Governoments Flashcards
(342 cards)
1
Q
Monarchy
A
Monarchy - حکومت پادشاهی، a system of government where a king or queen is the head of state. (اسم)
2
Q
Dictatorship
A
Dictatorship - دیکتاتوری، a government where one person has absolute power. (اسم)
3
Q
Oligarchy
A
Oligarchy - اولیگارشی، a government where power is held by a small group of people. (اسم)
4
Q
Theocracy
A
Theocracy - حکومت دینی، a system of government where religious leaders control the state. (اسم)
5
Q
Totalitarian regime
A
Totalitarian regime - رژیم تمامیت‌خواه، a government that seeks to control all aspects of public and private life. (اسم)
6
Q
Authoritarian state
A
Authoritarian state - دولت استبدادی، a government that concentrates power in a single leader or a small group. (اسم)
7
Q
Constitutional monarchy
A
Constitutional monarchy - پادشاهی مشروطه، a monarchy where the king or queen’s powers are limited by a constitution. (اسم)
8
Q
Parliamentary system
A
Parliamentary system - سیستم پارلمانی، a government where the executive derives its legitimacy from the legislature. (اسم)
9
Q
Presidential system
A
Presidential system - سیستم ریاست جمهوری، a government where the president is the head of state and government. (اسم)
10
Q
Federal government
A
Federal government - حکومت فدرال، a system where power is divided between a central government and states or provinces. (اسم)
11
Q
Unitary government
A
Unitary government - حکومت واحد، a government where all power is held by a central authority. (اسم)
12
Q
Coalition government
A
Coalition government - دولت ائتلافی، a government formed by multiple political parties. (اسم)
13
Q
Military dictatorship
A
Military dictatorship - دیکتاتوری نظامی، a government controlled by the military. (اسم)
14
Q
Communist state
A
Communist state - دولت کمونیستی، a state governed by the principles of communism, with state control over resources. (اسم)
15
Q
Socialist government
A
Socialist government - حکومت سوسیالیستی، a government where the state controls key industries and services. (اسم)
16
Q
Fascist regime
A
Fascist regime - رژیم فاشیستی، an authoritarian and nationalistic government, often led by a dictator. (اسم)
17
Q
Civil government
A
Civil government - دولت مدنی، a government run by civilians, not the military. (اسم)
18
Q
Devolved government
A
Devolved government - دولت تفویض شده، a government where powers are transferred from a central government to regional authorities. (اسم)
19
Q
Local government
A
Local government - دولت محلی، a government responsible for local administrative functions. (اسم)
20
Q
Central government
A
Central government - دولت مرکزی، a national government that controls the entire country. (اسم)
21
Q
Parliament
A
Parliament - پارلمان، the legislative body of government, elected to make laws. (اسم)
22
Q
Congress
A
Congress - کنگره، a legislative body, especially in a republic like the United States. (اسم)
23
Q
Legislature
A
Legislature - مجلس، a governmental body responsible for creating and passing laws. (اسم)
24
Q
Senate
A
Senate - سنا، a legislative chamber in some countries, often with members representing regions or states. (اسم)
25
House of Representatives
House of Representatives - مجلس نمایندگان، the lower house of a legislative body, representing people directly. (اسم)
26
Cabinet
Cabinet - کابینه، a group of senior government ministers responsible for executive functions. (اسم)
27
Prime Minister's office
Prime Minister's office - دفتر نخست‌وزیر، the administrative office of the head of government. (اسم)
28
Head of state
Head of state - رئیس دولت، the official representative of a country, often a monarch or president. (اسم)
29
Head of government
Head of government - رئیس دولت، the individual responsible for running the government, often a prime minister or president. (اسم)
30
Supreme Court
Supreme Court - دیوان عالی، the highest court in a country that oversees the judiciary. (اسم)
31
Judiciary
Judiciary - قوه قضائیه، the system of courts responsible for interpreting laws. (اسم)
32
Executive branch
Executive branch - قوه مجریه، the part of government responsible for implementing laws and policies. (اسم)
33
Legislative branch
Legislative branch - قوه مقننه، the part of government that makes laws. (اسم)
34
Judicial branch
Judicial branch - قوه قضائیه، the branch of government that interprets and applies the law. (اسم)
35
Public sector
Public sector - بخش دولتی، the part of the economy controlled by the government. (اسم)
36
Ministry
Ministry - وزارتخانه، a government department responsible for a specific area of policy. (اسم)
37
State agency
State agency - آژانس دولتی، a government organization responsible for specific functions. (اسم)
38
Local council
Local council - شورای محلی، a local government body responsible for managing public affairs at the community level. (اسم)
39
Election commission
Election commission - کمیسیون انتخابات، a body responsible for overseeing elections and ensuring fairness. (اسم)
40
Public administration
Public administration - مدیریت دولتی، the implementation and management of public policies and services. (اسم)
41
Government officials
Government officials - مقامات دولتی، individuals holding positions of authority in government. (اسم)
42
Civil service
Civil service - خدمات مدنی، non-political, permanent staff working for the government. (اسم)
43
Politicians
Politicians - سیاستمداران، individuals involved in the political process and government administration. (اسم)
44
Government spokesperson
Government spokesperson - سخنگوی دولت، a person who communicates on behalf of the government. (اسم)
45
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy - بوروکراسی، a complex system of administration and rules within a government or organization. (اسم)
46
Regulatory body
Regulatory body - نهاد نظارتی، an organization responsible for regulating specific industries or areas. (اسم)
