Grammar

Question 1

Words to keep together w/ non-breaking space (6 things)

Answer 1

Month/day
First and Middle name/initial
7 p.m.
Page and Number
Street Number and Name
State and Zip

Question 2

Hyphenation

Answer 2

Hyphenate compound adjectives

Question 3

Compound Adjectives

Answer 3

Two or more terms before a noun that modify the noun

Ex. The above-referenced document vs. the document referenced above

Ex. The nine-inch skid mark vs. the skid mark was nine inches

Question 4

Subject/verb agreement

Answer 4

Make sure verb tense matches the noun tense of a sentence

Verb must agree with its subject in person and number

Singular subject takes a singular verb

plural subject=plural verb

Question 5

Indefinite Pronouns that require a singular verb

Answer 5

Each, every, much, either, neither, one, another, much, anybody, anything, everybody, everything, everyone, somebody, something, someone, nobody, nothing, no one,

Question 6

Period (When to use)

Answer 6

At the end of sentence that makes a statement or expresses a command

i.e. I question the need to cut ad and promotion expenses at this time.

At the end of a polite request or command

i.e. Will you please call us at once if we can be of further help.

At the end of an indirect question/to mark its end

i.e. The only question she asked was when the report had to be on your desk

Question 7

Period: When not to use (Designation/contractions/ordinals/Roman Numerals)

Answer 7

After letter used to designate persons or things

i.e. Client A, Class B

After contractions

i.e. cont’d

After ordinals expressed in figures

i.e. 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th

After Roman numerals

i.e. Volume II

Question 8

Question Mark (When to use)

Answer 8

At the end of a direct question/as a way to mark the end thereof

After a rhetorical question

At the end of a sentence that is phrased like a statement but is spoken with the intonation of a question

Question 9

Exclamation point (definition/when to use)

Answer 9

Emotional mark of punctuation most often found in sales/ad copy

Loses efficacy if used too often

Use at the end of a sentence to indicate urgency, surprise, disbelief, enthusiasm, or strong feeling

Can be used in place of a question mark to convey strong feeling

Question 10

The comma (function)

Answer 10

2 primary functions:

1. Sets off nonessential expressions that interrupt the flow of thought from subject to verb to object/complement
2. Separates elements within a sentence to clarify their relationship to one another

2 commas are generally needed to set off, but only one is needed to separate

Question 11

Single Comma: When to Use (8 things)

Answer 11

Use to separate two main clauses in a compound sentence when joined by and, but, or, nor

To separate 3 or more items in a series–unless all the items are joined by “and” or “or”

To separate two or more adjectives that modify the same noun

To separate a series of numbers into groups of thousands

After an introductory request/command

For introductory phrases that begin a sentence and come before the subject and verb of the main clause

To set off transitional expressions

For clarity, or to prevent misreading

Question 12

Transitional Expressions

Answer 12

Expressions that help the reader mentally relate the preceding thought to the idea now being introduced

Should be set off from the rest of the sentence using a comma

Question 13

Commas in dates

Answer 13

Use commas to set off the year when it follows the month and day

i.e. October 31, 2006

Omit commas when only the month and year are given

i.e. October 2006

Question 14

Commas in Jr., Sr., etc.

Answer 14

Do not use commas to set off Jr., Sr., or Roman/Arabic numerals following a persons name unless you know that is their preference

Abbreviations like Esq. and thoise that stand for academic or religious orders are set off by two commas when they follow a person’s name

i.e. Address the letter to Helen E. Parkisian, Esq, in New York.

Question 15

Comma w/ Inc., Ltd.

Answer 15

Do not use commas to set off Inc. or Ltd. and simimlar expressions in a company name unless you know a particular company prefers to do so

Question 16

Commas in geographic reference/address

Answer 16

Use 2 commas to set off the name of a state, country, or the equivalent when it directly follows the name of a city/county

i.e. 4 years ago I was transferred from Bertlesville, Oklahoma, to Bern, Switzerland

Question 17

Commas in a series (When/how to use)

Answer 17

When 3 or more items are listed in a series and the last item is preceded by and, or, nor, place a comma before the conjunction as well as between the other items

Question 18

When not to use comma (not a list)

Answer 18

Do not use commas to separate compound subjects referring to the same verb or compound verbs referring to the same subject

When the subject does not follow the conjunction

Question 19

Apposition (Definition/when and when not to set-off with comma)

