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governance Flashcards

1
Q

government

A

hierarchical governing by nationally organised political institutions
● Institutions and policies based on sovereign power
○ Fences, fines, subsidies, legality, etc. (citizens are subjected to legal power

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2
Q

governance

A

model of governing in which a multitude of public and private actors from different policy levels govern society through networks and policy instruments
● Fluid government, also subsumes informal, nongovernmental institutions operating within the public realm (Weiss, 2000)
○ Cooperation, agreements, trust, legitimacy (citizens and social actors have a position of power)

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3
Q

planetary urbanisation

A

number of people, often not living in places defined as cities, are directly or indirectly involved in assuring the continuation of the global urbanisation process

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4
Q

urban climate governance

A

Response to failed international efforts
Considered ‘proper’ scale for intervention

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5
Q

urban climate governance waves

A

Since the 1990s: rise of urban governance model (1st wave)
○ ICLEI, Climate Alliance, Energy Cities
○ Mainly US and European cities
Since the 2000s: new urban governance networks (2nd wave)
○ Nationally organised
○ Include commercial and grassroots actors (and ‘Global South’)

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6
Q

Multi-level governance is more adequate approach to understand climate governing

A

Includes multiple government levels, and state/non-state actors
(‘polycentric arrangement’)

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7
Q

Types of multi level governance

A

Type 1: levels of government authority (nested)
Type 2: various domains and state/non-state stakeholders

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8
Q

urban climate governance: Betsill & Bulkeley share argument with Brenner

A

Betsill & Bulkeley: unpack global governance (beyond methodological nationalism)
Brenner: unpacks urban governance (beyond methodological localism)

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9
Q

Hysing

A

● Problematising the simplified shift from government to governance
● State is not a ‘unitary system’
● Conceptual frame to assess differences on a continuum
No clear ‘shift’: but proliferation of (new) instruments
● Mixing ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ measures
● Mixing public and private governing
● Governing with/through multiple levels

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10
Q

Network governance

A

Network governance (Vabo & Røiseland, 2012)
○Collaborate approach with partners across sectors, levels, and many actors in providing public services

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11
Q

from government to governance

A
  1. The processes of public decision making and the governing of society and economy
  2. to mobilise and engage citizens and organisations in development, implementation and monitoring of public policy
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12
Q

‘Hard’ and ‘soft’ tools (NATO typology, building on Hood, 1983)

A
  1. Nodality (strategic position to spread and collect information) →
    techno-rationalist, soft power
  2. Authority (force and legal power, prohibitions) → legal-financial
  3. Treasure (economic tools, making actions cheap/expensive) → market based
  4. Organisation (resources, organisational structure) → planning
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13
Q

colonisation/modernisation

A

The historical and material process of occupation and exploitation of lands, labour and cultures

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14
Q

coloniality/modernity

A

Coloniality of power, ongoing modernist/colonial legacies still dominant in former colonies and cities (reproducing racial, cultural, political, knowledge hierarchies)

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15
Q

Modernist/colonial urban rule

A

Foregrounding technical and legal framings of urban spaces,
separating social groups and zones (‘europeans’ vs. ‘locals’)

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16
Q

How does coloniality impact urban governance?

A

○ Urban ‘development’ after independence often via Western city
imaginaries and planning practices (‘post’-colonial)
○ Still many urban inequalities (e.g. health, housing, income)

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17
Q

Baffoe & Roy (2022) analyse/explain these urban problems in Dhaka

A
  1. Western dependencies (old and new)
    ○ ‘Rational’ masterplan and experts/consultants (little local input)
  2. Bureaucracy and institutional weakness
    ○ Planning delays, few ‘local’ modernist/colonial planners (increases
    western dependency)
  3. Centralisation of administrative power
    ○ Colonial centres of power, weak coordination, strengthening inter-urban
    inequalities
  4. Ad hoc planning
    ○ Incrementalism as colonial legacy to merely ‘manage’ urban problems
  5. Strategic segregation
    ○ Gated communities as legacy of colonial regulation of spaces
    (perpetuating divides)
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18
Q

Neo-liberal

A

Safeguarding freedom and prosperity through markets, with
limited government
● Dominant mode of urban governance in most cities worldwide
● Government not passive, but strategic and rescaling
● Marketisation of public urban spaces (‘cars and malls’) and services (housing, energy, security)
● But neoliberalism also ‘relative’ (parallel developments, resistance)

19
Q

Depolitisation

A

avoiding social conflicts. What remains are technocratic
policies, effective alliances and pragmatic actions (Schinkel, 2012)

20
Q

Depolitisation gave rise to neoliberal urban governance (e.g.
environmental/climate issues)

A
  1. Companies dictate what urban governments do (not other way around!)
  2. Citizens turn into individuals and moral consumers (‘green consumers’)
21
Q

Governmentality

A

● Approach to understand how power and control work via various actors and practices
● It explain changes in what ‘we’ are (e.g. individuals, moral humans, unhealthy citizens)

22
Q

Environmentality

A

Applying a governmentality approach to environmental issues (focus on power/knowledge)

23
Q

Three analytical dimensions (Rutherford, 2016)

