GPT Flashcards

Question

Macular Degeneration

Answer 1

Definition: Degeneration of the macula, leading to central vision loss. Etiology: Age-related (AMD) or genetic factors; risk factors include smoking, UV exposure. Epidemiology: More common in older adults; leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. Pathophysiology: Drusen accumulation and/or choroidal neovascularization lead to macular damage. Signs and Symptoms: Blurred or distorted central vision, difficulty reading. History: Age, family history, risk factors such as smoking. Evaluation: Amsler grid test, fundoscopic examination, OCT imaging. Treatment and Medication: Anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy for wet AMD; vitamin supplements for dry AMD. Differential Diagnosis: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion. Patient Education: Importance of regular eye exams, lifestyle modifications to reduce risk.

Answer 2

Definition: Various retinal diseases not classified as diabetic retinopathy. Etiology: Includes hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, sickle cell retinopathy. Epidemiology: Varies depending on specific retinopathy. Pathophysiology: Different mechanisms based on underlying cause (e.g., hypertension, blood disorders). Signs and Symptoms: Variable; may include vision changes, retinal hemorrhages. History: Relevant to specific retinopathy (e.g., hypertension, blood disorders). Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, imaging based on suspected retinopathy. Treatment and Medication: Based on underlying cause (e.g., controlling hypertension, treating blood disorders). Differential Diagnosis: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment. Patient Education: Managing underlying conditions, regular eye exams.

Answer 3

Definition: Separation of the retina from the underlying choroid. Etiology: Retinal tears, trauma, severe myopia, diabetic retinopathy. Epidemiology: Can occur at any age; higher risk in individuals with predisposing conditions. Pathophysiology: Fluid accumulation between the retina and choroid leads to detachment. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden vision loss, floaters, flashes of light. History: Recent eye trauma, history of retinal problems. Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, OCT, ultrasound if needed. Treatment and Medication: Surgical repair (e.g., scleral buckle, vitrectomy). Differential Diagnosis: Vitreous hemorrhage, uveitis. Patient Education: Recognizing symptoms of retinal detachment, importance of prompt treatment.

Answer 4

Definition: Retinal damage due to diabetes mellitus. Etiology: Chronic hyperglycemia leading to microvascular changes. Epidemiology: Common in individuals with long-standing diabetes; leading cause of blindness in adults. Pathophysiology: Hyperglycemia causes retinal vascular changes, leading to hemorrhages and exudates. Signs and Symptoms: Blurred vision, floaters, or vision loss. History: Duration and control of diabetes, previous eye exams. Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, fluorescein angiography, OCT. Treatment and Medication: Glycemic control, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections. Differential Diagnosis: Hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion. Patient Education: Importance of diabetes management, regular eye screenings.

Answer 5

Definition: Fracture of the orbital floor or medial wall due to blunt trauma. Etiology: Trauma to the eye area, such as from a fistfight or fall. Epidemiology: More common in younger adults; associated with sports or accidents. Pathophysiology: Trauma causes fracture and potential herniation of orbital contents. Signs and Symptoms: Periorbital swelling, pain, restricted eye movement, diplopia. History: Recent trauma, history of orbital injury. Evaluation: Clinical examination, CT scan of the orbit. Treatment and Medication: Surgical repair if necessary; manage pain and swelling. Differential Diagnosis: Orbital cellulitis, sinusitis. Patient Education: Importance of prompt evaluation after trauma, recognizing signs of complications.

Answer 6

Definition: Scrape or scratch on the corneal surface. Etiology: Trauma, foreign bodies, contact lens use. Epidemiology: Common; can occur in any age group. Pathophysiology: Injury to the corneal epithelium leads to pain and risk of infection. Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, tearing, foreign body sensation. History: Recent trauma or contact lens use. Evaluation: Fluorescein staining, slit-lamp examination. Treatment and Medication: Lubricating drops, antibiotic ointments; avoid contact lens use until healed. Differential Diagnosis: Corneal ulcer, conjunctivitis. Patient Education: Proper eye protection, avoiding rubbing the eye.

