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Chemistry > Grade 12 Unit 2 > Flashcards

Grade 12 Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Alkanes

A

Organic molecule with single bonds only. CnH2n+2
Naming: -ane

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2
Q

Alkenes

A

Organic compounds with any double bonds
CnH2n
Naming: -ene

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3
Q

Alkyne

A

Organic compound with a triple bond
CnH2n-2
Naming: -yne

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4
Q

Aliphatic

A

Open chain

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5
Q

Cyclic

A

Closed chain

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6
Q

Homocyclic

A

All carbon in closed chain

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7
Q

Heterocyclic

A

Not all carbon in a closed chain

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8
Q

Alicyclic

A

None alternating pi bonds in a homocyclic

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9
Q

Aromatic

A

Alternating pi bonds in a homocyclic

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10
Q

Chain roots

A

1=meth 2=eth 3=prop 4=but 5=pent
6=hex 7=hept 8=oct 9=non 10=dec

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11
Q

Haloalkanes description and naming

A

R-X where x is halogen
Name: #-halo-
Functional group: halide

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12
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Phenyls description and naming

A

Aromatic homocyclic structure of carbon
Naming: -benzene if attached to <6 carbon
- #-phenyl- if attached to =or>6 carbons

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13
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons phenols description and naming

A

Aromatic Homocyclic at structure bonded with OH
Naming: -phenol

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14
Q

Alcohol description and naming

A

R-OH
Naming: -#-ol
Branch name: hydroxy(l)-
Functional group: hydroxyl

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15
Q

Ethers description and naming

A

R-O-R’
Naming: -oxy-

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16
Q

Thiols description and naming

A

Functional group: sulfydryl
R-SH
Naming: -#-thiol

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17
Q

Aldehydes description and naming

A

Functional group: carbonyl
Oxygen replaces a hydrogen on first carbon
Naming: -al

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18
Q

Ketones description and naming

A

Oxygen replaces hydrogen
Naming: -#-one
Functional group: carbonyl

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19
Q

Carboxylic Acids description and naming

A

Oxygen and OH bonded to first carbon
Naming: -oic acid
Functional group: carboxyl

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20
Q

Esters description and naming

A

When carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms, one of which is connected to the rest of the structure
Naming: -oate

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21
Q

Amines description and naming

A

Single nitrogen in the structure replacing a carbon.
Naming: amino- or -amine
Functional group: amine