47
Policy-making
Policy-making - سیاست‌گذاری، the process of creating and deciding on policies and strategies. (اسم)
48
Legislation
Legislation - قانون‌گذاری، the process of making or enacting laws. (اسم)
49
Law enforcement
Law enforcement - اجرای قانون، the activities of police or authorities in ensuring laws are followed. (اسم)
50
Public policy
Public policy - سیاست عمومی، government actions and decisions designed to address societal issues. (اسم)
51
Social welfare programs
Social welfare programs - برنامه‌های رفاه اجتماعی، government initiatives aimed at improving the well-being of citizens. (اسم)
52
Economic reforms
Economic reforms - اصلاحات اقتصادی، changes made to improve the economy, often involving policy changes. (اسم)
53
Taxation policies
Taxation policies - سیاست‌های مالیاتی، government strategies on how taxes are levied and collected. (اسم)
54
Foreign policy
Foreign policy - سیاست خارجی، strategies and decisions related to international relations. (اسم)
55
Environmental policy
Environmental policy - سیاست محیط زیستی، actions and laws designed to protect the environment. (اسم)
56
Healthcare policy
Healthcare policy - سیاست بهداشت و درمان، decisions and plans for managing public health systems. (اسم)
57
Education policy
Education policy - سیاست آموزشی، decisions regarding the structure and quality of education systems. (اسم)
58
Defense policy
Defense policy - سیاست دفاعی، strategies and measures to protect national security. (اسم)
59
Immigration policy
Immigration policy - سیاست مهاجرت، laws and rules governing immigration and border control. (اسم)
60
Monetary policy
Monetary policy - سیاست پولی، policies governing the supply of money and interest rates. (اسم)
61
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy - سیاست مالی، government strategies regarding taxation, spending, and borrowing. (اسم)
62
Government spending
Government spending - هزینه‌های دولتی، money spent by the government for public services and operations. (اسم)
63
Subsidies
Subsidies - یارانه‌ها، financial assistance provided by the government to support specific sectors. (اسم)
64
Regulation
Regulation - مقررات، rules and guidelines that govern how industries or organizations operate. (اسم)
65
Deregulation
Deregulation - آزادسازی، the reduction or removal of government controls over industry. (اسم)
66
Privatization
Privatization - خصوصی‌سازی، the transfer of ownership of industries or services from the government to private sector. (اسم)
67
Nationalization
Nationalization - ملی‌سازی، the process of bringing industries or resources under government control. (اسم)
68
Public-private partnerships
Public-private partnerships - شراکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، collaborations between government and private companies to deliver public services. (اسم)
69
State intervention
State intervention - مداخله دولت، government involvement in economic or social matters. (اسم)
70
Public service delivery
Public service delivery - ارائه خدمات عمومی، the provision of essential services to the public by the government. (اسم)
71
Administrative reforms
Administrative reforms - اصلاحات اداری، changes in government structures and procedures to improve efficiency. (اسم)
72
Social justice initiatives
Social justice initiatives - ابتکارات عدالت اجتماعی، programs aimed at promoting fairness and equality in society. (اسم)
73
Civil rights
Civil rights - حقوق مدنی، the rights that protect individuals' freedom and equality under the law. (اسم)
74
Human rights
Human rights - حقوق بشر، the basic rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to. (اسم)
75
Rule of law
Rule of law - حاکمیت قانون، the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law. (اسم)
76
Separation of powers
Separation of powers - تفکیک قوا، the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power. (اسم)
77
Checks and balances
Checks and balances - سیستم نظارت و تعادل، a system where different branches of government have powers that limit each other. (اسم)
78
Constitutional rights
Constitutional rights - حقوق قانون اساسی، rights granted and protected by a country's constitution. (اسم)
79
Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech - آزادی بیان، the right to express opinions without censorship or restraint. (اسم)
80
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of assembly - آزادی تجمع، the right to hold public meetings and form associations without interference by the government. (اسم)
81
Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage - حق رای عمومی، the right of all adults to vote, regardless of gender, race, or social status. (اسم)
82
Electoral system
Electoral system - سیستم انتخاباتی، the method by which votes are cast and counted to elect representatives. (اسم)
83
Majority vote
Majority vote - رای اکثریت، a voting system where the candidate or option with the most votes wins. (اسم)
84
Minority rights
Minority rights - حقوق اقلیت‌ها، the rights of smaller or less powerful groups to be protected from the tyranny of the majority. (اسم)
85
Political corruption
Political corruption - فساد سیاسی، the abuse of power by government officials for personal gain. (اسم)
86
Political freedom
Political freedom - آزادی سیاسی، the right to participate in the political process without oppression or undue restriction. (اسم)
87
Political party
Political party - حزب سیاسی، an organized group of people with shared political beliefs who seek to influence government policy. (اسم)
88
Campaign financing
Campaign financing - تأمین مالی کمپین، the funding of election campaigns, often through donations or fundraising. (اسم)
89
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering - تقسیمات انتخاباتی غیرمنصفانه، the manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular party or group. (اسم)
