related risks. European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD): At least 30% of funding for each Rural Development Programme is dedicated to measures relevant to the environment and climate change. Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF): As part of the NextGenerationEU initiative, the RRF allocates €672.5 billion to support investments and reforms, with a significant portion aimed at climate action. Given these allocations, the total EU support earmarked for DRM and climate change adaptation for the 2021-2027 period exceeds €25 billion. Therefore, the correct answer is: A. Over 25 billion EUR

Answer 14

Denmark initially secured an opt-out from the European Union's defense policy in 1992 following the Maastricht Treaty's rejection in a national referendum. This opt-out was formalized in the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement, allowing Denmark to abstain from participation in the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). However, in response to evolving security dynamics in Europe, Denmark held a referendum on June 1, 2022, to reconsider its defense opt-out. The Danish electorate voted in favor of abolishing the opt-out, with 66.9% supporting the change. This decision enabled Denmark to fully participate in the EU's defense policy and CSDP initiatives. Therefore, the correct answer is: C. Denmark

Answer 15

The Critical Infrastructure Warning Information Network (CIWIN) is coordinated by the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) of the European Commission. DG HOME oversees activities related to critical infrastructure protection, including the management of CIWIN, which serves as a secure platform for EU Member States to exchange information and best practices concerning critical infrastructure protection. Therefore, the correct answer is D - DG HOME

Answer 16

Correct Answer is B: By 2050, under the pessimistic scenario, more than half of world population will be potentially at risk of malaria. This can be reduced significantly under the optimistic scenario. The largest increase in exposure will be in Asia and Africa. Europe - currently a mainly malaria free region - will experience a considerable increase. The number of people at risk of dengue will double https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Portals/0/InfoRM/2022/INFORM%20Climate%20Change%20Brochure.pdf

Answer 17

According to Europol's 2022 report, there were no terrorist attacks in any of the Western Balkan countries during that year. However, the region continues to face challenges related to radicalization, influenced by complex issues of identity, religion, socioeconomic conditions, and high unemployment rates. These factors can contribute to the spread of extremist ideologies, necessitating ongoing vigilance and preventive measures. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Nonehttps://en.vijesti.me/world-a/evropa/661628/europol-the-global-terrorist-threat-is-growing?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Answer 18

Correct answer is BȘ For technological risks, early warning systems for nuclear and radiological accidents are the most commonly reported, followed by early warning systems for cyber risks, critical infrastructure, REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on progress on implementation of article 6 of the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (Decision No 1313/2013/EU)disruption and industrial accidents. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0130

Answer 19

Correct Answer - AȘ Greece: The Greek civil protection authorities requested a wildfire-specific peer review in September 2023. The on-site review mission took place in and around Athens during a full week at the end of January 2024. Greece was the first country to pilot the Wildfire Peer Review Assessment Framework. Italy: The Italian Civil Protection Department requested a peer review of wildfire risk management capabilities under the UCPM Peer Review Programme in September 2023. The on-site mission occurred from May 20 to 24, 2024, involving experts from Spain, Portugal, France, and the Czech Republic. Brandenburg, Germany: A thematic peer review on the wildfire risk management system and capabilities of the Brandenburg state took place from November 18 to 22, 2024. Four experts from Spain, Italy, and Portugal participated in the on-site mission.

Answer 20

Floods are the most common and most costly natural disasters in Europe. They have become more frequent due to climate change, leading to devastating effects that endanger lives and result in significant economic losses. For instance, the July 2021 floods in central Europe, particularly in Germany's Ahr Valley, were among the most expensive natural disasters in Europe in recent decades, causing aggregate losses of approximately US$58 billion. The European Environment Agency has noted that the number and impacts of disasters have increased in Europe, with flooding and storms being the most costly hazards. Given these trends, the European Commission has emphasized the need for enhanced flood risk management and investment in flood defenses to mitigate the impact of such disasters.

Answer 21

The Galileo satellite navigation system, developed by the European Union, comprises both space and ground segments that support various applications, including disaster tracking and management. Satellites: As of September 2024, the Galileo constellation consists of 32 satellites, with 25 operational, 2 undergoing commissioning, 4 not usable, and 1 decommissioned. The fully operational constellation is designed to have 30 satellites: 24 active and 6 spares, distributed across three orbital planes.