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22
Q

Amides description and naming

A

Carbon bonded to oxygen and nitrogen atom
Naming: -amide

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23
Q

Smallest alkene IUPAC name and older name

A

IUPAC: ethene
Older name: ethylene

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24
Q

Smallest alkyne IUPAC name and older name

A

IUPAC: ethyne
Older name: acetylene

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25
Structural Isomers
Different connections between atoms. (Molecules have same formula)
26
Stereoisomers
Same connections between atoms but different spatial orientation, can’t be rotated to be the same. (Molecules have same formula)
27
Geometric isomers
Stereoisomers with different geometry.
28
Optical isomers
Stereoisomers that are mirror images.
29
Physical properties of alkanes
-colourless & odorless -non-polar molecules -insoluble in water -m.p & b.p: lower then haloalkanes -low reactivity (sigma bond is very strong)
30
Alkane reactions
-combustion -elimination (dehydration) -substitution
31
Haloalkanes physical properties
-colourless & odourless -polar molecules -polar solvents, but insoluble in water -m.p & b.p: higher then alkane, lower then alkyne, increase with number of hydrogen -much more reactive then alkanes
32
Haloalkanes reactions
-elimination (dehalogenation) -Substitution
33
Alkenes physical properties
-colourless & odourless -non-polar molecules -insoluble in water -m.p &b.p: higher then alkyne -stereoisomers -more reactive then alkanes (due to weaker pi bonds)
34
Alkene’s reactions
-addition (hydrogenation) H-H -addition (hydration) H-OH -addition (halogenation) X-X -addition (hydrohalogenation) H-X
35
Alkynes physical properties
-colourless & odourless -non-polar molecules -non soluble in water -m.p & b.p: in between haloalkanes and alkenes -more reactive then alkanes (due to weaker pi bonds)
36
Alkynes reactions
-addition (hydrogenation) H-H -addition (halogenation) X-X
37
Phenyl physical properties
-colourless w/ sweet smell -non-polar -soluble in water (hydrogen bonds w/ delocalized pi bonds) -m.p & b.p: relatively high (liquid @ room temperature) - relatively unreactive alkanes
38
Phenyl reactions
-substitution (w/ Cl2, HNO3, and CH3Cl)
39
Alcohols physical properties
-colourless w/ sweet smell -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) - soluble in water - good polar and non-polar solvents - relatively high m.p/b.p (liquid at room temperature)
40
Alcohols reactivity
-addition (hydration)(end product) -elimination (dehydration) -CO + 2H2 -> CH3OH -combustion: 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 9O-> 8H2O +6CO2 Fermentation: C6H12O6->2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
41
Aromatic Hydrocarbons toluene description and name
Singular CH3 bonded to aromatic Naming: -toluene
42
Aromatic Hydrocarbons aniline
NH2 attached to aromatic Naming: -aniline
43
Ether physical properties
-colourless w/ sweet smell -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) -low solubility in water -good polar and non-polar solvents -intermediate m.p/b.p (between alkanes & alcohols
44
Ether reactions
Condensation R-OH + R-OH -> R-O-R + HOH
45
Thiols physical properties
-strong unpleasant odour
46
Aldehydes physical properties
-similar to ketones and esters -colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons) -longer chains = more pleasant odour -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) -soluble in water -important solvents -intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)
47
Aldehydes reactions
-Oxidation: primary alcohol + oxidizer -> aldehyde + oxidizer w/ 2 more H -reduction (hydrogenation): aldehyde + H2 -> primary alcohol
48
Ketones physical properties
-similar to aldehydes and esters -colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons) -longer chains=more pleasant odour -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) -soluble in water -important solvents Intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)
49
Ketone reactions
-oxidation: secondary alcohol + oxidizer-> ketone + oxidizer w/ 2 additional H -reduction (hydrogenation) ketone + H2 -> secondary alcohol
50
Carboxylic Acids physical properties
- colourless liquid w/ unpleasant odour (odourless solids > 9 carbons) -very polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) -soluble in water -very high m.p/b.p (higher then alcohols) -weak Arrhenius acids
51
Carboxylic Acid reactions
Oxidation aldehyde + oxidizer -> carboxylic acid
52
Ester physical properties
-similar to aldehydes & ketones -colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons) -longer chains =more pleasant odour -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) -soluble in water -important solvents -intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)
53
Esters reactions
-condensation (esterification) carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water -hydrolysis ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol
54
Methanoic acid other name
Formic acid
55
Ethanoic acid other name
Acetic acid
56
Fats reaction
Glycerol (alcohol) + 3 fatty acids (carboxylic acid) -> fats (triglyceride)(ester)
57
Saponification
Triglyceride + NaOH -> glycerol (alcohol) + sodium salts of fatty acids (soap)
58
Amine physical properties
- primary and secondary amines for H-bonds -gases to solids (depending on size) -unpleasant (fishy) smell -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size) -soluble in water -intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols) (tertiary
59
Amine reactivity
-substitution • haloalkane + ammonia -> primary amine + H-X • haloalkane + primary amine -> secondary amine + H-X • haloalkane + secondary amine -> tertiary amine + H-X
60
Amides physical properties
- primary and secondary amides for H-bonds -colourless & odourless solids -polar molecules (decrease w/ chain size) -soluble in water -very high m.p/b.p (higher than alcohols)
61
Amides reactions
-condensation (amidification) • carboxylic acid + ammonia -> primary amide + water • carboxylic acid + primary amine -> secondary amide + water • carboxylic acid + secondary amine -> tertiary amide + water
62
What are polymers?
Large molecules made up of many monomers (smaller organic compounds), which are bonded together in chains.
63
Sugars monomers
Saccharides
64
Proteins monomers
Amino acids
65
DNA monomers
Nucleotides
66
Homopolymers
Identical monomers in the chain
67
Copolymors
Two different monomers repeating in the chain
68
Polymers reactions
-addition polymers addition reaction between monomers that contain double bonds -condensation polymers condensation reactions in which monomers are linked together after removing the atoms that form a small byproduct (usually water) 1) esterification: alcohol + carboxylic acid -> polyester 2) amidification: amine + carboxylic acid -> polyamide

Chemistry (2 decks)

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