90
Voter turnout
Voter turnout - مشارکت رای‌دهندگان، the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. (اسم)
91
Public opinion
Public opinion - افکار عمومی، the collective opinions or beliefs of the people on a particular issue or topic. (اسم)
92
Referendum
Referendum - رفراندوم، a direct vote by the people on a specific issue or policy. (اسم)
93
Plebiscite
Plebiscite - نظرخواهی عمومی، a type of referendum in which voters approve or reject a proposal. (اسم)
94
Impeachment
Impeachment - استیضاح، the process of removing a government official from office due to misconduct. (اسم)
95
Lobbying
Lobbying - لابی‌گری، the act of influencing government decision-makers on behalf of specific interests or groups. (اسم)
96
Protest movement
Protest movement - جنبش اعتراضی، a collective action to express opposition to government policies or actions. (اسم)
97
Activism
Activism - فعال‌گرایی، the act of campaigning for political or social change. (اسم)
98
Civil disobedience
Civil disobedience - نافرمانی مدنی، the active refusal to comply with certain laws, demands, or commands as a form of protest. (اسم)
99
Constitutional amendments
Constitutional amendments - اصلاحات قانون اساسی، formal changes or additions to a country's constitution. (اسم)
100
Democratic values
Democratic values - ارزش‌های دموکراتیک، the principles that support democracy, such as fairness, equality, and participation. (اسم)
101
Prime Minister
Prime Minister - نخست‌وزیر، the head of government in a parliamentary system. (اسم)
102
President
President - رئیس‌جمهور، the head of state and often the head of government in a republic. (اسم)
103
King/Queen
King/Queen - پادشاه/ملکه، the male or female monarch of a country. (اسم)
104
Monarch
Monarch - پادشاه، the supreme ruler or sovereign of a state, typically in a monarchy. (اسم)
105
Minister
Minister - وزیر، a government official responsible for a specific area or department. (اسم)
106
Senator
Senator - سناتور، a member of the Senate, often elected to represent a region or state. (اسم)
107
Member of Parliament (MP)
Member of Parliament (MP) - نماینده مجلس، an elected member of the legislative body in a parliamentary system. (اسم)
108
Governor
Governor - فرماندار، the head of a regional government, such as a state or province. (اسم)
109
Mayor
Mayor - شهردار، the elected head of a city, town, or municipality. (اسم)
110
Ambassador
Ambassador - سفیر، a high-ranking diplomat representing a country in another state. (اسم)
111
Diplomat
Diplomat - دیپلمات، an official representing a country abroad and managing international relations. (اسم)
112
Public servant
Public servant - خدمتگزار عمومی، an individual employed by the government to serve the public. (اسم)
113
Civil servant
Civil servant - کارمند دولتی، a government employee who works in a non-political, permanent capacity. (اسم)
114
Politician
Politician - سیاستمدار، an individual engaged in political activities, often elected to office. (اسم)
115
Opposition leader
Opposition leader - رهبر مخالفان، the leader of the political party or group that opposes the ruling government. (اسم)
116
Cabinet member
Cabinet member - عضو کابینه، a senior official in the executive branch of government. (اسم)
117
Chancellor
Chancellor - صدراعظم، the head of government in some parliamentary systems, often in Germany. (اسم)
118
Secretary of State
Secretary of State - وزیر امور خارجه، the head of the department responsible for a country's foreign affairs. (اسم)
119
Foreign Minister
Foreign Minister - وزیر امور خارجه، the government official in charge of foreign relations. (اسم)
120
Interior Minister
Interior Minister - وزیر کشور، the government official responsible for domestic affairs and law enforcement. (اسم)
121
Defense Minister
Defense Minister - وزیر دفاع، the government official in charge of the nation's defense policy and military. (اسم)
122
Treasury Secretary
Treasury Secretary - وزیر خزانه‌داری، the government official responsible for financial and monetary matters. (اسم)
123
Attorney General
Attorney General - دادستان کل، the chief legal officer of a country or state. (اسم)
124
Speaker of the House
Speaker of the House - سخنگوی مجلس، the presiding officer of the lower house of a legislative body. (اسم)
125
Public funds
Public funds - بودجه عمومی، money collected by the government to finance public services. (اسم)
126
Government budget
Government budget - بودجه دولت، the financial plan that outlines government spending and revenue. (اسم)
127
Tax revenue
Tax revenue - درآمد مالیاتی، income generated from taxes collected by the government. (اسم)
128
Expenditure
Expenditure - هزینه، the total amount spent by the government or an organization. (اسم)
129
Taxation
Taxation - مالیات‌گیری، the process of collecting taxes from individuals or businesses. (اسم)
130
Government debt
Government debt - بدهی دولتی، the total amount of money the government owes to external or internal creditors. (اسم)
131
Deficit spending
Deficit spending - هزینه‌کرد کسری، government spending that exceeds its revenue, often leading to debt. (اسم)
132
Public debt
Public debt - بدهی عمومی، the total debt owed by the government to its creditors. (اسم)
133
Economic stimulus
Economic stimulus - محرک اقتصادی، government actions to encourage economic growth, often during a recession. (اسم)
134
Aid packages
Aid packages - بسته‌های کمک، financial or material assistance provided by a government or organization. (اسم)
135
Welfare benefits
Welfare benefits - مزایای رفاهی، government-provided financial aid to individuals in need. (اسم)
136
Unemployment benefits
Unemployment benefits - مزایای بیکاری، financial assistance provided to individuals who are unemployed. (اسم)
137
Social security
Social security - تأمین اجتماعی، a system that provides financial support to people during retirement, disability, or unemployment. (اسم)
