Grade 10 Bio Flashcards
(29 cards)
How can we classify living organisms?
MRRS HENG
Metabolize, reproduce, respiration, sensitive to the environment,
MRRS
Homeostasis (regulating body temp), excretes body waste, and nutrients to survive, and growth occurs
HENG
EX: mules aren’t classified as living organisms as it’s a hybrid between donkey and horse so it can’t reproduce
What are biotic and abiotic factors?
Biotic:
- All living factors or functions in an ecosystem:
EX: animals, trees, grass, and bacteria.
Abiotic:
- non-living factors in an ecosystem.
- can be chemical or physical components
- can affect living things
EX: water, sunlight, oxygen, type of soil, temperature, PH levels, humidity, natural disasters, etc.
Define Photosynthesis and what living organisms use this process
Photosynthesis: The chemical process of plants that produces a plant’s nutrients in the form of glucose.
Living organisms that use it: plants and bacteria.
Plant use:
- sunlight, water and oxygen to create oxygen (o2) and energy in the form of sugar
Explain Proteins including their functions and molecular structure
Protein:
- are polymers of amino acids
- are comprised of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.
- The human body can’t make all the amino acids so we need to eat dietary proteins which are called essential amino acids
Amino acids:
- are held together by peptide bonds
- are called a peptide if held tgt by a peptide bond
- Peptides are covalent bonds holding an amino group and a carboxyl group tgt
- Di, ,tri, oligo(10-15), poly 15+, protein 50+
Functions of Amino:
- the same as proteins
Functions:
- regulate movements of muscles
- aids the digestive system
- delivers important material such as hemoglobin to cells.
Explain carbohydrates including functions, grouping, and molecular structure.
Carbohydrates:
- Sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose
- Made up of C, H, and O
Grouping:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars) EX: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose. Are joined together by GLYCOSIDIC bonds
- Disaccharides (made up of 2 mono) EX: sucrose = glucose + fructose
- Polysaccharides (a long chain of mono) EX: Glycogen, starch, cellulose.
Function:
- energy source for plants and animals
Explain Lipids including functions, molecular structure, and types.
Lipids:
- made up of glycerol and fatty acids
EX: steroids, cholesterol, and hormones
Fatty acids types:
- Saturated: chemically they are only made up of single bonds
- Unsaturated: they are made with one double bond unlike polyunsaturated.
At room temperature:
- Saturated fats are solid (lard)
- unsaturated fats are liquid (oil)
Function:
- Long term storage in animal cells, cell protection, barriers, transport molecules.
Part 1: Explain nucleic acids including their monomers, functions, and examples.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides: phosphate, sugar, and base.
- carries genetic material and doesn’t give nutritional value.
- Aids in directing protein synthesis
- RNA and DNA
Part 2: Outline the difference between RNA and DNA
Differences:
RNA: One strand, ribose, uracil, translates DNA into a format for protein synthesis to ribosomal protein factories
DNA: Double strand, deoxyribose, and thymine. Genetic material in nucleus
- Has one less oxygen in the hydroxyl group than RNA
Both share GCA
Part 3: Explain the nucleotide structure and the addition of new nucleotides onto existing ones.
Nucleotides:
- Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
in DNA: 5 carbons start clockwise from the one attached to the nitrogenous.
- They are labelled as 1-5 primers. A hydroxyl group is located at primer 3 and the phosphate group is at primer 5.
Nucleotide addition:
- The new 5 primers with the phosphate group will bond covalently with the old 3 primers through a process called dehydration synthesis.
- Thus creating a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups
Bases:
- In DNA: there are G,C,A, and T.
- In RNA: there are G,C,A, and U.
CG bonds together with a HYDROGEN bond and AT and AU in their respective nucleic acid
Two types:
- Purine: two-ringed nitrogenous bases such as AG - Adenine and Guanine
- Pyrimidine: single-ringed nitrogenous bases such as CT - Cytosine and Thymine.
- CG creates 3 hydrogen bonds
- AT creates 2 hydrogen bonds.
Outline the differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells
Eukaryote:
- Has a nucleus
- Plant cell and animal cell
-Linear chromosomes
Prokaryote:
- bacteria and the start of life
- circular chromosome
- DNA in the cytoplasm
- different organelles such as the flagella
Outline the differences between an animal and a plant cell
Similar organelles:
- Mitrochondria
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- cell membrane
- vacuole
- ribosomes
Animal:
- lysosomes
- small and rough ER
- golgi apparatus
Plant:
- cell wall
- chloroplast
What are the functions of all prokaryotic organelles?
Cell/plasma membrane: Controls what enters or leaves
Cytoplasm: House optimal environment
Nucleoid: Location of DNA
Ribosomes: translates genetic code into protein synthesis
Flagella: Movement
Plasmids: Antibiotic resistance
Cell wall: Protection
Pili: Movement
Capsule: Protection/sticking coating to stick to surfaces of other cells
What are the functions of all Eukaryotic organelles?
