Gram Negative Cocci/Coccobacilli

Question 1

What gram negative cocci and coccobacilli should you commit to memory?

Answer 1

Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonnorrhoeae
Moraxella Caraeehalis

Bordetella perussis
Haemophilus influenzae
Pasteurella (zoo)
Brucella (zoo)
Francisella (Zoo)

Question 2

Dipplococci

Answer 2

neisseria meningitidis, neisseria gonnorrheae, and moraxella catarrhalis

Question 3

Coccobacilli

Answer 3

haemophilus and bordetella

Question 4

What labratory tests do we perform to help delineate different gram negative bacteria in general?

Answer 4

maltose fermentation
lactose fermentation
oxidase test
H2S production

Question 5

What gram negative cocci ferments maltose?

Answer 5

neisseria meningitis

Question 6

What is thayer martin agar?

Answer 6

chocolate agar with antibiotics

Question 7

Grows on thayer martin agar and ferments maltose

Answer 7

neisseria meningitis

Question 8

Grows on thayer martin agar and does not ferment maltose?

Answer 8

nesseria gonnorrhoeae

Question 9

Grows on chocolate agar, needs factors X and v

Answer 9

Haemophilus

Question 10

Grows on chocolate agar with hemin and NAD

Answer 10

Haemophilus, hemin and NAD are X factor and V fator

Question 11

This organism can cause a diffuse petechial rash, disseminated septic shock, DIC, and adrenal insufficiency in the matter of 24 hours

Answer 11

neisseria meningitidis

Question 12

A life-threatening complication of bacterial septicemia (most commonly following meningococcal meningitis), characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands with resulting acute adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 12

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, seen in neisseria meningitidis infections

Question 13

Lipo-oligo-saccharide

Answer 13

neisseria meningitidis

Question 14

Diagnosis through CSF with latex particle agglutination

Answer 14

neisseria meningitidis

Question 15

This virulence factor allows neisseria meningitidis to colonize the respiratory tract and oropharyngeal epithelium

Answer 15

IgA protease

Question 16

Capsule or no capsule: neisseria meningitidis

Answer 16

polysacharride capsule

Question 17

How is neisseria meningitidis spread?

Answer 17

Respiratory droplets, note that it colonizes the nasopharynx

Question 18

Which virulence factor in neisseria meningitidis prompts profound inflammation resulting in septic shock?

Answer 18

its lipo oligo saccharide capsule

Question 19

Prophylaxis for neisseria meningitidis

Answer 19

Rifampin

Question 20

Intra or extracellular: neisseria meningitidis

Answer 20

intracellular

Question 21

_________________ are an important virulence factor that mediate the attachment of N. gonorrhoeae to the epithelial cells of a host.

Answer 21

Pili are an important virulence factor that mediate the attachment of N. gonorrhoeae to the epithelial cells of a host.

Anti-pilin antibodies that are directed against specific pilus proteins can prevent attachment of the pathogen. To circumvent this host immune response, N. gonorrhoeae utilizes DNA recombination to create a high frequency of antigenic variation of expressed pilus proteins; these proteins thus are no longer recognized by the initial antibodies. This particular virulence factor has made it difficult to create a vaccine that targets the gonococcal pili.

Question 22

Intracellular gram negative diplococci that does not ferment maltose

Answer 22

neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 23

How does neisseria gonotthoeae evade the immune system?

Answer 23

antigenic variation

Question 24

Encapsulated neisseria

Answer 24

meningitidis

Question 25

Non encapsulated neisseria

Answer 25

gonnorrhoeae

Question 26

Neonatal infection causes ophthalmia and blindness if not treated

Answer 26

neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 27

Cant pee, cant see, cant climb a tree

Answer 27

reiters, associated with gonnorhea

Question 28

How is reiter's syndrome different from disseminated gonorrhea?

Answer 28

Reiters syndrome is a reactive arthritis where the bacteria isn't actually in the joints. In disseminated gonorrhea, the joints get infected.

Question 29

Intracellular gram negative diplococci within neutrophils

Answer 29

gonoorhea

Question 30

Tx for gonoorhea

Answer 30

ceftriaxone

Question 31

Gram negative dipplococcus that is not intracellular and grows on blood agar

Answer 31

moraxella

Question 32

Third most common cause of otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchits/pneumonia

Answer 32

moraxella (first is strep pneumo, second is haemophilus)

Question 33

Things that infect mucosal epithelium tend to have this virulence factor

Answer 33

pili for attachment and IgA protease to defend against mucosal antibodies

Question 34

what diseases can haemophilus influenzae cause?

Answer 34

pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, sinusitis

Question 35

What kind of agar does haemophilus influenzae grow on?

Answer 35

chocolate agar with factor x and factor V, or blood agar with staph a utilizing the satellite phoenomenon

Question 36

Top 3 organisms that cause otitis media, sinusitis, and bacterial pneumonia

Answer 36

strep pneumo, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis

Question 37

COPD pneumonia is often caused by this bacteria

Answer 37

haemophilus influenzae

Question 38

What is the main difference in the presentation of neisseria meningitis compared to haemophilus and strep pneumo meningitis?

Answer 38

neisseria is acute and rapidly progressive whereas haemophilus and strep pneumo atr subacute over days

Question 39

What virulence factor has allowed us to develop a vaccine against haemophilus?

Answer 39

in Haemophilus influenzae type b, the antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule is what allows us to generate a vaccine against it

Question 40

Haemophilus infects mucosal epithelium, what virulence factors assist it in doing so?

Answer 40

pili and IgA proteases

Question 41

Gram negative dipplococci, spreads through respiratory droplets, grows on thayer-martin agar, ferments maltose, lipo-oligo-saccharide endotoxin

Answer 41

neisseria meningitidis

Question 42

gram negative diplococci, intracellular inside neutrophils, grows on thayer-martin agar, NO capsule

Answer 42

neisseria gonnorhae

Question 43

gram negative coccobacillus, spread by resp droplets, grows on chocolate agar with factors X and V, vaccine developed against polysaccharide capsule, nonencapsulated strains cause otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia

Answer 43

haemophilus

Question 44

gram negative diplococci, spread by resp droplets, grows in normal blood agar, causes otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis

Answer 44

moraxella catarrhalis

Question 45

What happens when sheeps blood agar is heated?

Answer 45

it lyses (so its kind of like becoming chocolate agar)

Question 46

Most common cause of meningits in patients without HiB vaccination

Answer 46

Hib

Question 47

The PRP capsule is a strong virulence factor and plays a key role in the organism's pathogenicity by protecting it from complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis. Vaccination is extremely effective at preventing these infections.

Answer 47

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) produces a polyribosylribitol phosphate capsule. This capsule is what we make the vaccine against.

Question 48

What other virulence factor does haemophilus have aside from the PRP capsule seen in Hib?

Answer 48

IgA protease