138
Pension system
Pension system - سیستم بازنشستگی، a government program that provides financial assistance to individuals after they retire. (اسم)
139
Healthcare funding
Healthcare funding - تأمین مالی بهداشت و درمان، financial resources allocated for healthcare services. (اسم)
140
Education funding
Education funding - تأمین مالی آموزش، financial resources provided for educational institutions and programs. (اسم)
141
Infrastructure investment
Infrastructure investment - سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌ها، funding for physical structures like roads, bridges, and utilities. (اسم)
142
Financial aid
Financial aid - کمک مالی، money provided to individuals or organizations to support specific needs. (اسم)
143
International aid
International aid - کمک‌های بین‌المللی، assistance given by one country or international organization to another. (اسم)
144
Development funds
Development funds - وجوه توسعه، financial resources allocated for economic and social development projects. (اسم)
145
Foreign relations
Foreign relations - روابط خارجی، the way a country interacts with other nations. (اسم)
146
International treaties
International treaties - معاهدات بین‌المللی، formal agreements between countries. (اسم)
147
Bilateral agreements
Bilateral agreements - توافق‌نامه‌های دوجانبه، agreements between two countries. (اسم)
148
Multilateral diplomacy
Multilateral diplomacy - دیپلماسی چندجانبه، negotiations and discussions involving multiple countries. (اسم)
149
Peace talks
Peace talks - مذاکرات صلح، discussions aimed at resolving conflicts and establishing peace. (اسم)
150
Diplomatic immunity
Diplomatic immunity - مصونیت دیپلماتیک، legal protection for diplomats from prosecution in the host country. (اسم)
151
United Nations (UN)
United Nations (UN) - سازمان ملل متحد، an international organization formed to promote peace, security, and cooperation. (اسم)
152
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO) - سازمان جهانی تجارت، an international organization that regulates trade between nations. (اسم)
153
International sanctions
International sanctions - تحریم‌های بین‌المللی، penalties imposed on a country to encourage compliance with international law. (اسم)
154
Embassy
Embassy - سفارتخانه، a diplomatic mission representing a country in another nation. (اسم)
155
Consulate
Consulate - کنسولگری، a government office established in a foreign country to assist citizens and represent interests. (اسم)
156
Diplomatic relations
Diplomatic relations - روابط دیپلماتیک، the interactions and communications between countries. (اسم)
157
International cooperation
International cooperation - همکاری بین‌المللی، joint efforts by countries to address global issues. (اسم)
158
Trade negotiations
Trade negotiations - مذاکرات تجاری، discussions between countries to agree on trade terms and conditions. (اسم)
159
Foreign exchange policy
Foreign exchange policy - سیاست ارزی، a country's approach to managing its currency and foreign exchange market. (اسم)
160
Cultural diplomacy
Cultural diplomacy - دیپلماسی فرهنگی، using cultural exchange to foster international relations and understanding. (اسم)
161
Peacekeeping mission
Peacekeeping mission - مأموریت حفظ صلح، an operation led by international forces to maintain peace in conflict zones. (اسم)
162
Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution - حل و فصل درگیری، processes used to resolve disputes peacefully. (اسم)
163
Global governance
Global governance - حکمرانی جهانی، the management of global affairs by international organizations and institutions. (اسم)
164
Humanitarian aid
Humanitarian aid - کمک‌های بشردوستانه، assistance provided to relieve human suffering, especially in emergencies. (اسم)
165
Peacebuilding
Peacebuilding - ساخت صلح، efforts to establish lasting peace in post-conflict regions. (اسم)
166
Public welfare
Public welfare - رفاه عمومی، government programs designed to improve the well-being of citizens. (اسم)
167
Social equity
Social equity - برابری اجتماعی، fairness and justice in the distribution of resources and opportunities. (اسم)
168
Income inequality
Income inequality - نابرابری درآمد، the unequal distribution of income among individuals or groups in society. (اسم)
169
Public healthcare
Public healthcare - خدمات بهداشت عمومی، healthcare services provided and funded by the government. (اسم)
170
Public education
Public education - آموزش عمومی، schooling provided by the government to all children. (اسم)
171
Universal healthcare
Universal healthcare - مراقبت‌های بهداشتی همگانی، a healthcare system that provides health services to all citizens. (اسم)
172
Affordable housing
Affordable housing - مسکن مقرون به صرفه، housing that is reasonably priced for low-income individuals or families. (اسم)
173
Urban development
Urban development - توسعه شهری، the planning and construction of infrastructure and housing in cities. (اسم)
174
Infrastructure development
Infrastructure development - توسعه زیرساخت‌ها، the creation and improvement of public infrastructure like roads, bridges, and utilities. (اسم)
175
Public transportation
Public transportation - حمل و نقل عمومی، transportation services that are available to the general public, typically run by the government. (اسم)
176
Access to clean water
Access to clean water - دسترسی به آب پاک، the availability of safe and clean drinking water for the population. (اسم)
177
Sanitation services
Sanitation services - خدمات بهداشت عمومی، services provided to manage waste and ensure cleanliness. (اسم)
178
Law and order
Law and order - نظم و قانون، the maintenance of social order through the enforcement of laws. (اسم)
179
Social justice
Social justice - عدالت اجتماعی، the pursuit of fairness and equality in society. (اسم)
180
Environmental protection
