Gram + Bacteria Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Gram Positive, Catalase positive, Coagulase positive, Beta hemolytic, Ferments mannitol
A
Staph aureus
2
Q
Coagulase Positive
A
Turns fibrinogen to fibrin
3
Q
Ferments mannitol
A
“Tall man in YELLOW”
Turn agar yellow
4
Q
Staph aureus virulence factor
A
Protein A – prevents complement binding
5
Q
Colonizes the nares
A
Staph aureus
6
Q
Clinical:
Pneumonia (patchy infiltrate on XR) – post-viral bacterial PNA
A
Staph aureus
7
Q
Clinical:
Septic arthritis
Impetigo – abscesses
Acute bacterial endocarditis – IV drug user
A
Staph aureus
8
Q
Clinical:
Osteomyelitis (most common cause)
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
A
Staph aureus
9
Q
Food poisoning –> vomit»> diarrhea
Rapid onset
Meat & dairy products
A
Staph aureus
10
Q
MRSA
A
Staph aureus
11
Q
Drugs tx Staph aureus
A
Vanco & Penicillin (Not MRSA)
Nafcillin (Naf for Staph)
12
Q
Gram positive
Catalase positive
Coagulase NEGATIVE
Urease Positive
Novobiocin-sensitive **
A
Staph epidermidis
13
Q
Normal flora on the skin – easy to contaminant blood cultures
A
Staph epidermidis
14
Q
ENEMY of prosthetic joints or hardware (indolent infection)
A
Staph epidermidis
15
Q
Indwelling catheters
Heart valves
Produces BIOFILM
A
Staph epidermidis
16
Q
Treatment for Staph epidermidis
A
Vanco
Joint replacement
17
Q
Gram positive
Catalase positive
Coagulase NEGATIVE
Urease Positive
Novobiocin-resistant **
A
Staph saprophyticus
18
Q
Honeymoon cystitis
Acute bacterial prostatitis
A
Staph saprophyticus
19
Q
Impetigo – honey crusted sores
Pharyngitis
Cellulitis
Erysipelas
Scarlet Fever (exotoxin)
A
Strep pyogenes (Group A Strep)
20
Q
Gram Positive Coccus
Encapsulated – made of hyaluronic acid
Beta Hemolytic
Bacitracin sensitive***
A
Strep pyogenes (Group A Strep)
21
Q
Swollen strawberry tongue
Pharyngitis
Widespread rash (except the face)
A
Scarlet fever – Strep pyogenes (Group A Strep)
22
Q
Toxic shock-like syndrome (TSS) –super antigen
Necrotizing fasciitis
Rheumatic fever
A
Strep pyogenes (Group A Strep)
23
Q
Rheumatic fever
A
Type II Hypersensitivity
Immune response to strep infection
M protein
Molecular mimicry (myosin in heart – mitral valve)
24
Q
Jones criteria
A
Joints
Heart
Nodules
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham’s chorea (hand/face chorea)
25
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
Immune response to strep infection
Type III hypersensitivity
Dark brown cola colored urine + facial edema
Two weeks post initial infection
26
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE)
Scarlet fever
27
SepA
Superantigen (TSLS)
28
SepB
Protease (nec fasc)
29
SepC
Superantigen (TSLS)
30
Streptolysin O
RBC Lysis
Allows for Beta Hemolytic
ASO antibodies (can show titer had recent strep infection)
31
M Protein
Highly antigenic
Antiphagocytic -- interferes with opsonization
Strep Pyogenes
32
Adds a phosphate
Plasminogen to plasmin
Lysis of clots
Streptokinase
33
Gram positive
Polysaccharide capsule
Beta hemolytic
Bacitracin RESISTANT
CAMP test positive
Positive Hippurate test
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
34
CAMP Test
Nothing to do with cAMP
Distinguish GBS from other Beta-hemolytic strep
GBS observed to enhance hemolysis when in close proximity to S. aureus
Synergistic effect
35
Meningitis in neonates
Sepsis in neonates
Pneumonia
Disease of Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Galactic Baby
36
Alpha hemolytic -- partial (green hew)
Encapsulated (polysaccharide)
OptoCHIN sensitive