Answer 22

RaidForums was an English-language black hat hacking internet forum founded in 2015. The website facilitated the discussion of various hacking topics and was a notable distributor of various data breaches, hacking tools, and pornography until its closure and seizure by law enforcement authorities in 2022. RaidForums was a prominent online platform that facilitated the buying and selling of hacked or stolen data, impacting numerous organizations and individuals across the European Union (EU). The forum's activities included the distribution of sensitive personal and financial information obtained through data breaches, affecting both EU citizens and institutions. In April 2022, an international law enforcement operation known as Operation TOURNIQUET, coordinated by Europol, led to the takedown of RaidForums. This operation involved agencies from multiple countries, including EU Member States such as Sweden, Portugal, and Romania. The forum's infrastructure was seized, and its administrator, along with two accomplices, was arrested.

Answer 23

The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) was established on 11 December 2017 with the participation of 25 EU Member States. Denmark and Malta chose not to participate at that time. Denmark had an opt-out from the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy, which it maintained until July 2022. Malta opted out due to concerns that participation might conflict with its neutrality. As of now, PESCO includes 26 participating Member States, with Malta remaining the only EU country not involved in this defense initiative.

Answer 24

As of the end of 2022, the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS) Hydrological Data Collection Centre (HDCC) had expanded its data collection network to include 2,382 hydrological stations across 49 data providers. This network covered 34 countries and approximately 54% of all European water basins.

Answer 25

The European Union (EU) employs a comprehensive approach to crisis management, involving multiple institutions with distinct roles: Council of the European Union: The Council, particularly through its rotating presidency, coordinates the EU's political response to crises. It can activate the Integrated Political Crisis Response (IPCR) arrangements to facilitate decision-making and ensure a coordinated approach among Member States. European Commission: Within the Commission, the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) manages the EU Civil Protection Mechanism. This mechanism coordinates disaster response efforts, both within and outside the EU, through the Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC). European External Action Service (EEAS): The EEAS, led by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, plays a crucial role in external crisis management, particularly concerning the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It coordinates diplomatic and military responses to international crises.

Answer 26

Following Tropical Cyclone Batsirai's impact on Madagascar in February 2022, the European Medical Corps coordinated a response to address the ensuing health crisis. A medical team from Poland was deployed to provide essential medical assistance to the affected populations. This deployment was facilitated through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, which enables coordinated support from EU Member States and participating countries in response to disasters. The Polish Emergency Medical Team's efforts were part of a broader EU initiative to assist Madagascar during this challenging period. Therefore, the correct answer is: D. Medical team from Poland was deployed

Answer 27

The European Commission has announced plans to purchase 12 new amphibious firefighting aircraft to enhance the rescEU fleet by 2027. These aircraft are expected to be De Havilland Canada DHC-515 Firefighters, formerly known as Canadair CL-515. The DHC-515 is designed to carry up to 7,000 liters of water, which is equivalent to 7 metric tons. These aircraft will be stationed across six EU Member States: Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, to bolster the EU's aerial firefighting capabilities

Answer 28

In cybersecurity, shimming refers to a technique where attackers insert a small piece of malicious code, known as a "shim," between two components of a system—typically between an application and the operating system. This allows the attacker to intercept, modify, or redirect data and system calls without the user's knowledge. Shimming can be used to bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access, or execute malicious activities within a system

Answer 29

A, The European Commission has also established the European Natural Hazard Scientific Partnership. This consortium of over 20 partners offers 24/7 monitoring and scientific advice on a wide range of natural hazards both at European and global levels. The European Anthropogenic Hazard Scientific Partnership brings radiological and nuclear expertise and knowledge to the ERCC. In case of radiological or nuclear emergency, this consortium of 5 partners will provide a rapid assessment of the situation as well as continuous updates on the ongoing event to facilitate decision-making.

Answer 30

The Amoco Cadiz oil spill in 1978 remains the largest marine oil spill in Europe's history. The US-owned supertanker Amoco Cadiz sank off the western tip of Brittany, France, releasing approximately 230,000 tonnes of crude oil and polluting 360 kilometers of coastline. This disaster had a devastating impact on marine fauna and flora. In 1992, after 14 years of legal proceedings, the Amoco oil company was ordered to pay 160 million euros to the French state and 35 million euros to local victims.

