Grade 9 Science Exam Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
What element is H?
A
Hydrogen
2
Q
What element is He?
A
Helium
3
Q
What is the short form for Lithium?
A
Li
4
Q
What element is Be?
A
Beryllium
5
Q
What element is B?
A
Boron
6
Q
What is the short form for Carbon?
A
C
7
Q
What is the short form for Nitrogen?
A
N
8
Q
What is the short form for Oxygen?
A
O
9
Q
What element is F?
A
Fluorine
10
Q
What element is Ne?
A
Neon
11
Q
What element is Na?
A
Sodium
12
Q
What element is Mg?
A
Magnesium
13
Q
What element is Al?
A
Aluminium
14
Q
What is the short form for Silicon?
A
Si
15
Q
What element is P?
A
Phosphorus
16
Q
What element is S?
A
Sulfur
17
Q
What element is Cl?
A
Chlorine
18
Q
What is the short form for Argon?
A
Ar
19
Q
What element is K?
A
Potassium
20
Q
What element is Ca?
A
Calcium
21
Q
State of Matter
A
Describes whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas at a certain temperature
22
Q
Texture
A
Describes how the surface of a substance feels
23
Q
Lustre
A
Describes how well the surface of a substance reflects light (dull, shiny)
24
Q
Odour
A
Describes the small. (avoid using “like”)
25
Light Transmission
Describes how light reacts with a surface (Transparent, Translucent, Opaque)
26
Conductivity
Describes how well a substance lets heat or electricity pass through it (rubber is bad, copper is good)
27
Solubility
A measure of how well a substance dissolves in another substance (salt=soluble, glue = insoluble)
28
Malleability
The ability of a substance to be molded or bent
29
Density
Describes how compact a substance is (sand is more dense than water)
30
Ductility
The ability of a substance to be pulled into a wire (copper)
31
Vapour
A substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature but is in a gaseous state (steam)
32
What is a characteristic physical property
A specific property that is UNIQUE to a substance (E.g. Boiling point of water)
33
When are chemical properties observed?
Chemical properties are only observable during a chemical reaction. Describes how matter reacts or doesn't react with another substance
34
What are the the four chemical properties?
Combustibility - Describe the ability of a substance to catch fire or burn in air
Re activity - Describes what happens during and what is made after a substance mixes with one another
Non-reactive - If two substances do not react
Decomposition - Describes the change that can occur when a substance is broken down into the substances it is made of.
35
What is Aerogel?
Solid, Low density. Gel with the liquid removed and gas is put instead. Translucent.
36
What did Democritus believe?
(1) Everything is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible, Greek word atomos. Different things are made of different atoms.
37
What did Dalton believe?
All matter is made of atoms that can be combined (compound). Atoms if the same element are the same and atoms of different elements are different. Indivisible
38
What did Thompson believe?
Atoms contained smaller particles that were negatively charged (electrons). RAISIN BUN OR PLUM PUDDING MODEL. Bun represents the positive mass and the raisins (spread out) are electrons.
39
What did Rutherford believe?
GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT. Atom is mostly empty space. Small densely packed positively charged area in the middle (nucleus). He thought the positive (alpha) particles would go through the foil but they deflected straight back, Because positive deflects positive.
40
What did Bohr believe?
Nucleus is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in certain fixed energy levels (shells). Energy must be given out when "excited" electrons fall from a high energy level to a low one. This produced light spectrum of a certain color.
41
Skull with bones
Toxic immediate and severe (poisonous)
42
Bottle
Compressed Gas
43
Flame
Flammable and combusible
44
Flame with "o"
Oxidizing material
45
T
Toxic long term concealed
46
3 circles
biohazourdous
47
Poison being poured on someones hand
Corrosive material
48
Big R
Dangerously reactive material
49
What does the octagon around a WHIMIS symbol mean?
Danger
50
What does the diamond around a WHIMIS symbol mean?
Warning
51
What does an upside down triangle around a WHIMIS symbol mean?
Caution
52
What colour is a product label?
Black with the info already filled in
53
What colour is a workplace label?
Red with the info not filled in
54
What charge, location and size are protons?
