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(21 cards)
What is a missed miscarriage?
A missed miscarriage is when the fetus has no heartbeat, usually discovered on a routine ultrasound scan.
The gestational sac is 25 mm or greater without an embryo.
What are the signs and symptoms of an inevitable miscarriage?
- Heavy bleeding with clots
- Severe pain
- No product passed
- Cervical os dilated and/or rupture of membranes
What is the management for a threatened miscarriage?
- Rest
- PRG supplement
What percentage of pregnancies will continue after a threatened miscarriage?
60 to 80%
What are the signs and symptoms of a threatened miscarriage?
- Mild vaginal bleeding
- Usually no significant pain
- No product passed
- Cervical os closed
List the types of miscarriage.
- Threatened
- Inevitable
- Complete
- Incomplete
- Missed
- Septic
- Recurrent
What are the signs and symptoms of an incomplete miscarriage?
- Usually heavy, profuse bleeding
- Severe pain
- Passed tissue through cervix
- Cervical os dilated/tissue may be present
What is the management for a complete miscarriage?
No further intervention is needed.
What are the signs and symptoms of a complete miscarriage?
- Minimal or absent bleeding
- Diminishing or absent pain
- Uterus firm and contracted
- Cervical os closed
What symptoms indicate a miscarriage?
- Amenorrhea
- Vaginal bleeding
- Abdominal pain
- Passage of product of conception from the vagina
What is the incidence of spontaneous abortion?
15% of pregnancies
What investigations are conducted for spontaneous abortion?
- Blood group and rhesus status
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Pregnancy test (β-hCG)
- Ultrasound
What are the complications of uterine evacuation of miscarriage?
- Perforation
- Incomplete evacuation
- Hemorrhage
- Infection
- Infertility
- Asherman’s syndrome
- Cervical damage leading to incompetence
Define recurrent miscarriage.
Having three or more consecutive miscarriages.
What are the causes of recurrent miscarriage?
- Unknown cause
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Endocrine disorders
- Cervical weakness
- Uterine abnormalities
- Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
What investigations are conducted for recurrent miscarriage?
- Antiphospholipid testing
- Parental karyotype
- Pelvic ultrasound
- Hysterosalpingogram
- Hysteroscopy
- Maternal thrombophilia screening
What treatment options are available for recurrent miscarriage?
- Health advice
- Folic acid
- Progesterone
- Aspirin ± heparin for APS
What are the signs and symptoms of a septic miscarriage?
- Severe or variable pain
- Variable or offensive vaginal discharge
- Fever or chills
- Tachycardia
- Bulky and tender uterus
- Cervical os open
What management is required for septic miscarriage?
- Prompt resuscitation
- Uterine evacuation
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics
What is a key risk factor for miscarriage related to maternal age?
Advanced maternal age
Fill in the blank: The incidence of spontaneous abortion is ______.
15%