Lancet shaped diplococci
Bile soluble**
Streptococcus Pneumonia
37
Streptococcus Pneumonia
Virulence factor
Polysaccharide capsule
IgA protease -- reduce host defenses
38
#1 cause PNA (lobar, lower first, rust colored sputum)
Streptococcus Pneumonia
39
Splenectomy
Sickle cell disease
Greatest risk of encapsulated infection
40
#1 cause MOPS
Meningitis
Otitis media
PNA
Sinusitis
41
Treatment of Streptococcus Pneumonia
Macrolides
3rd Generation Ceph (CephTRIaxone)
Vaccine
42
Alpha hemolytic
NO CAP
OptoCHIN resistant
Bile resistant** insoluble
Streptococcus viridans
43
Dental carries
Subacute endocarditis effect previously damaged heart valves
Mitral most common
Streptococcus viridans
44
Dextrans -- glue to platelets
Streptococcus viridans
45
Gram Positive Cocci -- pairs and chains
Encapsulated -- polysaccharide cap
Gamma-hemolytic -- doesn't cause hemolysis
Biofilms -- esp on collagen rich surfaces
Normal flora of GI tract
Grows in bile salt media
Streptococcus gallolyticus -- group D strep (Strep Bovis/Equinus Complex SBSEC)
46
Clinical:
Endocarditis (heart valve)
Hepatobiliary disease
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
UTI
Meningitis
Mastitis
Colorectal neoplasia (require colonoscopy)
Streptococcus gallolyticus -- group D
47
Treatment of Streptococcus gallolyticus -- group D
3rd Gen Ceph
Vanco
Penicillin
48
Enterococcus genus
Inhabit human GI
Can grow in 6.5% sodium chloride
E.faecalis>>>E.faecium (super bug DANGER)
49
Enterococcus faecium
More dangerous
Bile resistant
Nosocomial infection VRE -- Vanc Resistant
50
Treatment of Enterococcus faecium
Linezolid (EXPENSIVE/big gun)
Tigecycline
51
Enterococcus faecium Disease
UTI
Endocarditis
Biliary Tree Infections
52
Large gram positive
Rod-shaped -- forms chain
Poly-D-glutamate -- protein
Spore forming
Obligate aerobe
Bacillus anthracis
53
Black eschar surrounded by erythematous ring
Cutaneous anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
54
Widened mediastinum on XR
Can progress to pulmonary hemorrhage
Pulmonary anthrax (wool sorter's dx)
Bacillus anthracis
55
Bacillus anthracis
Virulence factor
Edema factor (EF)
Lethal factor (LF)
56
Bacillus anthracis
Edema factor (EF)
Adenylate cyclase increases cAMP intracellular --> edema
57
Bacillus anthracis
Lethal factor (EF)
Exotoxin act as a protease and cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) --> Tissue Necrosis
58
Aerobic
Spore forming
Associated with food poisoning (reheated rice)
Bacillus cereus
59
Gram positive
Obligate anaerobes
Spore forming -- found in soil
Classic associated with puncture wound closed to air
Clostridium tetani
60
Clostridium tetani
Virulence factor
Tetanus toxin (retrograde) acts as protease cleaving SNARE protein
Inhibits exocytosis of neurotransmitters like GABA and glycine
61
Diagnosis of Clostridium tetani
Tetanus -- spastic paralysis
Risus sardonicus (evil grin)
Lockjaw
62
Treatment of Clostridium tetani
Toxoid vaccine
63
Gram-positive
Spore forming
Obligate anaerobe
Transmitted by improper canning of food
Clostridium botulinum
64
Diagnosis Clostridium botulinum
Descending flaccid paralysis
Diplopia/ptosis
Floppy baby syndrome (honey)
Adult (ingest preformed toxin)
Flaccid paralysis
65
Clostridium botulinum virulence factor
Bolulinum toxin targets motor neurons (ACh)
Cleaves SNARE protein -- prevent fusion of vesicles at presynaptic nerve terminal
66
Gram positive
Spore-forming
Obligate anaerobe
Found in dirt/soil
Blood agar forms DOUBLE zone of hemolysis
Clostridium perfringens
67