Positive, inside the nucleus, 1 amu
55
What charge, location and size are neutrons?
Neutral, inside the nucleus, 1 amu
56
What charge, location and size are electrons?
Negative, outside the nucleus, 0 amu
57
What does the atomic number (smaller) tell you?
Number of Protons and by default the number of electrons
58
What does the atomic mass number tell you?
The number of neutrons. You subtract the atomic number to get the number of neutrons
59
In standard atomic notation which number is on top?
The atomic mass number (the larger of the two)
60
What is an ion?
Ions are groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. *only deals with electrons
61
What charge does a cation have?
Positive
62
What do you call a negative ion
Anion
63
What is an isotope?
An element with the same atomic number (# of protons) but a different mass number.
64
How many electrons can you put on each shell?
2, 8, 8, 2
65
For a Bohr- Rutherford diagram what do you put in the middle?
P=?
N=?
*when drawing the electrons put them opposite then pair them up.
66
What are groups/families?
The colons on the periodic table
67
What are periods?
The rows on the periodic table.
68
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest unit that an element can be divided into and still be that element
69
What is a molecule?
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together.
70
What is a compound?
Two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
71
What are the two types of matter?
Mixtures and Pure substances
72
What is a pure substance? What are the two types?
Matter with a specific composition. An element is composed of one type of atom. and a compound
73
What is a mixture? What are the two types?
Two or more substances that are physically mixed not chemically combined. Substances that can be separated by physical methods. Homogeneous = the composition is uniform throughout. The different parts are not visible, for example brass (copper and zinc). Heterogeneous = Not uniform You can see the different parts. Composed of particles that do not completely mix, For example a chocolate chip cookie.
74
What are the 5 signs a chemical change has occurred?
1. It releases heat (exothermic reaction)
2. A colour change (happens chemically)
3. A gas is produced (bubbles or odor)
4. A new substance with new properties is formed
5. Precipitate (when a sold is formed from two liquids mixing)
75
How does lightning happen?
Lightning is caused by imbalances between storm clouds and the ground, or within the clouds themselves.
76
What is grounding?
A neutral object is created from a charged object by connecting the object to the ground by a conductor.
77
In charging through induction what do the charges end up being?
The charge on the object becomes opposite to the rod.
78
In charging through conduction what do the charges end up being?
The charges are the same
79
What is a conductor?
Material that permits electrons to flow freely (from particle to particle)
80
What is an insulator?
Insulators are materials that stop the free flow of electrons (from atom to atom or molecule)
81
What is the electrostatic series?
It is a list that tells you what charge the materials will end up with. The item at the top will lose electrons and become positive, the one on the bottom will gain and become negative.
82
What is static electricity?
Static electricity is the buildup of a charge on an object. It does not flow and involves friction.
83
Do metals like to gain or lose electrons?
They like to lose to become stable
84
Do non-metals like to gain or lose electrons?
They like to gain to become stable
85
What are the attraction laws?
Opposites attract, like charges repel. Neutral object are attracted to charged objects, neutral and neutral noting happens
86
what does the source do?
The source gives the coulombs their energy by lifting them to a higher voltage (potential)
87
What is the difference between a switch and insulators?
You have control over a swtich
88
What does an ammeter do?
It measures the number of coulombs passing a particular point every second.
89
What does a voltmeter do?
Measures how much energy the coulombs lost while traveling through the load and gained while raised through the battery.
90
What does the load do?
It transforms the energy from one type to another.
91
Where do ammeters and voltmeters go?
An ammeter goes in the circuit (must break the circuit) while a voltmeter can be placed around the source or load.
92
What is a coulomb?
A group of electrons
93
What is voltage?
The amount of energy each coulomb contains.
94
What is a short circuit?
A short circuit is when coulombs have too much energy (voltage is high) and the current is high. This can burn out a load.
95
Where do electrons enter a circuit?
Electrons enter the positive side and leave the negative. (leave the small side)
96
What is current electricity?
The controlled flow of electrons through a conductor
97
What is a source?
Where the energy comes from
98
How many volts are in one cell?