Answer 7

Definition: Full-thickness tear or rupture of the eye. Etiology: Severe trauma, such as from a projectile or blunt force. Epidemiology: Trauma-related; can occur in any age group. Pathophysiology: Trauma leads to rupture and exposure of intraocular structures. Signs and Symptoms: Severe pain, vision loss, bleeding, abnormal eye shape. History: Recent severe eye trauma. Evaluation: Clinical examination, imaging if necessary. Treatment and Medication: Emergency surgical repair; protect the eye, pain management. Differential Diagnosis: Severe orbital trauma, retinal detachment. Patient Education: Immediate medical attention for eye trauma, protection of the affected eye.

Answer 8

Definition: Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. Etiology: Trauma, ocular surgery, or systemic bleeding disorders. Epidemiology: More common in individuals with a history of trauma or bleeding disorders. Pathophysiology: Trauma or other causes lead to bleeding into the anterior chamber. Signs and Symptoms: Visible blood in the eye, vision changes, pain. History: Recent trauma, bleeding disorders. Evaluation: Clinical examination, assessment of intraocular pressure. Treatment and Medication: Bed rest, head elevation, eye shield; treatment of underlying causes. Differential Diagnosis: Orbital hemorrhage, retinal detachment. Patient Education: Avoiding activities that could worsen bleeding, importance of follow-up.

Answer 9

Definition: Temporary vision loss in one eye, often described as a “curtain” coming down. Etiology: Often related to retinal artery or vein occlusion, transient ischemic attack. Epidemiology: Common in individuals with vascular disease or risk factors. Pathophysiology: Temporary interruption of blood flow to the retina or optic nerve. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden, brief vision loss in one eye, often resolving within minutes. History: History of cardiovascular disease or transient ischemic attacks. Evaluation: Ophthalmic examination, carotid ultrasound, or other vascular studies. Treatment and Medication: Management of underlying vascular risk factors, possibly antiplatelet therapy. Differential Diagnosis: Retinal artery occlusion, vitreous hemorrhage. Patient Education: Importance of vascular risk management, recognizing symptoms that warrant urgent evaluation.

Answer 10

Definition: Blockage of a retinal blood vessel. Etiology: Often related to systemic conditions like hypertension, diabetes, or hypercoagulable states. Epidemiology: Common in individuals with systemic vascular diseases. Pathophysiology: Occlusion leads to ischemia and potential retinal damage. Signs and Symptoms: Sudden vision loss, floaters, or blurred vision. History: History of systemic vascular conditions or recent symptoms. Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, fluorescein angiography. Treatment and Medication: Management of underlying conditions, laser treatment, or anti-VEGF therapy. Differential Diagnosis: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment. Patient Education: Managing systemic conditions, recognizing symptoms of vascular occlusion.

Answer 11

Definition: Reduced vision in one eye not correctable by glasses or contact lenses, often due to abnormal visual development. Etiology: Strabismus, anisometropia, or deprivation (e.g., cataract). Epidemiology: Most commonly diagnosed in children; early treatment is crucial. Pathophysiology: Visual pathways do not develop properly due to lack of clear vision in one eye. Signs and Symptoms: Poor vision in one eye; may be asymptomatic if only one eye is affected. History: Early childhood visual development issues, strabismus. Evaluation: Visual acuity testing, eye alignment assessment. Treatment and Medication: Corrective lenses, patching of the stronger eye, vision therapy. Differential Diagnosis: Refractive errors, congenital eye conditions. Patient Education: Importance of early treatment, adherence to prescribed therapies.

Answer 12

Definition: Misalignment of the eyes, where the eyes do not look in the same direction. Etiology: Can be congenital or acquired due to muscle imbalance or neurological disorders. Epidemiology: Common in children; can also develop in adults. Pathophysiology: Imbalance in ocular muscles or neurological control leads to misalignment. Signs and Symptoms: Misalignment of eyes, double vision, depth perception issues. History: Early developmental milestones, family history. Evaluation: Eye alignment tests, cover tests, possibly imaging if neurological causes are suspected. Treatment and Medication: Corrective glasses, vision therapy, or surgical correction. Differential Diagnosis: Amblyopia, neurological conditions affecting eye movements. Patient Education: Importance of early treatment, exercises, or surgery as recommended.