Answer 19

Explains the noun or pronoun the precedes it

Use comma to set off apposition that is not essential, don’t use if apposition essential

Can go either way sometimes

ex. plaintiff, John Smith, herein alleges…

If John Smith is only plaintiff, name is not necessary when referring to plaintiff

If more than one plaintiff John Smith become essential to differentiate who is being referred to

Question 20

Semicolon (When/Internal Commas/when not to use/non-related sentences)

Answer 20

When a coordinating conjunction (and, but, etc.) is omitted between two independent clauses, or when two independent clauses are linked by conjunctive adverbs, use a semicolon–not a comma–to separate the clauses

Use a semicolon if both clauses have internal commas and a misreading may occur if a comma also separated clauses

Do not use semicolon in sentences except to prevent misreading or to deliberately create a stronger break between clauses

If the clauses are not closely related, treat them as separate sentences

Question 21

Colon (When to use/semicolon or colon)

Answer 21

Use between independent clauses when the second clause explains or illustrates the first clause and there is no coordinating conjunction or transitional expression linking the two clauses

If you aren’t sure whether to use semicolon or colon, you can treat each clause like an independent sentence and just use a period

Question 22

The Dash

Answer 22

Dashes set off nonessential elements that requires special emphasis

Mostly used in place of comma, semicolon, colon, or parentheses

Creates a much more deliberate effect, use sparingly

Use dashes to show hesitation, faltering, or stammering

Question 23

Dash length

Answer 23

One em
Two em
Three em

One En (half an m dash)

Question 24

Parentheses (definition/when to use/when not to capitalize first word/when not to use period)

Answer 24

Parentheses set off only nonessential elements (whereas dashes set off essential and nonessential elements)

Use to enclose explanatory material that is independent of the main thought of the sentence

Use to set off references and directions

If item in parentheses falls within a sentence or is to be incorporated at the end of the sentence:

Do not capitalize first word in parenthetical

Do not use period at the end of parentheses

Question 25

Quotation Marks Functions

Answer 25

1. Indicate the use of someone else's exact words 2. Set off words and phrases for special emphasis 3. Display titles of certain literary/artistic works

Question 26

Quotation Mark Styles

Answer 26

1. Curly 2. Slanted 3. Straight Style is determined by the font you are using

Question 27

Singular Possessives (singular possessive/silent s/singular noun ending with s sound)

Answer 27

To form the possessive of a singular noun not ending in "s" sound, add 's Use "'s" when a singular noun ends in a silent "s" (i.e. Arkansas's) When a singular noun ends in "s" sound, use judgement as to whether or not adding an 's will make the word difficult to pronounce, in which case add just ' only (i.e. Los Angeles' freeways, Mr. Hodges') Add "'s" to a singular noun ending in "s" sound if doing so would create a new syllable (i.e. witness's, boss's)

Question 28

Plural Possessives

Answer 28

For a plural noun ending in s or es, add only apostrophe (i.e. witnesses', attorneys', secretaries') Be careful as some singular and plural possessives sound the same i.e. secretary's-secretaries-secretaries' or witness's-witnesses-witnesses'

Question 29

Trouble Plural/Possessives

Answer 29

If having trouble determining how to use possessive: 1. Determine if singular or plural 2. Determine if it is acting as an adjective or the noun 3. Is it a possessive

Question 30

Modifying Possessives

Answer 30

Avoid modifying possessives (if there are multiple possessives in the same sentence, they may affect one another and say something different than you intended) Use "of" test

Question 31

Sets of Rules in use for Writing Numbers

Answer 31

There are two sets basic rules for writing numbers in wide use: 1. Figure Style 2. Word Style

Question 32

figure Style (When is it used/1-10/when to use only figures/isolated cases/when to use words for numbers)

Answer 32

Most commonly used in ordinary business correspondence Spell out numbers 1-10, use figures for numbers greater than 10, this rule applies equally to exact and approximate numbers Use all/only figures when they have technical significance or need to stand out In isolated cases spell out numbers even if they are greater than 10 Use words for numbers at the beginning of a sentence

Question 33

Word Style

Answer 33

Often used in legal documents due to formality Spell out numbers, whether exact or approximate, that can be expressed in one or two words (hyphenated words count as one word) Don't mix styles

Question 34

When to use ordinal figures (1st, 2d, 3d, etc.) or words (first, second, third, etc.) in Dates