1.5
99
What is a series circuit?
Has 1 path. When more bulbs are added they get dimmer. If one bulb is unscrewed the other bulbs will not work due to a broken circuit. The current is the same throughout while voltage is divided between the loads.
100
What is a parallel circuit?
There is more then 1 path. When one bulb is unscrewed the others are not affected. The voltage is the same throughout. While the current is divided among the separate paths.
101
What is power?
Power is the rate at which a device converts energy.
102
What is electrical power?
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is produced or consumed in a given time.
103
What is the unit for power?
Watt. Which is equal to 1 joule per second (j/s). Joules is work or energy.
104
How many watts in a kilowatt?
1000
105
How many watts in a megawatt?
1, 000, 000
106
What is power rating?
On factor that affects the amount of energy we use in our homes and schools is the power rating.
107
Wattage?
The higher the power rating value or wattage a device has, the more electrical energy it produces (or uses to operate)
108
What does the triangle used to calculate power and energy look like?
E on top and P and T on the bottom
109
What does Ohm's law state?
If you double the voltage across the resistor the current through it doubles too. If the resistance is higher in one then another then there will be less current. If you cut voltage in half then the current is halved. The Current is PROPORTIONAL to the voltage.
110
What dies the triangle that involves voltage look like?
V is on top and R and I are on the bottom
111
What is resistance?
The property of a substance that hinders the movement (motion) of electric charge and converts electrical energy into other forms.
112
What is the common voltage in a Canadian house?
120V
113
What does GFI stand for?
Ground Fault Interuption
114
For an average density residential customer who uses 800 kwh a month what is the delivery charge?
38% of the bill
115
What is an Ecosystem?
All the living organisms and their physical and chemical environment
116
What does biotic mean?
A term applied to living or once living things in the environment.
117
What does abiotic mean?
A term applied to non-living things in the environment
118
What is a producer?
Something that makes its own food. Plants that use the energy from the sun to make the nutrients they need to survive.
119
What is a consumer?
Organisms that eat the food made by the producer
120
What does mimicry mean?
Mimicry is when one organism is benefited by resembling another organism.
121
What is another name for a producer?
Autotroph
122
What is another name for a consumer?
Heterotroph
123
What does mutualism mean?
When you have two different species and they both benefit. For example a humming bird and a flower. (++)
124
What does parasitism mean?
Is a relationship where one is harmed and the other benefits. For example a mosquito. (+-)
125
What does commensalism mean?
Where one receives a benefit and the other is not affected by it. For example a lion and a vulture.
126
What does a scavenger do?
A scavenger is an organism that consumes decaying biomass, such as meat or rotting plants.
127
What does a decomposer do?
An organism that decomposes organic material
128
What is population?
A population is a summation of all the organisms of the all the organisms of the same group that live in the same geographical area and have the capability of interbreeding.
129
What is a community?
An interacting group of various species in a common location. For example a Forrest.
130
What is Detritus?
Detritus is dead particulate sub-organic material.It typically includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as fecal material.
131
What does a detrivore eat?
An animal that feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
132
What is a trophic level?
Each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem. Organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.
133
What is a limiting factor?
Any factor that restricts the size of a population.
134
What is a tolerance range?
The abiotic conditions within which a species can survive.
135
What is the atmosphere?
The sky
136
What is the Hydrosphere?
The water (rivers)
137
What is the biosphere?
Trees and life
138
What is the lithosphere?
Land. The earth's crust
139
What are the similarities of all nutrient cycles?
1. Plants are the first to get the nutrients (producers). They convert them into a form they can use.
2. Nutrients travels through the food chain by an organism eating another.
3. Decomposers break down organic matter into a form plants can use
4. Large reservoirs exist for storage
140
What is a reservoir?
A place where where chemicals can be held for a long period of time and can accumulate.
141
What is a process?
The method through which chemical (nutrients) go from one reservoir to another. For example water from a lake is taken up by the atmosphere through evaporation.
142
What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?
Individual (one), population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
143
Biotic potential?
The maximum reproductive capacity of a population,
144
What is population ecology?