Environmental protection - حفاظت از محیط زیست، efforts to preserve and protect the natural environment. (اسم)
181
Crime prevention
Crime prevention - پیشگیری از جرم، strategies and measures to reduce criminal activity. (اسم)
182
Youth programs
Youth programs - برنامه‌های جوانان، initiatives designed to support and engage young people. (اسم)
183
Elderly care services
Elderly care services - خدمات مراقبت از سالمندان، support and care services for older adults. (اسم)
184
Disabled services
Disabled services - خدمات معلولین، programs and services designed to support individuals with disabilities. (اسم)
185
Women's rights
Women's rights - حقوق زنان، the rights and freedoms entitled to women, including equality and protection. (اسم)
186
Anti-discrimination laws
Anti-discrimination laws - قوانین ضد تبعیض، laws aimed at preventing discrimination based on race, gender, or other factors. (اسم)
187
General election
General election - انتخابات عمومی، a nationwide vote to choose representatives or leaders. (اسم)
188
Presidential election
Presidential election - انتخابات ریاست جمهوری، an election to select the president of a country. (اسم)
189
Local elections
Local elections - انتخابات محلی، elections held to choose local government officials or representatives. (اسم)
190
Polling station
Polling station - محل رأی‌گیری، a designated location where voters cast their ballots. (اسم)
191
Ballot
Ballot - برگه رأی، the paper or digital form used by voters to cast their vote in an election. (اسم)
192
Voter registration
Voter registration - ثبت‌نام رای‌دهندگان، the process of enrolling citizens to vote in an election. (اسم)
193
Electoral commission
Electoral commission - کمیسیون انتخابات، an independent body responsible for overseeing elections. (اسم)
194
Electoral fraud
Electoral fraud - تقلب انتخاباتی، illegal interference with the election process, such as vote tampering or manipulation. (اسم)
195
Electoral system
Electoral system - سیستم انتخاباتی، the method used to conduct elections and count votes. (اسم)
196
Election turnout
Election turnout - میزان مشارکت در انتخابات، the percentage of eligible voters who actually vote in an election. (اسم)
197
Voting rights
Voting rights - حقوق رأی‌دهی، the legal right to vote in elections. (اسم)
198
Absentee voting
Absentee voting - رأی‌دهی غیابی، the process of voting by individuals who are not able to vote in person on election day. (اسم)
199
Postal voting
Postal voting - رأی‌دهی پستی، the process of voting by mail. (اسم)
200
Electoral college
Electoral college - کالج انتخاباتی، a group of representatives chosen to vote for the president in some countries, like the U.S. (اسم)
201
Run-off election
Run-off election - انتخابات دور دوم، a second election held when no candidate wins the majority in the first round. (اسم)
202
Polling results
Polling results - نتایج نظرسنجی، the outcome of surveys or polls conducted before or during an election. (اسم)
203
Swing state
Swing state - ایالت متغیر، a state where both major political parties have similar levels of support among voters. (اسم)
204
Political campaign
Political campaign - کمپین سیاسی، an organized effort to influence the decision-making of voters during an election. (اسم)
205
Political rally
Political rally - گردهمایی سیاسی، a gathering of people to support a political cause or candidate. (اسم)
206
Election manifesto
Election manifesto - منشور انتخاباتی، a document outlining a political party's policies and goals during an election. (اسم)
207
Public expenditure
Public expenditure - هزینه‌های عمومی، government spending on public goods and services. (اسم)
208
Capital expenditure
Capital expenditure - هزینه‌های سرمایه‌ای، spending on long-term investments, such as infrastructure or equipment. (اسم)
209
Current expenditure
Current expenditure - هزینه‌های جاری، government spending on daily operations and services. (اسم)
210
Social spending
Social spending - هزینه‌های اجتماعی، government expenditure on social services like healthcare, education, and welfare. (اسم)
211
Welfare spending
Welfare spending - هزینه‌های رفاهی، government spending on social support programs for those in need. (اسم)
212
Defense spending
Defense spending - هزینه‌های دفاعی، government expenditure on military and defense-related activities. (اسم)
213
Healthcare spending
Healthcare spending - هزینه‌های بهداشت و درمان، government or private spending on healthcare services. (اسم)
214
Education funding
Education funding - تأمین مالی آموزش، the allocation of financial resources for educational institutions. (اسم)
215
Infrastructure investment
Infrastructure investment - سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌ها، funding for physical infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, and utilities. (اسم)
216
Subsidies
Subsidies - یارانه‌ها، financial assistance provided by the government to support a particular industry or sector. (اسم)
217
Grants
Grants - کمک‌های مالی، funds provided by the government or other organizations for specific purposes or projects. (اسم)
218
Social security payments
Social security payments - پرداخت‌های تأمین اجتماعی، financial assistance provided to individuals for retirement, disability, or unemployment. (اسم)
219
Pension payments
Pension payments - پرداخت‌های بازنشستگی، money given to individuals after retirement as part of a pension system. (اسم)
220
Unemployment benefits
Unemployment benefits - مزایای بیکاری، financial assistance provided to individuals who are unemployed. (اسم)
221
Economic stimulus packages
Economic stimulus packages - بسته‌های محرک اقتصادی، government programs designed to stimulate economic growth, often in times of recession. (اسم)
222
Research and development funding
Research and development funding - تأمین مالی تحقیق و توسعه، financial support for innovation, research, and new technologies. (اسم)