Vacuole: store nutrients and water
Cell Membrane: Exchange of materials from out to in
Nucleus: DNA
Cytoplasm: House optimal environment
Mitochondria: generation of metabolic energy
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
Lysosomes: Break down waste
Golgi apparatus: process and packages proteins into lysosomes
Centrosomes: Cell division
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: transportation and processing of lipids and carbohydrates
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Transportation of proteins made by ribo
Cell wall: Protection
Chloroplast: For photosynthesis
What are chromosomes made out of?
DNA strands are made up out genes which make up the chromosomes.
Chromosomes are long chains of polynucleotides and proteins that determine your characteristics.
Explain cellular respiration
Celluar respiration:
Chemical process of organisms to release energy from food in the form of ATP.
EX: animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.
Explain DNA replication (transcription)
DNA Transcription:
1. Helicase: Separates DNA into 2 strands
2. Primase: adds RNA primer: a short nucleic acid sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis
3. DNA polymerase III: Finishes the strand with nucleotides on each side by following chargaff’s rule
4. DNA polymerase I: Removes RNA primer and replaces it with nucleotides. The new nucleotide strand is called the Okazaki fragment.
5. Ligase: connects the phosphate backbone to the sugar.
Part 1: Explain the cell cycle
Cell Cycle:
-Interphase
- Mitosis and cytokinesis
Interphase:
- G1: Growth, organelles are duplicating but chromosomes do not/
S - Synthesis, duplicated chromosomes so 46 chromosomes pairs = 92 chromatids DNA is replicated
G2: Growth 2, grows/check for errors - 46 chromosomes and duplication of more organelle
Part 2:Explain Mitosis
Mitosis: A type of cell division
- Occurs to repair damaged cells or growth of the organism. Too much can cause cancerous tumors to grow
- Produces identical daughter cells
- somatic cells
Prophase: - sister chromatids shorten and supercoil to become easier to separate and become visible.
- Nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate
- centrioles replicate and move away from each other
Metaphase:
- Nuclear membrane completely disintegrates
- spindle fibers reach the centromeres and align the sister chromatids in the center to prepare for division
Anaphase:
- centromeres move apart to free sister chromatids so the microtubules can pull them apart
Telophase:
- Nuclear membrane reforms around genetic material
- chromosomes decondense
- spindle disappears
Cytokinesis:
- 2 daughter cells receive organelles in the cytoplasm
- divides the cell into 2
Explain the differences between a diploid and a haploid cell
Diploid:
- Cells that have full sets of chromosomes
Haploid:
- cells that have half a set of chromosomes such as sex cells
Part 1: Explain Meiosis:
Meiosis:
- Interphase same as mitosis
- to differentiate ourselves from other people
- production of haploid cells with unpaired chromosomes
- creates gametes: cells that are haploid
- produces four NOT identical daughter cells which are haploid
- During fertilization: cells turn into a zygote: cells that are diploid
- 2 stages of cell division
Part 2: Explain the phases of Meiosis 1
Meiosis 1:
- DNA Replicates in Interphase
Prophase 1:
- starts with diploid cell
- contains uncoiled chromatin
- after DNA replication it condenses into chromosomes
- Synapsis occurs: each chromosome pairs and binds with the corresponding homologous chromosome forming a tetrad (pair of 2 chromosomes)
- Crossing over occurs: chromatids exchange segments of alleles which happens randomly thus resulting in different gene combinations
- nucleus membrane disappears
- centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
- spindle fibers fan out
Metaphase 1:
- Chromosomes line up in pairs at the equator but the organization is random which is known as an independent assortment
- Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers on opposite sides
Anaphase 1:
- Spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes in each tetrad and pull the chromosomes to opposite sides
Telophase 1:
- Spindle fibers disappear
- nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis:
- produces 2 haploid daughter cells each containing 1 set of chromosomes of paired chromatid
Part 3: Explain the phases of Meiosis 2
Meiosis 2:
- DNA does NOT replicate
Prophase 2:
- nuclear membrane disappears
- spindle fibers appear and fan out from centrioles
Metaphase 2:
- chromosomes line up at the equator
- attach to spindle fibers from both poles
Anaphase 2:
- sister chromatids from each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles and are called chromosomes still
Telophase 2:
- spindle fibers disappear
- nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis:
produce 4 genetically different haploid cells each containing one set of chromosomes
Outline the differences between asexual vs. sexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction:
- involves a male gamete and a female gamete from 2 parents
In animals:
- The merging of 2 gametes (sperm and egg) through fertilization and genetic material is mixed
In plants:
- involves 2 gametes (pollen in anther and egg cells in flower ovary) and fuse through fertilization where fertilized cells make seeds
- insects scout for nectar and pollen sticks to hair and moves onto another flower and fertilizes it
- animals consume plants/seeds and the feces and plant it in different spots
Asexual:
- involves one parent, no fusion of gametes, no genetic info missing
- no flower = no pollen = no fertilization involve mitosis.
- produces genetically identical offspring
Outline the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual:
- Only one parent needed
- less time and energy
- faster
Sexual:
- produces offspring variation
- advantage to natural selection
- can be accelerated in selective breeding