Answer 31

According to a recent Eurobarometer survey published by the European Commission, Europeans feel most exposed to risks linked to the impact of climate change, as well as security and social risks. While the survey indicates a general concern about climate change impacts, it does not specify which particular risk—such as drought—is of greatest concern. Therefore, based on the available information, it's not possible to definitively determine which specific disaster risk Europeans are most concerned about among the options provided.https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/news/europeans-believe-they-need-more-information-prepare-emergencies-recent-eurobarometer-survey-shows-2024-09-30_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Answer 32

Correct answer C 2024: The Military Mobility Pledge is a commitment made by EU Member States to enhance the efficiency and speed of military movements across Europe. This initiative was introduced in 2018 as part of broader efforts to strengthen the EU's defense and security capabilities. It is a key element of the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) essential for ensuring rapid deployment of military personnel, equipment, and assets in response to crises, conflicts, or security threats. Key Objectives of the Military Mobility Pledge: a) faster Movement of Troops and Equipment (through reducing bureaucratic and logistical obstacles); b) Infrastructure Adaptation: It involves upgrading transport infrastructure to support the movement of heavy military equipment. c) Simplified Border Procedures: thru harmonizing customs and border-crossing rules. d) Enhanced Cooperation with NATO: Since NATO relies on the EU's transport infrastructure for its own operations, the pledge strengthens the EU-NATO relationship and ensures closer coordination; d). Cyber and Digital Aspects for military mobility to support real-time tracking and movement planning. While there has been notable progress in certain areas (like infrastructure funding and NATO-EU coordination), the 2024 goal for full implementation is unlikely to be met. Delays are due to financial, regulatory, and logistical barriers that have proven harder to overcome than initially expected. Further political pressure and funding increases will be necessary to fully implement the pledge. Correct Answer: C) 2024

Answer 33

B: Medical. The EU civil protection mechanism was activated 260 times between 2020 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 health emergency – the highest number of activations in the history of the mechanism. The assistance provided included: a) donations of protective equipment such as masks, gloves, overalls and goggles medical teams and medical equipment; b) vaccines, c) cross-border treatment of patients; d) bringing stranded EU citizens home. Forest fires was the second most frequent cause to activate the EU Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) - 114 times for forest fires between 2020 and 2022, according to official data from the Council of the European Union.

Answer 34

Correct answer is C) Digital skimming (also known as web skimming or e-skimming) is a type of cybercrime where hackers infiltrate the online payment systems of e-commerce websites. Their goal is to steal sensitive customer information, such as credit card details, payment data, and personal information, as it is being entered during an online transaction. One of Europol's most notable successes was its participation in Operation Night Fury, which targeted the infamous Magecart Group responsible for large-scale skimming attacks on global e-commerce websites. The operation resulted in the dismantling of the group's infrastructure, seizure of servers, and arrests of key suspects.

Answer 35

Correct Answer: C) EEAS Representative - currently Delphine Pronk Explanation: The Political and Security Committee (PSC) is a permanent body responsible for monitoring and managing the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The PSC meetings are chaired by a representative from the European External Action Service (EEAS), not by the rotating Council Presidency or individual ambassadors from Member States. This reflects the role of the EEAS in ensuring continuity and strategic alignment in EU foreign and security policy.

Answer 36

Council recommendation on a Blueprint was adopted on 17/6/2024. It aims to coordinate a response at EU level to disruptions to critical infrastructure with significant cross-border relevance. According to the recommendation, a critical infrastructure incident with significant cross-border relevance takes place when an incident involving critical infrastructure: a) significantly disrupts the provision of essential services, as assessed by six or more affected member states; b) has a significant disruptive effect on the provision of essential services by a critical entity of particular European significance c). significantly disrupts the provision of essential services to or in two or more member states and requires, in agreement with the affected countries, a response at EU level

Answer 37

Correct answer is B: Explanation In 2020, some 8,4% of all deaths in the EU were attributed to COVID-19 as such, it was the third most common cause of death, behind circulatory diseases and malignant neoplasms (cancer). For further reading: https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostar/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Health statistics at regional level

Answer 38

C0rrect answer D: The Integrated Political Crisis Response (PCR) arrangements were created to provide a flexible crisis mechanism for supporting the presidency of the Council of the European Union in dealing with major natural or man-made cross-sectorial disasters, as well as acts of terrorism.

Answer 39

Correct answer is a: Explanation Earthquake risk is highest in the Mediterranean and Balkan regions, due to the high seismic hazard, ageing infrastructure, and concentration of populations and assets in high-hazard areas. For further reading https:/civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e65cc94c-9fbf-4811-8ecc-30a31363616 en?filename=wb_er_2021 disaster economics investments_summary_c1.pdf

Answer 40

D: Explanation: The European Peace Facility (EPF) can fund military and defence-related activities in partner countries. This includes support for partner countries' armed forces, capacity building efforts, provision of equipment, training and operational costs related to peacekeeping missions, crisis response, and conflict prevention activities. https://fpiec.europa.eu/what-we-do/european-peace-facility_en

Answer 41

Correct answer is D. Explanation: The significance of CSDP and its link with CPSP is illustrated in art. 42(1) Treaty on the European Union (TEFU which provides that "the common security and defence policy shall be an integral part of the common foreign and security policy For further reading: https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/system/files/pdf_version/EP_el_2022_3_551_11_Anneke_ Houde_Ramses_Wessel_00614.pdf

