Grade 11, Unit 1 (Topic 1,2,3)

Question 1

Who was the researcher that believed in Monism?

Answer 1

Claudius Galen, 130-210 CE

Question 2

Who was the researcher that believed in Dualism?

Answer 2

Rene Descartes, 1619

Question 3

What is Monism?

Answer 3

Monism is the belief proposed by Claudius Galen from 130-210 CE that stated the mind controls (is apart of) the body due to how humans have the ability to form judgements based on their existence and that mental processes can be purely identified with physical processes in the CNS.

Question 4

What is Dualism?

Answer 4

Dualism is the belief proposed by Rene Descartes in 1619 that stated the body and mind are separate entities as the relationship between the body and mind is unidirectional as the mind controls the body but the body can influence the otherwise rational mind.

Question 5

Define trephination

Answer 5

Trephination is a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools and has been used to treat intracranial diseases, epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders by relieving pressure by exposing dura matter underneath the skull without causing damage to underlying blood vessels, meninges and brain.

Question 6

Explain Phrenology

Answer 6

The study of Phrenology proposed by Franz Gall in 1796 suggested that personality was linked to brain structures. Examination of the lumps, bumps and indentations of the skull could determine a person’s character, intelligence and a range of other area”s responsible for a variety of behaviours and functions. Phrenology however was discredited and labelled pseudoscience is the 1840’s due to the lack of experimental evidence to support such claims.

Question 7

How many brain organs did Franz Gall believe existed?

Answer 7

27 organs

Question 8

Discuss the contributions to psychology by Pierre Flourens?

Answer 8

In 1867, Pierre Flourens proposed the conclusion that the degree of any disorder seemed to depend on the quintuplet of cerebral tissue removed, regardless of its location. Founder of Experimental brain science, localised living area of the brain in animals and would observe effects on behaviour and cognition. He found that main functions were responsible for different functions.

Question 9

Explain what a PET scan is

Answer 9

Positron Emission Tomography is a neuro-imaging technique that reveals the functioning and activity of organs and tissues within the brain. This technique involves injecting a radioactive dye that contain radioactive tracers that provide a 3D image of the activity within the brain. This imagine technique shows the concentration and location of activity through colour.

Question 10

Explain what an MRI scan is

Answer 10

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a neuro-imaging technique that shows highly detailed, images. They do not show the activity or functioning of the area only photographs of anatomical structure. The magnetic field causes the alignment and movement of hydrogen protons present within the body which emits signals. The signals are received by antenna and generated into photographs.

Question 11

Explain what a FMRI scan is

Answer 11

Functioning magnetic resonance imaging measures brain activity by dealing with changes associated with blood flow. A FMRI Scan,
Is similar to a MRI scan however shows the function and activity of areas of the brain instead of a photograph. A MRI scans image anatomical structure whereas FMRI scans metabolic function within the anatomical structure.

Question 12

Explain what an EEG scan is

Answer 12

An EEG refers to electroencephalogram and measures electrical activity within the brain via electrodes applied to the scalp. It can be used to diagnose epilepsy, brain haemorrhage, strokes, Alzheimer’s disease and disorders of the nervous system.

Question 13

What is the role of the Temporal lobe?

Answer 13

The temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception and is responsible for interpreting auditory sensory information such as hearing, language recognition and holds the primary auditory cortex.

Question 14

What is the role of the Frontal Lobe?

Answer 14

The frontal lobe is generally where higher executive functions take place including problem solving, decision making, emotional regulation, planning and reasoning occur.

Question 15

What is the role of the Occipital Lobe.

Answer 15

The occipital lobe holds the primary visual cortex and integrates visual sensory Information to interpret depth, location, facial and object recognition, distance and size.

Question 16

What is the role of the Parietal Lobe?

Answer 16

The parietal lobe is responsible for integrating sensory information such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain and also Spatial awareness sensation.

Question 17

Explain the human nervous system and it’s sub branches.

Answer 17

The nervous system is a highly complex system that coordinates an organisms movements as result of transmitting impulses from sensory Neuron’s, inter Neuron’s and motor Neuron’s.
Nervous system —> CNS (brain and spinal cord) & PNS (—> somatic and automatic system, automatic —> into parasympathetic and sympathetic systems)

Question 18

What are the two roles of the peripheral NS?

Answer 18

1. Sensory nerves conveys impulses towards CNS. They send sensations that are detected by sensory Nerves.
2. Motor neurones send impulses away from CNS to the body’s effector organs.