The study of how organisms relate to eachother in their environment. And the dynamics of a population for example how fast a population grows or how large it becomes.
145
What are limiting factors?
Factors that LIMIT population growth. These factors can be both biotic and abiotic.
146
What is the optimum range?
The optimum range is where everything is just right. Thee is not too much or too little of anything.
147
What is the best way to wipe out a species?
Remove them from their natural habitat.
148
What are some carbon reservoirs?
Marine life, deep ocean, surface ocean, land plants, soil and the atmosphere.
149
How does a carbon atom come to the surface?
A carbon atom can be cycled into the surface by diffusing (moving from an are of high concentration to low) from the atmosphere, by decomposing marine life or from circulating water from the deep ocean.
150
What takes more carbon, the land or ocean?
Ocean
151
What absorbs carbon faster, cold or warm water?
Cold
152
How long does carbon stay in the deep ocean for?
Hundreds of years
153
What is global warming?
The more carbon in the atmosphere the warmer our planet gets.
154
How much of the earth's carbon is stored in the soil?
About 3%
155
Where do all organisms get energy from?
Glucose
156
How are cellular respiration and glucose related?
Cellular respiration is the most efficient method for extracting the energy from glucose.
157
What is cellular respiration?
The process of respiration is opposite to photosynthesis. Cellular respiration consumes Oxygen and requires glucose and produces carbon dioxide and energy in the form ATP.
158
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --) 6CO2+6H20 + energy
159
Where does CR occur?
The Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria)
160
What are the reactants (left side) of photosynthesis?
Water (H2O), Carbon (CO2), chlorophyll and sunlight.
161
What are the products of photosynthesis (right side)
Glucose and Oxygen
162
Where does Photosynthesis take place?
In the Chloroplasts of the plants
163
When does photosynthesis occur?
During the day because it requires sunlight
164
What are the reactants (left side) of CR?
Oxygen and glucose
165
What are the products (right side) of CR?
Carbon dioxide, water and energy
166
When does CR occur?
Day and night (24/7)
167
What is carrying capacity?
When death rate = birth rate there is a stable balance. There are a certain # of individuals of a population that can be supported by the environmental resources in a given ecosystem. That is called the carrying capacity or steady rate of an ecosystem.
168
What is predation?
One organism eats another organism to obtain food.
169
What is symbiosis?
A close interaction between two different species in which members of one species live in, on or near members of another species. There are 3 main types.
170
What is competition?
The interaction between two or more organisms competing for the same resources in a habitat. ( if they are to co exist one must slightly change its niche)
171
What is a niche in ecology?
Somethings role or job in an ecosystem
172
What is competitive exclusion principal?
The principal that when 2 species compete for the same resources withing an environment one of them will eventually out compete and displace the other. *or one could change its niche.
173
What is a food chain?
It shows what eats what and how energy is passed through an ecosystem
174
What is a food web?
Several food chains linked together
175
How do you format a food chain?
On the left you put the thing that is consumed then an arrow and then the thing that eats it and so on. For example: Grass --) grasshopper
176
What must a food chain always start with?
A producer or detritus
177
What is the role of phosphorus in our bodies?
DNA, Most of our bodies phosphorus is in bones and teeth.
178
How does phosphorus get from rocks to us?
During weathering, rocks release phosphorus in the form of phosphate in the soil. Phosphate then enters plants (or other producers) and from the producers, it is consumed by the rest of the food chain. It does the same thing with animals. Decomposes release it and it gets back in the ground through feces.
179
How does phosphorus relate to aquatic organisms?
Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms.
180
What is Eutrophication?
The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients. It can be a natural process in lakes, occurring as they age through geological time.
181
How does Eutrophication work?
First excess nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) wash into the water from the farmers field, fertilizer, or animal waste. The algae blooms. Bacteria population then explodes using up the dissolved oxygen in the water. Fish and other organisms cannot get enough oxygen to survive and die. Eventually as the plants die and turn to sedement and sink the bottom starts to rise , the water grows shallower and eventually it is filled and completely disappears.
182
What is dissolved oxygen?
The amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the water and is essential to healthy lakes and streams. High DO = good water quality. Low DO = Bad
183
What is Biological oxygen demand (BOD)?
A measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose waste. High BOD = low DO, because it is used by the microorganisms to decompose waste. (poor water quality) High BOD = bad. Low = good.
184
What are the 4 main requirements for photosynthesis?
Light- It is used to split the water in the plant into hydrogen and oxygen.
Chlorophyll (absorb the sunlight) Chlorophyll are in the chloroplasts and is the green pigment.
Water - Plants move the water around specialized structures called xylem. The oxygen is released through the stomata (tiny holes)
Carbon Dioxide - Enters through the stomata and combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to produce glucose (sugar)
185
Does the plant use all of the energy?
Some of the sugar is used right away for energy but some is stored as starch and some is built into more complex substance, like plant tissue or cellulose. Plants also often produce more food then they need so it is stored in t stems, roots, seeds or fruit. We can get the energy by eating the plant itself.
186
What are 3 benefits of photosynthesis?
1. Produces glucose and an energy supply that plants and the organisms tat eat them require for life's activities.
2. Releases oxygen into the atmosphere where most organisms require it to breath.
3. Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
187
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O --) C6H12O6 (glucose) +O2
| ** On the arrow draw the sun and write chlorophyll
188
Where does the CO2 come from?
It comes from the air where living organisms have breathed it out. It enters the stomata
189
What happens to the CO2?
It gets pulled apart. An O goes to make some water and the other C and O gets made into glucose.
190
What happens to the water molecule?
The H's and O's get separated. The O's left in pairs out of the Stomata as O2 gas. The H's make water and glucose.
191
What does the sun in the equation represent?
Energy from the sun used for the change.
192
How is the O2 formed and where does it go?
The O's are from the water and are pulled apart and leave in pairs out of the stomata as O2 gas.
193
Why is water on both sides of a balanced equation?
Water is used in the reaction and water is made by the reaction so it appears on both sides of the equation.
194
How could you balance the photosynthesis equation?
Add a 6 in front of everything except the arrow.
195
What is a lightyear?
A unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the distance that light travels in one year, nearly 6 trillion miles
196
What is a constellation?
An easily recognizable group of stars for example the bid dipper
197
What is a nebula?
A cloud of interstellar gas dust. The nursery for the stars
198
What is Alpha Centauri?
A group of three stars that are closest to the solar system.
199
What is the milky way?
The galaxy that contains our solar system
200
What is a supercluster?
A cluster of galaxies which themselves occur as clusters
201
WHat is Dark matter?
Unseen matter that makes up 90% of the universe
202
What is the red shift of light spectrum?
When an object is moved away from us, its light gets shifted into the red spectrum which means is has longer wavelengths.
203
What is a celestial body?
A natural body in space outside of earth's atmosphere. E.g. asteroid, meteoroid
204
What is gravity?
The force of attraction between all masses in the universe. For example us and the ground.
205
WHat is inertia?
The resistance an object has to change in its state of motion
206
What is the heliopause
The boundary of the heliosphere
207
What is the Oort cloud?
The Oort cloud starts at Jupiter and is where millions of cellestial bodies can be found past pluto orbiting around the sun.
Origin of most of the long living comets we have seen
208
What are the inner planets?
The first 4 planets closest to the sun in the solar system. (Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth). Share the same characteristics. Small with rocky cores.
209
What are the outer planets? A.K.A gas giants or jovian
The last 4 planets farther away from the sun (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).They are seperated from the inner planets by the asteroid belt in between Mars an Jupiter.Mostly made of gas ad ice. Very big.
210
What is a comet?
A ball of ice and dust that orbits the sun in eccentric patterns, as it gets closer to the sun the ice starts melting leaving a coma trailing the comet
211
What is a meteor?
A small particle of ice or dust which burns away in earth's atmosphere when it enters. (the flash we see)
212
What is the heliosphere?
the region of space, encompassing the solar system, in which the solar wind has a significant influence
213
WHat is a meteorite?
If a meteor survives through the earth's atmosphere, it will land on the surface of the earth. and then it will be called a meteorite/
214
What is a meteoroid?