Answer 42

Correct answer C: Emergency travel documents are the type of assistance most frequently provided to citizens outside the EU in places where their home country has no embassy or consulate. For further reading: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/consular-protection

Answer 43

Correct Answer C: The Civilian CSDP Compact is an agreement among EU member states to enhance civilian crisis management capabilities, promote better coordination, and ensure effective deployment of civilian missions. http://www.coe.civ.eu/kh/civilian-cap-compact

Answer 44

Correct Answer A: Water purification units. Heavy monsoon rainfall and floods have been affecting Pakistan since June 2022. On 29 August, the EU Civil Protection Mechanism was activated following a request for assistance from the Pakistani authorities A French water purification module started operation on 16 October in Dads in Sindh province. The module produced a total of 629,000 stres of clean water. The team concluded their mission and returned on 5 November. In parallel, a Belgian water purification module arrived in Karachi on 25 October and produced more than 100,000 litres of clean water in 2 sites: Bhiria (Sindh province) and Kot Dij. For further reading https:/civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/european-civil-protection-pool_en

Answer 45

Correct answer: C: in the first hours. Terrorist content is most harmful in the first hours after its appearance. For further reading https:/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/506de61d-53f-4896-93-1678793e81_en? filename=202104_terrorist-content-online_en.pdf

Answer 46

Correct answer: C the EUMS is responsible for early warning through the Single Inteligence Analysis Capacity (SAC) SIAC provides early warning capabilities by analysing intelligence and providing situational assessments to support informed decision-making within the EU's crisis management framework. https://www.eas.europa.eu/es/csdp-structure-instruments-and-agencies_en

Answer 47

Correct answer is C: Explanation In France, in 2022, more than 100 municipalities had water supply issues and drinking water was delivered by truck 66 French departments were at the highest drought warning level of "crisis" with at least 93 departments at one of the top three levels of warning for drought. For further reading tos/drought.emergency.copemicus.eu/documents/news/GDO-EDODroughtNews202208 Europe.pdf

Answer 48

Correct D: Power distribution in Europe's economy today, numerous sectors can potentially be affected by space weather. These range from space-based telecommunications, broadcasting, weather services and navigation, through to power distribution and terrestrial communications, especially at northem latitudes. For further reading https:/www.esa.int/Space Safety/Space_weather_and_its_hazards

Answer 49

Correct answer is D. Explanation. Within the Crisis and Conflict Application Area, Copernicus SESA may provide services to users in several cases. The following use cases are examples of the potential situations where solutions can support the users in their decision making a_ Wide Area Monitoring in Support to Peace Operations and Conflict Damage Assessment.For further reading https:/esa.security.copemicus.eu/services/application-areas/crisis-and-conflict

Answer 50

Correct answer is C. The industry, transport and energy sectors are expected to suffer the highest losses to climate-induced disruption to critical infrastructure. For further reading https:/civil-protection-knowledge- network.europa.eu/eu-overview-risks/human-induced-risks/disruption-critical-infrastructure/

Answer 51

Correct answer is D: In February 2024, the Council and the European Parliament reached a provisional agreement on a single market emergency instrument (SMEI Building on lessons learned from emergencies such as COVID-19, Russia's war against Ukraine and the energy supply crisis, the new mechanism will bolster the internal market in times of crisis by: facilitating the movement of goods, services and persons monitoring supply chains ensuring access to critical goods For further reading https:/www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-crisis-response-resilience/

Answer 52

Correct answer is A: Since the adoption of the Decision on the general conditions for third-State participation in PESCO projects in 2020, several third States have been invited to participate in PESCO projects based on their substantiated request and positive decisions by the Council Interested third States need to approach the project coordinators of the respective PESCO projects to request participation https:/www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/questions-answers-third-states E2%80%99-participation-pesco-projects ent-text-Canada1.2C%20Norway2C%20and%20the%20United the%20Counci%20in%20November 202022

Answer 53

The European Neighbourhood Policy was launched in 2004, with the objective of strengthening relations with the EU's neighbouring countries and enhancing cooperation in various areas. https:/www.eas.europa.eu/eeas/european-neighbourhood-policy_en

Answer 54

Explanation Excluding war-torn Ukraine, Spain was the most affected by wildfires in 2022, with a total of 315,705 ha. This is three-and-a-half more than in 2021. Romania (15 25 18 hal, Portugal (11 2063 hal, Bosnia and Herzegovina (76 473 hal and France (74 654 ha) were also among the five countries that were most affected. For further reading: https:/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/irc-news-and-updates/eu-2022- wildfire-season-was-second-worst-record-2023-05-02 en

