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STEP 1: MICRO > GRAM - > Flashcards

GRAM - Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Diplococci, maltose & glucose oxidizer

A

Neissieria meningitidis

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2
Q

Diplococci, only glucose oxidizer

A

Neissieria gonorrhoeae

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3
Q

Diplococci, oxidase +

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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4
Q

Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey’s agar, fast fermenter

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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5
Q

Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey’s agar, fast fermenter, indole +

A

Escherichia coli

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6
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter/white on MacConkey’s agar, oxidase -, produces H2S (black on TSI agar), urease -

A

Salmonella spp. (typhi and enteritidis)

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7
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter/white on MacConkey’s agar, oxidase -, produces H2S (black on TSI agar), urease +

A

Proteus mirabilis

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8
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter/white on MacConkey’s agar, oxidase -, does not produce H2S (not black on TSI agar)

A

Shigella sonnei/flexerni

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9
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase +, glucose non-fermenter

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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10
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase +, glucose fermenter

A

Vibrio cholerae

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11
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, motile at 25 C but not 37 C

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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12
Q

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, bipolar staining

A

Yersinia pestis

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13
Q

Bacillus, curved small growth on Campy agar, urease +

A

Helicobacter pylori

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14
Q

Bacillus, curved small growth on Campy agar, urease -

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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15
Q

Bacillus, strict anaerobe

A

Bacteroides fragilis

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16
Q

Coccobacilli, factors V and X required

A

Haemophilus influenza B

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17
Q

Cocobacilli, growth on Bordet-Gengou medium

A

Bordetella pertussis

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18
Q

Neissieria meningitidis

A

Diplococci, maltose & glucose oxidizer

IgA protease
LPS capsule (pt goes into shock after antibiotics because the bacterial cells lyse and LPS runs wild)

Respiratory and oral secretions
Vaccine
Rifampin for prophylaxis

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19
Q

Neissieria gonorrhoeae

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A

Diplococci, only glucose oxidizer

IgA protease
NO LPS capsule

Grows on Thayer-Martin media, which contains vancomycin, polymixin, nystatin

20
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis

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A

Diplococci, oxidase +

IgA protease
No capsule

Ear and sinus infections

21
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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A

Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey’s agar, fast fermenter

Urease +
Capsule

Lobar pneumonia (esp. in alcoholics)
-Must aspirate (normal gut flora)
-Cause abscesses in LOWER lung
-Horrible breath
-Red currant jelly sputum
UTI and would infections
-More common
-Diabetics and immunocompromised
22
Q

Escherichia coli

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A

Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey’s agar, fast fermenter, indole +
Blue/Black metallic sheen on EMB agar

Fimbriae=attaches to uroepithelium and travels up–>cystitis and pyelonephritis
K capsule=enables it to be invasive
LPS capsule=shock

23
Q

Salmonella enteritidis

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A

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter/white on MacConkey’s agar, oxidase -, produces H2S (black on TSI agar), urease -

Motile and disseminates (“swims like a salmon”)

Invades M cells of intestines: fever, headache, bloody, inflammatory, diarrhea

In sickle cell pts who get Salmonella, osteomyelitis is a common complication

24
Q

Proteus mirabilis

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A

Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter/white on MacConkey’s agar, oxidase -, produces H2S (black on TSI agar), urease +

***Swarming motility on agar

Urease positive–>stag horn calculi/struvite stone/stone shaped like renal calyx, which can also be a nidus for UTIs