A small rocky object in orbit around the sun.
215
What is the moon?
A natural satellite of the earth often visible at night.
216
What is a natural satellite?
A natural satellite is any celestial body in space that orbits around a larger body
217
What is voyager?
A NASA mission that is researching the depths of the solar system and heliosphere.
218
What is an asteroid?
A small planetary body in orbit around the sun which is bigger then a meteoroid but smaller then a planet.
219
WHat is the golden record?
Records on the voyagers that contain sounds and images to portray the diverse culture of life on earth and are intended for extraterrestrials.
220
What is rotation?
The moving of a celestial body around its axis.
221
What is revolution?
Rotation is when a planet or moon turns all the way around or spins on its axis one time. The axis of rotation is an imaginary line going from the north pole to the south pole. When a planet or moon travels once around an object this is considered a revolution.
**The earth travelling around the sun. 365 days is that revolution
222
What is Polaris?
The North Star found in the Ursa Minoris and is the brightest star in the constellation.
223
What is retrograde motion?
Motion of a planet to move in the opposite direction of other planets in the solar system observed from a particular point.
This retrograde motion is entirely an illusion caused by the Earth passing the slower moving outer planets.
224
What does luminous mean?
Amount of light emitted by a star
225
What does non-luminous mean?
Not capable of producing light but capable to reflect light off another source.
226
WHat is an astronomical unit?
a unit of measurement equal to 149.6 million kilometers, the mean distance from the center of the earth to the center of the sun.
227
What is a dwarf planet?
a celestial body resembling a small planet but lacking certain technical criteria that are required for it to be classed as such.
228
What is eccentricity?
Eccentricity is used to describe how round or how stretched out an ellipse is.
229
WHat is an ellipse?
An ellipse is the shape of the orbit (Oval)
230
What is orbit?
the curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon
231
WHat is the solar system?
the collection of eight planets and their moons in orbit around the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets
232
WHat is a solar flare?
a brief eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface, associated with sunspots
233
WHat is solar wind?
The solar wind is a stream of energized, charged particles, primarily electrons and protons, flowing outward from the Sun, through the solar system at speeds as high as 900 km/s and at a temperature of 1 million degrees (Celsius). It is made of plasma.
234
What is coma?
As the ices of the comet nucleus evaporate, they expand rapidly into a large cloud around the central part of the comet. This is called the coma
235
WHat is a photosphere?
The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun that we are most familiar with. Since the Sun is a ball of gas, this is not a solid surface but is actually a layer about 100 km thick
236
What is the convection zone?
The convection zone is the outer-most layer of the solar interior
At the base of the convection zone the temperature is about 2,000,000° C. This is "cool" enough for the heavier ions (such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and iron) to hold onto some of their electrons. This makes the material more opaque so that it is harder for radiation to get through. This traps heat that ultimately makes the fluid unstable and it starts to "boil" or convect.
237
What is the Radioactive zone?
The radiative zone extends outward from the outer edge of the core to the interface layer or tachocline at the
base of the convection zone
The radiative zone is characterized by the method of energy transport - radiation. The energy generated in the core is carried by light (photons) that bounces from particle to particle through the radiative zone.
238
WHat is the asteroid belt?
The asteroid belt is a region of space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where most of the asteroids in our Solar System are found orbiting the Sun. The asteroid belt probably contains millions of asteroids.
239
What is the big bang theory?
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began.
240
WHat is cosmology?
the science of the origin and development of the universe
241
Who is Stephen Hawking?
Stephen hawking is helped create the current way we look at the BBT. He is a cosmologist among many other things.
242
What is the order of the planets from the sun?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
243
WHat is energy from the star released as?
Electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, x-rays and gamma rays
244
What else leaves the star and where do they come from?
Very small particles leave the star. They are the by-products of the nuclear reactions.
245
The three main characteristics of stars are?
1. Luminosity (Not very bright)
2. Temperature (nice-medium temperature)
3. Radius (small)
246
Stars and colours?
```
Red = less than 6000 degrees
Blue = hot at 30, 000 degrees
Yellow = on the cooler side with 6000 degrees
```