Answer 34

When date precedes the month or stands alone, express it in ordinal figures (14th) or words (fourteenth) When emphasizing use ordinal figures When being formal use ordinal words

Question 35

When to use cardinal figures (1, 2, 3) in dates

Answer 35

When day follows month (March 14) Don't write March 14th, even though that's how you would say it

Question 36

Exact Amounts of Money (style)

Answer 36

Use figures to express exact or approximate amount of money ($7)

Question 37

Isolated, nonemphatic reference to money (style)

Answer 37

May be spelled out (a few million dollars)

Question 38

Decimal Points in Money (style)

Answer 38

It is not necessary to add a decimal point or zeros to a whole dollar amount that occurs in a sentence (...a check for $90)

Question 39

Amounts under a dollar (style)

Answer 39

Ordinarily, use figures and the word "cents" (i.e. 50 cents)

Question 40

Using dollar/cent sign to indicate range of prices (style)

Answer 40

Use money sign/symbol with both numbers (i.e. $5000 to $8000)

Question 41

Money in legal documents (style)

Answer 41

In legal documents (pleading, contract, etc.) amounts of money are expressed first in words and then within parentheses as figures

Question 42

Numbers at Beginning of Sentence (style)

Answer 42

Spell out a number that begins a sentence as well as any related numbers (forty to fifty percent of the people have signed the petition)

Question 43

Indefinite Numbers and Amounts (style)

Answer 43

Spell out indefinite numbers and amounts (Several hundred investors in a multi-million dollar sale)

Question 44

Ordinal Numbers (definition/when to spell-out)

Answer 44

Numbers indicating a thing's position in a series Spell out numbers if they be expressed in one/two words (In the twenty-first century)

Question 45

Cardinal number

Answer 45

Number denoting quantity (1, 2, 3)

Question 46

Fractions (Style)

Answer 46

Generally, spell out stand alone fractions, only denote them as figures if the spelled-out version is long/awkward Otherwise fractions should be in figure style when they are being used in technical measurements or some type of computation (one-half the audience; the profits multiply by 2/5)

Question 47

Ages and Anniversaries (Style)

Answer 47

Express ages in figures (including 1-10) when they are used as significant statistics or as technical measurements (Susan plans to retire at age 65; the insurance policy is specially tailored for people in the 50-plus group) Spell out when figures are non-technical or nonemphatic and when writing formally

Question 48

Periods of Time (when to use figures/when to spell it out/in legal docs)

Answer 48

Use figures to express periods of time when they are used as technical measurements or significant statistics (as in discounts, interests, and credit terms) Otherwise spell it out Like amount of money, in legal documents periods of time are often expressed first in words and then in numbers

Question 49

Clock Time (When to use figures/am and pm/o'clock/morning and evening/times on the hour)

Answer 49

Always use figures with a.m., p.m. noon., and midnight (Our plane leaves at 8 p.m.) Do not use a.m. or p.m. unless figures are used Use figures with o'clock except in formal correspondence Do not use a.m./p.m. with o'clock, or w/ in the morning/evening Do not use ":00" for times on the hour

Question 50

Percentages (style)

Answer 50

Express percentages in figures and spell out the word percent (Current interest rate is 5 percent) % can be used in tables, business forms, or technical material

Question 51

Ratios and Proportions (style)

Answer 51

As a rule, write ratios and proportions in figure

Question 52

Roman numerals (reason for use)

Answer 52

Roman numerals are used chiefly for the imporant divisions of literary and legislative material

Question 53

Capitalization in Legal Documents (Items that would not normally be capitalized/allcaps/key terms)

Answer 53

It has been traditional in the past to capitalize terms in legal documents that would not otherwise be capitalized, however this practice is/was not guided by a uniform style While the practice is becoming less common, some key terms will be written in ALLCAPS (EX. DENIED, ORDERED) Capitalize key terms like: References to the parties involved (i.e. the Buyer, the Plaintiff, the Seller); References to the nature of the document(i.e. the Agreement, the Affidavit, the Motion); Spelled-out amounts of money

Question 54

Capitalization in First Words (7 things)

Answer 54

capitalize the first words of: every sentence an expression used as a sentence a quoted sentence an independent question within a sentence each item displayed in a list or an outline each line in a poem salutation and complimentary closing of a letter

Question 55

Capitalization in Proper nouns (When to Capitalize/prepositions in proper nouns/articles in proper nouns/conjunctions in proper nouns)

Answer 55

Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing Prepositions in proper nouns are not capitalized unless they have four or more letter Articles "a" and "an" are not capitalized in proper nouns The article "the" is only capitalized under special circumstances Conjunctions are not capitalized in proper nouns

Question 56

Capitalization in Common nouns

Answer 56

Capitalize when part of a name, but do not capitalize when used in place of a formal name/proper noun

Question 57

Capitalization of Personal names

Answer 57

Treat a person's name exactly as the person does, respect individual preferences

Question 58

Capitalization of name of organizations

Answer 58

Capitalize names of companies, unions, associations, societies etc.