25
``` Shigella sonnei (USA and Europe) Shigella flexerni (third world countries) ```
Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter-->white/yellow on MacConkey's agar, oxidase -, does not produce H2S (not black on TSI agar) Invades M cells of intestines Non-motile, no flagella Propel from cell to cell using actin polymerization (similar to, but not the same as Listeria) ``` Shiga toxin (similar to EHEC)=cleaves 60s subunit of rRNA and releases cytokines-->necrosis and inflammation of mucosa-->profuse bloody diarrhea, high fever, large & painful bowel movements, abdominal cramping, leukocytes in stool [shiga toxin is phage encoded transferred in lysogenic phage ``` Complications - HUS (shiga toxin, much like EHEC) - Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) - Seizures in children
26
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase +, glucose non-fermenter Aerobic Exotoxin A=similar to diphtheria toxin-->inactivates EF-2 via ADP ribosylation Endotoxin=capsule causing fever and shock Pyocin-->Gives blue-greeen pigment Alginate=biofilm Think "PSEUDO" - Pneumonia - Sepsis - External otitis - UTI - Diabetic/Druggy Osteomyelitis Tx ALWAYS w/ more than one antibiotic-->use strong gram neg=aminoglycoside + "antipseudomonals" (ticarcillin, pipercillin)
27
Vibrio cholerae
Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase +, glucose fermenter, alkaline media ***Rice water diarrhea (profuse, watery diarrhea) Cholera toxin=permanently activates Gs-->↑cAMP (cholera toxin encoded by lysogenic phage) TCP (toxin coregulated pilus)=required for colonization
28
Yersinia enterocolitica
Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, motile at 25 C but not 37 C Day care diarrhea, puppy poop Terminal ileitis: fever, RLQ pain, diarrhea (no diarrhea in appendicitis), mesenteric adenitis Siderophilic Very common in hemochromatosis pts
29
Yersinia pestis
Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter, bipolar staining Flea bite "The Plague" - Fever, large painful lymph nodes in axilla or inguinal area, failure to respond to antibiotics - Pneumonia - Sepsis - Can lead to DIC
30
Helicobacter pylori
Bacillus, curved small growth on Campy agar, urease + CagA=inflammation and ulceration VacA=damages epithelial cells Causes most gastric and duodenal ulcers-->epigastric pain, belching, dyspepsia, nausea, melena Causes acute and chronic gastritis Associated with greater risk of stomach cancer Diagnose w/ H2 breath test, esophageal pH test, and biopsy Tx w/ 2 antibiotics (METRONIDAZOLE plus either tetracycline, amoxicillin, or clarithromycin) plus a "stomach soother" (Pepto-Bismol or PPI like omeprazole)
31
Campylobacter jejuni
Bacillus, curved small growth on Campy agar (***Seagull-shaped), urease -, oxidase +, grows at 42 C Inflammatory diarrhea with mucus, pus, and WBC in stool Associated w/ Guillan-Barre Syndrome
32
Bacteroides fragilis
Bacillus, strict anaerobe Usually forms abcess MC anaerobe in anaerobic peritoneal infections
33
Haemophilus influenza B
Coccobacilli, factors V and X required ***CHOCOLATE AGAR (contains factor V=NAD+ and factor X=hematin) IgA protease Capsule-->+Quellung reaction Otitis media, pneumonia,meningitis ***EPIGLOTTITIS (respiratory stridor, hot potato voice, barking cough, fever, drooling) Vaccine available (type B capsular polysaccharide attached to diphtheria toxoid) Tx with Ceftriaxone Prophylaxis w/ Rifampin
34
Bordetella pertussis
Cocobacilli, growth on Bordet-Gengou medium ***Whooping cough Pertussis toxin=inhibitis Gi-->↑cAMP (this prevents lymphocytes from getting into the lymph nodes and start an immune reaction) Grows on Bordet-Gengou (Potato) agar Catarrhal stage=most infectious -common cold symptoms Paroxysmal stage=whooping cough -↑severity-->can vomit or become cyanotic
35
UPEC
Uropathogenic E. coli ("U": think-->URINARY) Fimbriae (motile) Cystitis/UTI (w/ no fever), pyelonephritis, or prostatits in men
36
EIEC
Enteroinvasive E. coli ("I" think-->INVASIVE or irritating) mc due to poor sanitation/fecal matter in drinking water Non-motile Shiga-like toxin (similar to EHEC)=cleaves 60s subunit of rRNA and releases cytokines-->necrosis and inflammation of mucosa-->profuse bloody diarrhea, high fever, abdominal cramping, leukocytes in stool [shiga toxin is phage encoded transferred in lysogenic phage) Invades mucosa=dysentery=bloody, profuse diarrhea (High fever, abdominal cramping, leukocytes in stool)
37
ETEC
Enterotoxigenic E. coli ("T" think-->TOXIC) mc cause of diarrhea worldwide; Traveler's/Troop diarrhea Heat labile toxin=similar to cholera toxin-->↑cAMP-->secretory diarrhea Heat stabile toxin-->↑cGMP-->secretory diarrhea
38
EPEC
Enteropathogenic E. coli ("P" think-->PEDIATRICS No toxin Intimin=adheres to intestinal mucosa-->causes actin in cells to deform causing flattening of villi-->malabsorption May or may not have bloody diarrhea
39
EHEC
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli ("H" think-->HEMORRHAGIC) ***O157:H7 serotype from undercooked beef Shiga-like toxin (similar to EIEC)=cleaves 60s subunit of rRNA and releases cytokines-->necrosis and inflammation of mucosa-->profuse bloody diarrhea, high fever, abdominal cramping, leukocytes in stool-->can cause HUS [shiga toxin is phage encoded transferred in lysogenic phage) DOES NOT FERMENT SORBITOL which distinguishes it from all other E. coli strains
40
Klebsiella granulomatosis
STD Forms a nodule-->PAINLESS genital ulcer-->destruction of tissue ***No inguinal lymphadenopathy, in contrast to syphyllis Donovan bodies in lymph nodes
41
Enterobacter cloacae
Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey's agar, fast fermenter Nosocomial, multidrug resistant UTI bug Normal gut flora
42
Citrobacter
Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey's agar, slow fermenter uses CITRATE for carbon source rare
43
Serratia Marcescens
Bacillus, lactose fermenter/pink on MacConkey's agar, slow fermenter Casein hydrolysis Red pigment R factor plasmid=contains numerous resistance genes MC catheter-associated UTI
44
Salmonella typhi
Bacillus, lactose non-fermenter/white on MacConkey's agar, oxidase -, produces H2S (black on TSI agar), urease - Motile and disseminates ("swims like a salmon") "Typhoid fever" - Fluctuating fever w/ bradycardia (Faget sign) and epistaxis - Dicrotic pulse wave*** - Delirium (nervous fever) and rose spots - Can have bloody diarrhea and hepatosplenomegaly
45
Vibrio vulnificus
***Raw oysters or swimming in infected waters | Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and blistering dermatitis
46
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
***Raw oysters | Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
47
Legionella pneumophila
Bacillus, silver staining, aerobic ***Intracellular-->forms a Legionella containing vacuole used for site of replication and pathogenesis Transmitted via infected waters (e.g. pool of water, AC units, aerosolizing water units) Charcoal yeast extract culture, contains iron and cysteine Legionella urine antigen test=diagnosis Pontiac Fever - Mild flu - No pneumonia symptoms - Healthy people

STEP 1: MICRO (4 decks)

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