Eg: hotplate Reflex arc

Question 19

What is the role of the somatic system

Answer 19

The somatic system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles (striated ans striped). Motor Neuron’s communicate messages from the CNS particular muscles.

Eg. Walking, running (physical movements)

Question 20

What is the role of the autonatic system?

Answer 20

The automatic nervous systems control voluntary movements of non-skeletal muscles (visceral and smooth). It carries out basic bodily functions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion.

Question 21

Explain the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

The parasympathetic nervous system controls the ‘freeze’ response which is activated one when is aware they cannot outrun or fight a threatening stimulus. Additionally it is responsible for homeostasis and calming the body after stress reactions.
Eg. Slows heartbeat, and lowers blood pressure

Question 22

Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

The sympathetic nervous system becomes active when the organism is threatening and prepares the body for the ‘flight or fight’ response. It initiated arousal.

Eg. Pupils dilate and blood pressure increases.

Question 23

What are glial cells and their functions

Answer 23

Glial cells are supportive cells In the CNS and PNS that like unlike neurones, they do not conduct electrical impulses and their function is to surround Neuron’s and hold them in place; to provide nutrients and oxygen for neurones; to insulate Neuron’s and remove dead neurones.

Question 24

What are afferent and efferent pathways

Answer 24

Afferent pathways are receptor cells to CNS

Efferent pathways are CNS to effectors

Question 25

What regions of the brain are included in the forebrain?

Answer 25

Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

Question 26

What regions of the brain are included in the hindbrain?

Answer 26

Pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

Question 27

What is the midbrain

Answer 27

Uppermost brain stem

Question 28

What does the pons, medulla oblongata & cerebellum do Where are they on the brain

Answer 28

Pons - controls eye movement, swallowing, sleep, respiration, and other bodily actions. (under midbrain) Medulla oblongata - regulated breathing, heat rate, digestion (left and lower than pons) Cerebellum - controls voluntary movement: balance, posture, coordination and speech (under brain)

Question 29

What does the midbrain do

Answer 29

Serves function in motor movement, particularly the eye, in auditory and visual processing

Question 30

What does the thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum do?

Answer 30

Thalamus - relays all sensory information to the cerebrum cortex Sensory information is detected the bodies surface and is communicated to the thalamus which receives it as a sensation. Then it conveys this sensation to the cerebrum cortex which determined whether its pressure, pain, touch or temp. Hypothalamus -maintains homeostasis, regulates sleep, produces releasing or inhibiting hormones and reliable for fighting, fleeing, feeding and fornication. Cerebrum - connects all parts of the brain - motor movements, emotions, memory, intelligence and speech

Question 31

Explain the role of frontal lobe

Answer 31

The frontal lobe is generally where higher cognitive thinking takes place including problem solving, speech, decision making, emotional regulation, planning and reasoning.

Question 32

Explain the role of the parietal lobe

Answer 32

The parietal lobe integrates sensory information such as touch, taste, pressure, pain and temperature and spatial awareness sensation.

Question 33

Explain the role of the temporal lobe

Answer 33

The temporal lobe holds the primary auditory cortex and and is responsible for interpreting sounds and speech recognition.

Question 34

Explain the role of the occipital lobe

Answer 34

The occipital lobe holds the primary visual cortex and interprets depth, facial and object recognition, location, size, and distance.

Question 35

Explain the role of reticular formation in daily life.

Answer 35

Reticular formation is responsible for the coordination and integration of motor and sensory movement in daily life, while also controlling one’s visceral non-skeletal muscles and mediating one’s level of consciousness or alertness.

Question 36

What is the role of Broca’s area?

Answer 36

Broca’s area is responsible for the production of speech.

Question 37

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

Answer 37

Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension and understanding of speech and language.

Question 38

What is the role of Geschwind’s territory?

Answer 38

Geschwind’s Territory is a series of nerve fibres that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area.

Question 39

What’s the difference between psychology, psychiatry and social work?