A
  1. Forms of seeing and knowing
    ○ Ways of framing ‘the environment’ (‘natural resource’, ‘Gaia’)
    ○ Statistical measurement, environmental science
  2. Strategies of intervention
    ○ Methods, techniques and practices that seek to govern
    ○ EIA, Carbon tax, Circular Economy Model, Carbon Footprint, etc.
  3. Shaping subjects
    ○ Identity formation as ‘output’ (individual not starting point)
    ○ Green citizen/consumer, climate activist, community member
24
Q

Different types of democracy

A
  1. Representative
  2. Deliberative
  3. Radical
25
Q

Representative democracy

A

● Influential scholars: Schumpeter, Dahl
● Quantity of votes is key
● Representation ‘inside’ institutions
● Majority vote
● Example: United States

26
Q

Deliberative democracy

A

● Influential scholars: Cohen, Habermas
● Quality of decision making is key
● Participation in urban governance
● Debating ideas and opinions (physical, digital)

27
Q

Radical democracy

A

● Influential scholars: Laclau & Mouffe, Derrida
● Underlying social conflicts are critical
● Institutions (even democratic ones) are excluding people
● Democracy as strategy for radical change
when all other modes of democracy fails, groups of people must take democracy into their own hands and everyone is able to participate, especially if they relate to the issue.

28
Q

Habermas

A

● System world vs life-world (Habermas)
● Public sphere: free citizen deliberation
Free and equal access and consensus driven (institutional)

29
Q

Foucault

A

● Selective actors & knowledge reproduces urban inequalities
● “Sustainability often remains an elitist party for the higher educated”
Selected access/exclusionary and confrontational (extra-institutional)

30
Q

Urban climate justice based on relation between

A
  1. Legal discourse (how are procedures, rights and responsibilities structured?)
    ○ E.g. ‘climate subsidies’, ‘carbon tax’, ‘climate rights’
  2. Recognition (distribution of costs/benefits, attention for marginalised groups?)
    ○ E.g. ‘low-income households’, ‘colonial legacies, eg. South
    Africa’
31
Q

Urban climate justice

A

● Allows for re-politicisation of local climate policies
● Urban governance actors should move beyond ‘generic’ climate policy
● Environmental racism: when environmental degradation is linked to
institutional racism (e.g. Flint)
● ‘Right to the city’ (ie. to Flint) as struggle against environmental injustice

32
Q

Big data and smart cities → kitchin

A

● Digitalisation transforms time and space
● Real-time analysis of urban flows for specific goals (‘safe, comfort, and sustainable’):
○ Digital technologies (ICT, big data), market solutions (deregulation)
○ Contains tensions between global tech-projects and local citizen
participation
○ Also other challenges, including technocratic, data security,
surveillance

33
Q

Big data changes informational flows (Kitchin, 2014):

A

● Volume (terabytes, petabytes)
● Velocity (real-time)
● Variety (different places, times)
● Level of detail (localised, individualised)
● Relational (integrating data)

34
Q

Potential concerns

A
  1. Politics of big data - data are normative (capta)
  2. Techno-fix, undemocraticrational (post-political),
  3. Technological lock-in (dependency on large tech-companies (software, data)
  4. Buggability, hackability - volatile systems, critical infrastructures (security, energy)
  5. Panoptic city - tracking and surveillance (big brother & little sisters)
35
Q

Smart ‘solution’: Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS)

A

● Integrates energy-related information (smart meter, battery, expected sun
hours)
● Provides energy feedback (user display, ‘traffic light’, app)

36
Q

Big data improving urban services

A

● Efficient
● (Re)integration of functions
● Digitised services (e.g. self-monitoring)
● Citizen-based focus

37
Q

Big data provides

A

New ways of seeing, calculating, measuring and governing urban
flows and issues (carbon, energy, mobility, security, etc.)

38
Q

The ‘non-human’ is political

A
  1. Citizens are materially connected to urban infrastructures, pollution spaces, architecture, industrial food
  2. Who counts as a citizen? What about urban nature? How is ecology integrated in urban planning?
39
Q

Two ways to better deal with nature in the city

A
  1. Multispecies entanglement → Seeing human-animal-nature connections
  2. Becoming world → Systematically including non-humans in urban planning
40
Q

Urban governance and non human ethics

A

● New vision for urban governance (Houston et al, 2018)
● Are urban planners willing to:
1. Abandon traditional ideas of political rights and entitlements for people;
2. Confront problem of defining |political actors| when boundaries
between humans and nonhumans are hard to discern
3. Expand political reasoning to include nonhumans

41
Q

Indigenous self governance

A

● Transforming structures of governance and power:
○ From managing environmental problems (short term, crisis) to
nation-building
○ From government dependency to ‘government-government’ relations (self-governing authority, e.g. Innu Peoples)
■ Magpie rights established by (1) Innu Council of Ekuanitshit and
(2) Minganie Regional County Municipality
○ From ‘stakeholders’ to ‘rights holders’ (of land, culture)

42
Q

3 steps of historical governing power

A
  1. early bureaucracies
  2. city rights
  3. modernity: industrializtion and urbanization (+welfare state)
43
Q

Climate governing instruments

A
  1. Techno-rationalist
  2. Legal-financial
  3. Planning
  4. Market-based
  5. Participation
  6. Soft power

midterms (6 decks)

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