223
Environmental protection funding
Environmental protection funding - تأمین مالی حفاظت از محیط زیست، financial resources allocated to preserving and protecting the environment. (اسم)
224
Cultural funding
Cultural funding - تأمین مالی فرهنگی، financial support provided for cultural projects or institutions. (اسم)
225
Foreign aid
Foreign aid - کمک‌های خارجی، financial or material assistance provided by one country to another. (اسم)
226
International development funding
International development funding - تأمین مالی توسعه بین‌المللی، financial resources allocated for global development projects. (اسم)
227
Foreign assistance
Foreign assistance - کمک‌های خارجی، financial aid or other support given by one country to another. (اسم)
228
Debt repayment
Debt repayment - بازپرداخت بدهی، the process of paying back borrowed money. (اسم)
229
Public sector salaries
Public sector salaries - حقوق بخش عمومی، wages paid to government employees. (اسم)
230
Government contracts
Government contracts - قراردادهای دولتی، agreements between the government and private entities for goods or services. (اسم)
231
Public services financing
Public services financing - تأمین مالی خدمات عمومی، funding allocated for services like healthcare, education, and public safety. (اسم)
232
Social welfare programs
Social welfare programs - برنامه‌های رفاه اجتماعی، government programs aimed at providing financial or social assistance to those in need. (اسم)
233
Tax revenue
Tax revenue - درآمد مالیاتی، the income generated by the government from taxes. (اسم)
234
Borrowing
Borrowing - قرض گرفتن، the act of obtaining money from an external source, often to finance government spending. (اسم)
235
Foreign aid
کمک های خارجی
236
National debt
National debt - بدهی ملی، the total amount of money the government owes to external and internal creditors. (اسم)
237
Government bonds
Government bonds - اوراق قرضه دولتی، debt securities issued by the government to raise funds. (اسم)
238
Fiscal reserves
Fiscal reserves - ذخایر مالی، the financial savings or buffer held by a government for emergencies. (اسم)
239
State-owned enterprises revenue
State-owned enterprises revenue - درآمد شرکت‌های دولتی، the income generated by companies owned and operated by the government. (اسم)
240
Public-private partnerships
Public-private partnerships - شراکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، collaborations between the government and private entities to provide public services or infrastructure. (اسم)
241
Donations
Donations - اهداءات، voluntary contributions of money or goods, often to charitable causes. (اسم)
242
Grants and donations
Grants and donations - کمک‌ها و اهداءات، financial assistance and voluntary contributions provided to support various causes. (اسم)
243
Foreign loans
Foreign loans - وام‌های خارجی، loans given to a country or government by foreign lenders. (اسم)
244
International financial institutions
International financial institutions - مؤسسات مالی بین‌المللی، organizations that provide financial support and advice to countries. (اسم)
245
Private investments
Private investments - سرمایه‌گذاری‌های خصوصی، funds invested by individuals or companies in businesses or projects. (اسم)
246
Crowdfunding (for specific projects)
Crowdfunding (for specific projects) - تأمین مالی جمعی (برای پروژه‌های خاص)، raising small amounts of money from many people for a specific project or cause. (اسم)
247
Annual budget
Annual budget - بودجه سالانه، the financial plan that outlines expected government revenue and expenditures for the year. (اسم)
248
Budget proposal
Budget proposal - پیشنهاد بودجه، a plan outlining how government funds will be spent in the upcoming period. (اسم)
249
Budget deficit
Budget deficit - کسری بودجه، the amount by which government spending exceeds its revenue. (اسم)
250
Budget surplus
Budget surplus - مازاد بودجه، the amount by which government revenue exceeds its spending. (اسم)
251
Balanced budget
Balanced budget - بودجه متوازن، a budget where government spending equals its revenue. (اسم)
252
Deficit spending
Deficit spending - هزینه‌کرد کسری، government spending that exceeds its revenue, often leading to debt. (اسم)
253
Government fiscal policy
Government fiscal policy - سیاست مالی دولت، government actions related to spending and taxation to influence the economy. (اسم)
254
Budget allocation
Budget allocation - تخصیص بودجه، the process of distributing government funds to various sectors or departments. (اسم)
255
Financial plan
Financial plan - طرح مالی، a strategy for managing and spending funds. (اسم)
256
Government revenue
Government revenue - درآمد دولت، the income generated by the government through taxes and other means. (اسم)
257
Budgetary constraints
Budgetary constraints - محدودیت‌های بودجه‌ای، limitations on how much money can be spent in the budget. (اسم)
258
Public sector budgeting
Public sector budgeting - بودجه‌بندی بخش عمومی، the process of planning and managing the budget for public sector activities. (اسم)
259
Revenue forecasting
Revenue forecasting - پیش‌بینی درآمد، the process of estimating future government revenue. (اسم)
260
Expenditure planning
Expenditure planning - برنامه‌ریزی هزینه‌ها، the process of planning and controlling government spending. (اسم)
261
Fiscal responsibility
Fiscal responsibility - مسئولیت مالی، the practice of managing government finances prudently to avoid excessive debt. (اسم)
262
Budget approval
Budget approval - تصویب بودجه، the process by which a government or legislative body approves the proposed budget. (اسم)
263
Spending cuts
Spending cuts - کاهش هزینه‌ها، reductions in government spending to control the budget. (اسم)
264
Tax adjustments
Tax adjustments - تنظیمات مالیاتی، changes made to the tax rates or tax system. (اسم)
265
Economic growth