Answer 39

Social workers - provides humanitarian need for individuals such as food, housing or security while liaison with many different organisations to help individuals who may be struggling emotionally, physically, psychologically or socially. Social workers studies for 3 years of psychology and require a bachelors degree while works in the community is Settings such as schools or Pfingsten health organisations and cannot Diagnose or administer mental health treatment or medication. A psychologist studies for 6 years and acquired a bachelor, masters and honours level of education while works in a large range of fields such as forensic, education or organisational ect. Psychologist can conduct cognitive testing, and provide diagnosis and treatment for mental disorders but cannot prescribe medication. A psychiatrist studies for 6 years plus is medical specialist as they go through medical school and speciality training. A psychiatrist typically works in private health practises or hospitals while assesses biological factors influencing mental health and can diagnose conditions and prescribe medication.

Question 40

Explain freewill vs determinism

Answer 40

Determine proposes all behaviour is determined by external and internal forces and thus is unpredictable. External determinism refers to the social or physical factors influencing behaviour such as social media, parental influence or school. While internal determinism takes a biological approach and states human behaviour is governed by genetic inheritance and genes. Freewill takes the opposite approach and states that humans are self-determined and have some choice in actions, choices and assumes that humans are free to choose their behaviour.

Question 41

Explain the nature vs nurture debate

Answer 41

Nature is the point of view that suggests a human’s behaviour is pre-determined by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. On the contrary, Nurture suggests a humans behavioural aspects are based on environmental conditioning such as one’s physical surrounding and social or cultural upbringing. Eg. Nature - twin studies Eg. Nurture - studies have shown how well parents read to them show how well one can read later in life.

Question 42

List the scientific methods steps

Answer 42

1. Form a research question 2. Form hypothesis (must be testable, positive and falsifiable) 3. Design method 4. Collect data 5. Analysis and process results 6. Report findings 7. Refine and formulate

Question 43

Define Neuroplasticity

Answer 43

The ability of the brain to modify and form new neural pathways in response to environmental stimulation.

Question 44

What are the two types of Neuroplasticity?

Answer 44

Developmental and adaptive plasticity

Question 45

Define adaptive plasticity

Answer 45

Adaptive plasticity is where the brain can change and develop as a result of new learning and experience.

Question 46

Define developmental plasticity

Answer 46

Developmental plasticity is the development and consolidation of neural pathways in infants, children and adolescents.

Question 47

What are the five stages of developmental plasticity?

Answer 47

1. Proliferation 2. Migration 3. Circuit formation (synaptic genesis) 4. Synaptic pruning 5. Myelination

Question 48

Explain the proliferation

Answer 48

The first stage of developmental plasticity which the cells of foetus divide and multiply.

Question 49

Explain migration

Answer 49

The movement of newly formed Neuron’s to their destined location.

Question 50

Explain synaptic genesis (circuit formation)

Answer 50

The axons of new Neuron’s grow out to target cells and form new synapses.

Question 51

Explain synaptic pruning

Answer 51

Excess Neuron’s and synapses as well as weak connections are eliminated.

Question 52

Explain myelination

Answer 52

The formation over myelin over the Neuron’s. Final stage before the brain is fully matured.

Question 53

What are the four key regions of the brain that undergo change during adolescence?

Answer 53

Pre-frontal cortex Amygdala Corpus callosum Cerebellum

Question 54

What happens to the pre-frontal cortex during adolescence?

Answer 54

An increase in myelination occurs in the pre-frontal cortex while synaptic pruning occurs as excess or useless synapses and Neuron’s are removed to help other connections stranger and more efficient.

Question 55

What happens to the amygdala during adolescence?

Answer 55

The amygdala becomes more active. As the pre-frontal cortex is still developing, the amygdala is relied on more heavily during adolescence. As the amygdala is associated with emotions, impulses and instinctive behaviour, it explains why teenagers are more likely to make impulsive or irresponsible decisions or are moody.

Question 56

Explain what happens to the corpus callosum during adolescence?

Answer 56

Thickens and increases the number of connection between the two hemispheres.

Question 57

What happens to the cerebellum during adolescence?

Answer 57

Increase in number the synapses and Neuron’s.

Question 58

Define Synesthesia?

Answer 58

Is a condition that causes the brain to simultaneously process multiple senses. Eg. A person may hear sounds and see colours.

Question 59

Define as stroke

Answer 59

Is a sudden onset cerebrovascular disease. Symptoms: aphasia (language difficulties), spatial neglect, amnesia.

Question 60

Define anosognosia

Answer 60

A contralateral disorder in which the person affected systematically ignores all stimuli on one side of their body. Eg. Can only see half of a plate of food.

Question 61

Define phantom limb

Answer 61

Phantom limb is a condition where amputees continue to feel the vivid presence of limbs they have lost.