Answer 13

Definition: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly known as “pink eye.” Etiology: Bacterial, viral, allergic, or irritant causes. Epidemiology: Common in all age groups; highly contagious in bacterial and viral forms. Pathophysiology: Inflammation due to infection, allergy, or irritation leads to redness and discharge. Signs and Symptoms: Redness, itching, discharge, tearing. History: Recent exposure to infectious agents, allergy history. Evaluation: Clinical examination, possibly culture if bacterial infection is suspected. Treatment and Medication: Depends on etiology—antibiotic drops for bacterial, antihistamines for allergic, supportive care for viral. Differential Diagnosis: Keratitis, uveitis. Patient Education: Hygiene practices, recognizing when to seek medical attention.

Answer 14

Definition: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. Etiology: Autoimmune diseases, infections, trauma, or unknown causes. Epidemiology: Can occur at any age; often associated with systemic conditions. Pathophysiology: Inflammation leads to damage of the uvea and surrounding structures. Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, vision changes, light sensitivity. History: Systemic symptoms or conditions, recent trauma. Evaluation: Clinical examination, possibly imaging or blood tests. Treatment and Medication: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, treatment of underlying causes. Differential Diagnosis: Conjunctivitis, keratitis. Patient Education: Importance of managing systemic conditions, adherence to prescribed treatments.

Answer 15

Definition: Severe inflammation of the interior of the eye, usually due to infection. Etiology: Post-surgical infection, trauma, or endogenous spread from systemic infection. Epidemiology: Rare but serious; can follow eye surgery or trauma. Pathophysiology: Infection leads to severe inflammation and potential vision loss. Signs and Symptoms: Pain, redness, vision loss, hypopyon (pus in the anterior chamber). History: Recent eye surgery or trauma, systemic infections. Evaluation: Clinical examination, possibly vitreous tap for culture. Treatment and Medication: Intravitreal antibiotics or antifungals, systemic antibiotics, possible surgical intervention. Differential Diagnosis: Uveitis, retinal detachment. Patient Education: Importance of post-surgical care, recognizing signs of infection.

Answer 16

Definition: Elevated intraocular pressure without detectable damage to the optic nerve. Etiology: May be primary or secondary to other conditions. Epidemiology: Risk factor for glaucoma; more common in older adults. Pathophysiology: Increased intraocular pressure due to impaired aqueous humor outflow. Signs and Symptoms: Often asymptomatic; detected during routine eye exams. History: Family history of glaucoma, systemic conditions affecting eye pressure. Evaluation: Tonometry to measure intraocular pressure, assessment of optic nerve. Treatment and Medication: Monitoring, medications to lower intraocular pressure if needed. Differential Diagnosis: Primary open-angle glaucoma, secondary glaucomas. Patient Education: Importance of regular eye exams, understanding risk factors for glaucoma.

Answer 17

Definition: A group of eye conditions causing damage to the optic nerve, often associated with increased intraocular pressure. Etiology: Can be primary (e.g., open-angle, angle-closure) or secondary (e.g., from other conditions). Epidemiology: Leading cause of irreversible blindness; risk increases with age. Pathophysiology: Damage to the optic nerve due to elevated intraocular pressure or other factors. Signs and Symptoms: Peripheral vision loss, headache, eye pain (angle-closure type). History: Family history of glaucoma, previous eye injuries. Evaluation: Tonometry, visual field testing, fundoscopic examination. Treatment and Medication: Medications to lower intraocular pressure, laser treatments, surgical options. Differential Diagnosis: Ocular hypertension, retinal diseases. Patient Education: Importance of adherence to treatment, regular eye exams to monitor disease progression.

GPT Flashcards

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