Question 59

Capitalization of Governmental Bodies

Answer 59

Capitalize the names of countries and international orgs as well as national state, county, and city bodies and their subdivisions

Question 60

Capitalization of Names of Places (What to Capitalize/What not to Capitalize/city and state/directional words)

Answer 60

Capitalize the Names of places such as streets, buildings, parks, monuments, rivers etc. Do not capitalize short forms used in place of the full name Capitalize the word city only when it is part of the corporate name of the city or a nickname Capitalize the word state only when it follows the name of the state or when it is a part of an imaginative name (i.e. Empire State Building) Capitalize directional words only when they designate definite regions

Question 61

Capitalization in Days of week, months, holidays, seasons, events, periods

Answer 61

Capitalize the names of days/months/holidays/religious days Do not capitalize the names of seasons unless they are personified Capitalize the names of historical events and imaginative names given to historical periods Do not capitalize the names of decades and centuries

Question 62

Capitalization of bills, laws, acts, treaties

Answer 62

Capitalize formal titles of act/laws/bills/treaties, but do not capitalize common-noun elements that stand alone in place of the full name

Question 63

Capitalization of Races, Peoples, Languages

Answer 63

Capitalize the names of races, people, tribes, and languages

Question 64

Quotation Marks: When/How to Use (direct Quotation/series of words/techbnical terms and jargon/quotation within quotation/period and commas/semicolons and colons/periods and question marks/parentheses/capitalization)

Answer 64

Use to enclose a direct quotation Use when quoting a series of words/phrases in the exact sequence in which they originally appeared If words do not appear in sequence, hoever, put quotation marks around each word When using technical terms, business jargon, or coined words/phrases not likely to be familiar with your reader, enclose them in quotation marks when first used. A quotation within a quotation should be enclosed in a pair of single quotation marks that match the style of the regular quotation marks you are using. Periods and commas always go insida the closing quotation mark Semicolons and colons always go outside the closing quotation mark and outside the single closing quotation mark. At the end of a sentence, a question mark or an exclamation point goes inside the closing quotation mark when it applies only to the quoted material or to the quoted material and the entire sentence; outside the closing quotation mark when it applies to the entire sentence. The closing parenthesis goes inside the closing quotation mark when the parenthetical element is part of the quotation; outside the closing quotation mark when the quotation is part of the parenthetical element. Ordinarily, capitalize the first word of every complete sentence in quotation marks

Question 65

Independent Clause

Answer 65

Has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought, if two are joined by a conjunction, use comma

Question 66

Conjunctive Adverb (examples)

Answer 66

however, also, nevertheless, consequently, hence, otherwise, furthermore, therefore, accordingly

Question 67

Numbers in the Actual Practice of Good Grammar

Answer 67

In actual practice, the exclusive use of figures is considered appropriate only in table and statistical matters, whereas the exclusive use of words to express numbers is found only in ultra formal documents (such as proclamation and social invitations)

Question 68

Amounts of money over a million dollar (style)

Answer 68

Round amounts of a million or more may be expressed partly in words (i.e. $10 million)

Question 69

Related Number (style)

Answer 69

Use the same style for related numbers even if they normally would be written in different ways (i.e. She has two children, ages 8 and 21) If one number is above ten, put both write both numbers as figures

Question 70

Compound numbers (style)

Answer 70

Hyphenate all compound numbers between 21-99 when in word style

Question 71

Commas in Dates

Answer 71

Use commas to set off year when it follows month and day, do not do this if only the month and year are given

Question 72

Capitalization of noun/number sequence

Answer 72

Capitalize a noun followed by a number/letter that indicates sequence, except number following "page," "paragraph," and "line" (i.e. Interrogatory 1, Boat 2, page 12, paragraph 3)