Question 62

What is Broca’s aphasia? | What is the affected area?

Answer 62

People with this disorder have difficulty expressing and pronouncing words or sentences but the ability to understand Witten and spoken language is largely unaffected. Left frontal lobe near motor cortex.

Question 63

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia? | What is the affected area?

Answer 63

People with this condition have difficulty understanding written and spoken language and expressing words and sentences that makes sense to others. Left temporal lobe near the parietal lobe.

Question 64

Define maturation

Answer 64

Maturation is the genetically programmed process that governs biological growth.

Question 65

Define sensitive periods

Answer 65

Sensitive periods refer to optimal periods of particular capacities to emerge, and when children are particularly sensitive to environmental influences.

Question 66

Define a critical period

Answer 66

A critical period is a finite period in development when certain kinds of environmental stimuli are compulsory for development of a particular ability. Eg. Certain areas of the visual cortex are only capable of synapse development at an early stage of development and once this critical window is closed the individual will likely be visually impaired.

Question 67

Summarise then Rosenzweig experiment

Answer 67

Results of rats placed in an enriched environment: - cerebral cortex was thicker and heavier - synapses were 50% larger - larger Neuron’s - increased activity of an enzyme involved in memory

Question 68

Define experience-expectant

Answer 68

Experience expectant describes normal generalised development of neural connections that occur due to common experiences that all humans experience in a normal environment. Eg. Visual, auditory stimuli.

Question 69

Define experience dependent

Answer 69

Experience dependent refers to the way in which unique or individual experiences contribute to brain growth and refine existing brain structures. Eg. Socio-emotional, language and other higher cognitive functions.

Question 70

Explain Pierre Flourens contribution to society

Answer 70

In 1867, Pierre Flourens proposed the conclusion that the degree of any disorder seemed to depend on the quintuplet of cerebral tissue removed, regardless of its location. Flourens showed how the cerebellum controlled motor control and balance while localised areas of the animal brain and observed the effects on behaviour and cognition. He reported that the medulla was responsible for vital functions, such as circulation and respiration.

Question 71

Define attachment and what behaviours is it characterised by?

Answer 71

Attachment is the deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another. - does not have to be reciprocal - characterised by behaviours in children (such as seeking proximity with atchment figure when upset or threatened)

Question 72

What was Konrad Lorez’ influence to psychology?

Answer 72

Investigated the mechanisms of imprinting, where some species of animals form an attachment to the first moving object they see. -suggested that the attachment is innate and programmed genetically. - experimented on geese.

Question 73

What was Harry Harlow’s contribution to psychology?

Answer 73

Focused on the attachment of Rhesus Monkey’s by separating newly born monkeys from their mothers to investigate if they preferred comfort or food. - supports evolutionary theory of attachment - concluded it was essential to have social development during critical periods.

Question 74

What was John bowlby’s influence to psychology? | What were the types of attachment?

Answer 74

Believed attachment occurs in the first year of a child’s life, and that the reactions and behaviours of the care giver are crucial. Believed attachment behaviour are instinctive & are activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such as separation, insecurity, fear. 1. Secure attachment 2. Anxious attachment 3. Avoidant attachment Believed this occurred first few years of life but could be jeopardised later in life. (Eg, harmful relationships)

Question 75

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 75

Conducted the ‘strange situation’ experiment which allowed Ainsworth to measure infant attatchment by having infants experience a sequence of events including separations and reunions with their mother and the introduction of an adult stranger.

Question 76

What was a limitation of Mary Ainsworth ‘strange situation’ experiment?

Answer 76

This experiment was involved a large population of western culture and wasn’t representative of different cultures. Later when the experiment was conducted on other population it was shown western populations were different to other cultures.

Question 77

What was the aim of the strange situation experiment?

Answer 77

To show that traits that suggested types of attachment could be identities early in life.

Question 78

What are Wilder Penfield’s contributions to society?

Answer 78

Wilder Penfield 1891, was the Pioneer of brain surgery that mapped the brain, showing which parts of it are associated with functions such as body movements, different senses and speech.

Question 79

Define enriched environments

Answer 79

An enriched environment is one which provides social and physical stimulation. This leads to higher rates of synaptic genesis and dendrite growth, resulting in increase brain capacity.

Question 80

Define deprived conditions

Answer 80

Deprived conditions are those which lack brain stimulation and social interaction leading to delayed and/or impaired cognitive development.