Economic growth - رشد اقتصادی، the increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over time. (اسم)
266
Inflation control
Inflation control - کنترل تورم، measures taken by the government to limit the rise in prices of goods
267
Job creation
Job creation - ایجاد شغل، the process of generating employment opportunities. (اسم)
268
Public debt management
Public debt management - مدیریت بدهی عمومی، the process of managing a country's debt through strategies like borrowing, repayment, and interest control. (اسم)
269
Income redistribution
Income redistribution - توزیع مجدد درآمد، policies aimed at reducing income inequality by redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor. (اسم)
270
Poverty alleviation
Poverty alleviation - کاهش فقر، efforts and policies designed to reduce poverty and improve living standards. (اسم)
271
Social equity
Social equity - عدالت اجتماعی، fairness in the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society. (اسم)
272
Improvement in public services
Improvement in public services - بهبود خدمات عمومی، efforts to enhance the quality and efficiency of government-provided services. (اسم)
273
Infrastructure development
Infrastructure development - توسعه زیرساخت‌ها، the creation and improvement of physical structures like roads, schools, and hospitals. (اسم)
274
Economic stabilization
Economic stabilization - تثبیت اقتصادی، measures taken to reduce economic volatility and ensure steady growth. (اسم)
275
Boosting consumer confidence
Boosting consumer confidence - افزایش اعتماد مصرف‌کننده، actions aimed at improving consumers' trust in the economy, encouraging spending and investment. (اسم)
276
Environmental sustainability
Environmental sustainability - پایداری محیط زیست، practices that maintain the health and balance of ecosystems over the long term. (اسم)
277
Crisis management
Crisis management - مدیریت بحران، the process of handling emergencies or disasters effectively. (اسم)
278
Health outcomes improvement
Health outcomes improvement - بهبود نتایج سلامت، efforts to increase the effectiveness of healthcare services and improve public health. (اسم)
279
Education quality improvement
Education quality improvement - بهبود کیفیت آموزش، strategies aimed at enhancing the standard of education provided. (اسم)
280
Urban development
Urban development - توسعه شهری، the planning and development of cities, including housing, infrastructure, and services. (اسم)
281
Innovation and technological advancement
Innovation and technological advancement - نوآوری و پیشرفت فناوری، the process of developing new technologies and applying them to solve problems. (اسم)
282
Wasteful spending
Wasteful spending - هزینه‌کرد بی‌فایده، government spending on unnecessary or ineffective programs. (اسم)
283
Misallocation of resources
Misallocation of resources - تخصیص نادرست منابع، inefficient or inappropriate use of financial or material resources. (اسم)
284
Government inefficiency
Government inefficiency - ناکارآمدی دولت، the inability of the government to use resources effectively and deliver services efficiently. (اسم)
285
Over-spending
Over-spending - بیش‌صرفی، spending more money than is necessary or budgeted for. (اسم)
286
Public sector corruption
Public sector corruption - فساد در بخش عمومی، dishonest or unethical behavior by government officials or employees. (اسم)
287
Budget mismanagement
Budget mismanagement - سوءمدیریت بودجه، poor handling or oversight of government funds leading to inefficiency or waste. (اسم)
288
Underfunding of essential services
Underfunding of essential services - کمبود بودجه برای خدمات ضروری، insufficient financial support for critical public services like healthcare and education. (اسم)
289
Inflationary pressures
Inflationary pressures - فشارهای تورمی، economic factors that cause the general price level of goods and services to rise. (اسم)
290
Deficit financing
Deficit financing - تأمین مالی کسری بودجه، the practice of funding government expenditures by borrowing rather than from revenue. (اسم)
291
Unsustainable debt levels
Unsustainable debt levels - سطوح بدهی غیرقابل تحمل، situations where a country's debt grows faster than its ability to repay. (اسم)
292
Dependency on foreign loans
Dependency on foreign loans - وابستگی به وام‌های خارجی، reliance on borrowing from other countries to finance government activities. (اسم)
293
Politically motivated spending
Politically motivated spending - هزینه‌کرد با انگیزه‌های سیاسی، government spending directed by political agendas rather than economic needs. (اسم)
294
Lack of transparency
Lack of transparency - عدم شفافیت، the absence of openness in government operations or decision-making. (اسم)
295
Unnecessary government projects
Unnecessary government projects - پروژه‌های دولتی غیرضروری، government-funded initiatives that are considered wasteful or not essential. (اسم)
296
Unfair distribution of resources
Unfair distribution of resources - توزیع ناعادلانه منابع، unequal allocation of resources, leading to social inequality. (اسم)
297
National security
National security - امنیت ملی، the protection of a country’s borders, citizens, and institutions from external threats. (اسم)
298
Social safety net
Social safety net - شبکه ایمنی اجتماعی، government programs designed to provide basic financial support to citizens in need. (اسم)
299
Infrastructure development
Infrastructure development - توسعه زیرساخت‌ها، the building and improvement of physical structures like roads and utilities. (اسم)
300
Health care system
Health care system - سیستم بهداشت و درمان، the network of institutions and policies that provide medical care to a population. (اسم)
301
Education system
Education system - سیستم آموزشی، the structure and organization of educational institutions and processes in a country. (اسم)
302
Research and innovation