Answer 55

Explanation: In 2022, Italy experienced the highest number of terrorist attacks (12), followed by France (6), Greece (4) and Belgium (3). For further reading: https:/www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Furopean20Union120Terrorism20Situation%20and%20Trend$20report%202023.pdf

Answer 56

Correct answer C 2017: Explanation In 2017, Europe experienced a devastating wildfire season. It was particularly hard in Portugal, where over 1 million hectares of land were scorched and more than 200 people lost their lives. This was the most difficult fire season for the ERCC, with 17 requests for assistance. For further reading https:/civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/emergency-response-coordination-centre ercc/10-years-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc_en

Answer 57

Correct answer is B: Explanation The Monitoring Agricullund Rescartes (MARS) system monitoring crop development has been developed in support EU aid and assistance policies and provide biking blocks for a European capability for glob agricultural monitoring and food security assessment. For further reading, hilpofjoint-research-centre.ct.europa.eu/monitoring_agricultural resources-mars en and tips/eur-lex.europa.eu/ly content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:520210C0680

Answer 58

Explanation”: First adopted in November 2018, the EU's civilian Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) Compact united Member States, EEAS and Commission services in their commitment to strengthen civilian CSDP missions.https:/www.cas.europa.eu/en/launching-new-civilian-cado-compact-strengthening-E21801995-civilian-response-crises-and-conflicts on

Answer 59

Correct answer B: Explanation The most reported secondary impact of climate change is the impact on health. Half of the countries identified health-related risks, particularly epidemic/pandemic and water- and food-borne diseases, vector- borne disease and antibiotic resistance, as well as generic health and well-being. Several countries also mentioned animal diseases and plant diseases. For further reading: https:/ec.europa.eu/echo/files/civil protection/swd preventing_and_managing disaster risks_in_europe.pdf

Answer 60

Correct answer PERU: The JRC explores the potential impact of space weather on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers, which are used in a large number of critical networked infrastructure, such as fixed and wireless networks including the internet), the power grid, and transport. In this context, the RC is testing a broad range of commercial GNSS timing receivers to assess their resilience to various types of interference scenarios and has installed a monitoring station in Peru to record the intensity of severe ionospheric scintillation in the GNSS bands. For further reading https://pint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific activities-z/critical-infrastructure-protection_en-text-The%20European20Programme%20for%20critical%20Infrastructure%20Protection%20EPCP20is%20actical%20frastructure%20%20the%20EU

Answer 61

Correct answer D: Austria, Ireland and Malta Most EU Member States oppose the TPNW, and only three (Austria, Ireland an Malta) have ratified it. For further reading: https:/www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733545/EPRS BRI(2022)733545_EN.pdf

Answer 62

CORRECT ANSWRER: Explanation Three quarters of Member States and Participating States report having comprehensive legal frameworks in place for disaster risk management. For further reading https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/HTML/Puri-CELEX52024000130

Answer 63

Correct answer is B: Ten-fold. Explanation According to IRC, annual damage to Europe's critical infrastructure could ten-fold by the end of the century under business-as-usual scenarios due to climate change alone, from the current EUR 34 bilion to EUR 34 billion. For further reading: https:fil-protection-knowledge-network.europa.eu/e-overview-risks/human-induced-risks/disruption-critical-infrastructure

Answer 64

Correct answer A: Costs for the development of new capacities are not eligible for adaptation grants. Only costs for already existing capacities can be requested. For further reading: https:/erccportal.jcc.ec.europa.eu/DesktopModules/ResponseCapacity/Documents/FAQ%20Adaptations.20grants%202024.pdf

Answer 65

Correct answer B: Explanation Typhoon Haiyan was one of the strongest tropical stores ever recorded. It struck the Philippines in early November 2013, causing massive devastation, thousands of deadly, and a major humanitarian cris Several EU countries stepped in to provide emergency assistance through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism. This was the first major emergency where the ERCE played its role as a coordinator. For further reading http:/civil-protection-humanitarian aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/emergency-response-coordination-centre-excc/10-years-emergency-response-coordination-centre-erccen

Answer 66

Correct answer: Earthquakes: After extreme temperatures, earthquakes have been the second deadliest natural disaster in Europe, causing more than 33,000 deaths and 662 billion in losses between 1980 and 2014. For further reading: https:/civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e6cc9c-9fbf-4811-8ecc-30834133616_en?filename=wb_ec 2021 disaster economics investments summary.clod

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