Clostridium perfringens virulence factors
Alpha toxins -- lyse red blood cells
Disrupt cell membrane -- necrosis
68
Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens
Gas gangrene
Food poisoning
69
Gas gangrene
Gas production
Tissue necrosis
Crepitus
70
Clostridium perfringens
Food poisoning
LATE Onset
Large ingestion of spores
Delayed 2/2 spore germination & toxin formation
71
Treatment of Clostridium perfringens
IV Penicillin G
72
Gram positive
Obligate anaerobes
Spore forming
Can colonize gut of normal flora
Transmission of spores -- oral--fecal route
Nosocomial and some community infection
Clostridioides difficile
73
Clostridioides difficile virulence factors
Toxin A
Toxin B
74
C. diff colitis
Exposure to toxogenic strain (A&B toxin) -- destroy cytoskeleton & disrupt intracellular tight junctions --> watery stool
Can result in toxic mega colon
75
Increased risk for C. Diff
Recent ABX use (Clindamycin, Penicillin, Fluoroquinolongs, Cephalosporin)
Proton pump inhibitors
76
C. Diff Testing
PCR for toxin producing strain of c. diff
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Glutamate dehydrogenase (nonspecific)
77
Tx of c. diff
Oral vancomycin
Oral fidaxomicin
IV mentronidazole + oral Vanco
Fecal microbiota transplant (FMBT)
78
Gram-positive rod
Non-spore-forming bacillus
Club shape (maraca shaped) --> Y or V formation
Metachromatic granules -- staining gran red and cell blue
Coryne diptheriae
79
Virulence factor Coryne diptheriae
Exotoxin -- 2 subunits A/B
Causes ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor-2 (EF-2)
Inhibiting ribosome function & protein synthesis -- cell death & formation of pseudomembranous
80
Clinical Coryne diptheriae
Bull neck -- lymphadenopathy
Respiratory droplet transmission
Cardio toxic effects
CNS damage
81
Tests for Coryne diptheriae
Tellurite media (culture)
Loeffler's media (culture)
Elek's test -- test for toxic/non-toxic strains
82
Treatment of Coryne diptheriae
Toxoid vaccine
83
Gram-positive bacillus
Beta hemolytic
Tumbling motility with flagella outside the cell and "actin rocket" propulsion when intracellular
Catalase positive
Can survive/multiple in cold environments -- can contaminate even refrigerated food (unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, packaged meat
Listeria Monocytogenes
84
Diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes
Primary infection in pregnant women
Meningitis in newborns & adults >60
85
Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes
Ampicillin
86
Gram positive
Obligate anaerobic
Branching rod
Normal flora of oral cavity
Actinomyces israelii
87
Diagnosis of Actinomyces israelii
Infection 2/2 jaw trauma -- cervicofacial actinomycosis -- slow progression
Begins with non-tender jaw lump -- forms abscess
Forms sinus tracts that drain infection through skin
Thick yellow pus containing yellow sulfur granules
88
Treatment of Actinomyces israelii
Penicillin G OR
surgical drainage
89
Obligate aerobe
Gram positive -- stains weakly acid-fast 2/2 mycolic acids (cell wall)
Catalase positive
Urease positive
Branching rod
Found in soil
Nocardia asteroides
90
Diagnosis of Nocardia asteroides
Primarily affects immunocompromised patients
Pulmonary, CNS, cutaneous
91
Pulmonary nocardiosis
Pneumonia w/ lung abscess formation -- cavitary lesions
92
Can disseminate leading to brain abscesses
Neural tissue (CNS)
93
Cutaneous nocardiosis
Open wounds are exposed to dirt --> pyogenic response +++ production of indurated lesions
94
Treatment of Nocardia asteroides
Sulfonamides TMP-SMX