Research and innovation - تحقیق و نوآوری، the systematic investigation and application of new ideas and technologies. (اسم)
303
Environmental protection
Environmental protection - حفاظت از محیط زیست، actions taken to preserve and protect the natural environment. (اسم)
304
Public transportation
Public transportation - حمل و نقل عمومی، transportation systems that are available for use by the general public, typically funded by the government. (اسم)
305
Affordable housing
Affordable housing - مسکن مقرون به صرفه، housing that is affordable for low-income families or individuals. (اسم)
306
Youth programs
Youth programs - برنامه‌های جوانان، initiatives designed to support, engage, and develop young people. (اسم)
307
Pension funds
Pension funds - صندوق‌های بازنشستگی، financial accounts that provide for individuals after retirement. (اسم)
308
Retirement benefits
Retirement benefits - مزایای بازنشستگی، financial support provided to individuals when they retire from work. (اسم)
309
Public health campaigns
Public health campaigns - کمپین‌های بهداشت عمومی، organized efforts to inform and influence public health behavior. (اسم)
310
Environmental conservation
Environmental conservation - حفاظت از محیط زیست، efforts aimed at preserving natural resources and ecosystems. (اسم)
311
Crisis relief funding
Crisis relief funding - تأمین مالی امداد بحران، financial resources provided to help people affected by natural or man-made disasters. (اسم)
312
Public debt
Public debt - بدهی عمومی، the total amount of money the government owes to external and internal creditors. (اسم)
313
National debt
National debt - بدهی ملی، the total debt accumulated by a country over time. (اسم)
314
Foreign debt
Foreign debt - بدهی خارجی، the portion of a country's debt that is owed to foreign creditors. (اسم)
315
Government bonds
Government bonds - اوراق قرضه دولتی، debt securities issued by the government to raise funds. (اسم)
316
Debt-to-GDP ratio
Debt-to-GDP ratio - نسبت بدهی به تولید ناخالص داخلی، a measure of a country's debt compared to its economic output. (اسم)
317
Debt servicing
Debt servicing - پرداخت بدهی، the process of paying interest and principal on debt. (اسم)
318
Debt repayment plan
Debt repayment plan - برنامه بازپرداخت بدهی، a structured plan to repay borrowed funds over time. (اسم)
319
Borrowing capacity
Borrowing capacity - ظرفیت قرض گرفتن، the maximum amount of debt a government or organization can afford to take on. (اسم)
320
Sovereign debt
Sovereign debt - بدهی دولتی، the debt issued by a national government. (اسم)
321
Government loan agreements
Government loan agreements - توافق‌نامه‌های وام دولتی، legal contracts in which a government borrows money. (اسم)
322
Interest on national debt
Interest on national debt - بهره از بدهی ملی، the cost paid by the government to borrow money, expressed as a percentage of the debt. (اسم)
323
Deficit financing
Deficit financing - تأمین مالی کسری بودجه، borrowing money to cover a government's budget deficit. (اسم)
324
Debt ceiling
Debt ceiling - سقف بدهی، a limit on the amount of debt a government can accumulate. (اسم)
325
Government credit rating
Government credit rating - رتبه اعتباری دولت، a measure of a government's ability to repay its debt. (اسم)
326
Fiscal deficits
Fiscal deficits - کسری مالی، the amount by which government spending exceeds its revenue in a given period. (اسم)
327
Austerity measures
Austerity measures - تدابیر ریاضتی، policies intended to reduce government budget deficits by cutting public spending. (اسم)
328
Bailout packages
Bailout packages - بسته‌های نجات، financial assistance provided to support failing organizations or sectors. (اسم)
329
International loans
International loans - وام‌های بین‌المللی، loans given to a country by international lenders or organizations. (اسم)
330
Keynesian economics
Keynesian economics - اقتصاد کینزی، an economic theory advocating for government intervention to stabilize economic cycles. (اسم)
331
Supply-side economics
Supply-side economics - اقتصاد از طرف عرضه، an economic theory focusing on boosting production and lowering taxes to stimulate growth. (اسم)
332
Fiscal stimulus
Fiscal stimulus - تحریک مالی، government spending or tax cuts designed to boost economic activity. (اسم)
333
Monetary policy
Monetary policy - سیاست پولی، the management of the money supply and interest rates to influence economic activity. (اسم)
334
Public sector investment
Public sector investment - سرمایه‌گذاری بخش عمومی، investments made by the government in infrastructure, education, etc. (اسم)
335
Crowding-out effect
Crowding-out effect - اثر شلوغی، the economic theory that government spending can reduce private sector investment. (اسم)
336
Multiplier effect
Multiplier effect - اثر چندبرابری، the increase in economic activity generated by an initial amount of spending or investment. (اسم)
337
Tax-and-spend policies
Tax-and-spend policies - سیاست‌های مالیاتی و هزینه‌ای، government strategies of raising taxes and increasing spending to manage the economy. (اسم)
338
Government intervention
Government intervention - مداخله دولت، the act of the government influencing or regulating economic activity. (اسم)
339
Public-private partnerships
Public-private partnerships - شراکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، collaborations between the government and private companies to deliver services or infrastructure. (اسم)
340
Economic stabilization policies
Economic stabilization policies - سیاست‌های تثبیت اقتصادی، measures designed to reduce economic volatility. (اسم)
341
Discretionary spending
Discretionary spending - هزینه‌کرد اختیاری، government spending that is not mandated by law but determined annually. (اسم)
342
Mandatory spending
Mandatory spending - هزینه‌کرد الزامی، government spending required by law for certain programs like Social Security. (اسم)
