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grammar Flashcards

1
Q

conjugating ser - to be

A

Eu sou
Tu/ Você és/ e
ele/ ela é
nós somos
vocês são
eles/ elas são

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2
Q

difference between elas and eles

A

elas = they for only women
eles = they for men or mixed group

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3
Q

you (formal and plural)

A

os senhores
as senhoras

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4
Q

definitive articles in Portuguese

A

masc. = o and os (pl.)
fem. = a and as (pl.)

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5
Q

how to say number 6 on a phone number

A
  • when talking on the phone, word meia can be used for 6
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6
Q

affect of accent mark on Portuguese

A
  • w/o accent mark in Portuguese accent is usually stressed on the penultimate
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7
Q

conjugate verb morar - to live

A

eu moro
tu moras
você mora
ele/ela mora
nós moramos
vocês moram
eles/elas moram

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8
Q

REGULAR -ar verbs ending

A

eu -o
tu/ você -as/-a
ele/ela -a
nós -amos
vocés -am
eles/ elas -am

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9
Q

em + definite article (masc.)

A

em + o –> no

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10
Q

em + definitve article (fem.)

A

em + a –> na

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11
Q

names of countries that take the definitive article (list 5)

A

o Reino Unido
a Grã-Bretanha
a escócia
a irlanda
o país de gales
a alemanha
a itália
os estados unidos
a coreia
o brasil

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12
Q

do names of countries take the definitive article

A

yes:
o = masculine
a = feminine

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13
Q

countries that don’t take the definitive article

A

Portugal
Moçambique
Angola
Israel

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14
Q

do cities take the definite article

A

no, names of cities don’t they use em (in)

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15
Q

exceptions to cities that take definitve articles

A

o Rio de Janeiro
o Cairo

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16
Q

what are the indefinite articles

A

um –> uns (pl)
uma –> umas (pl)

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17
Q

em + INDEFINITE article (masc. & fem.)

A

em + um –> num (masc.)
em + uma –> numa (fem.)

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18
Q

in a/ in the for masculine nouns

A

num (in a)
no (in the)

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19
Q

in a/ in the for feminine nouns

A

numa (in a)
na (in the)

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20
Q

de + definite article (masc. and pl)

A

do(s)

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21
Q

de + definite article (fem. and pl)

A

da(s)

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22
Q

indefinite article plurals

A

mpl. – uns
fpl. – umas

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23
Q

how to use possessives in a sentence

A
  • Meu/minha; teu/tua; seu/sua; nosso/nossa; vosso/vossa come before the noun
  • Dele, dela, deles, delas come after the noun. They do not agree with the noun
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24
Q

how to say: his car, his cars, his house and his houses in portuguese

A

his car: o carro dele
his cars: os carros dele
his house: a casa dele
his houses: as casa dele

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25
Q

possessives of tu and você

A

tu: teu/ tua
voce: seu/sua

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26
Q

what possessives to use w/ o senhor and a senhora

A

seu / sua

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27
Q

answering the phone E.P v B.P.

A
  • BP say alô but in EP está or está lá or sim
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28
Q

example 1: I am not american

A

eu não sou americana
- não comes before the verb

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29
Q

example 2: She is not at the office

A

Ela não está no escritório

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30
Q

to + definitive article (masc.)

A

a + o =ao

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31
Q

to + definite article (fem.)

A

a + a = à

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32
Q

to go to

A

ir + a ( then can add the definitive article)

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33
Q

near the speaker prep. (masc and fem. and neuter)

A

masc. - este(s)
fem. - esta(s)
neuter - isto

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34
Q

near the listener preposition (masc. ; fem. and neuter )

A

masc. - esse(s)
fem. - essa(s)
neuter - isso

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35
Q

far from speaker and listener preposition (fem. and masc. and neuter)

A

masc. - aquele(s)
fem. - aquela(s)
neuter - aquilo

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36
Q

place adverbs

A

near speaker - aqui
near listener - aí
far from both (but nearby) - ali
far from both (further away) - lá

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37
Q

para vs a

A

a = a short stay
para = a longer stay

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38
Q

to go through

A

verb ir + por

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39
Q

por + o

A

pelo

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40
Q

por + a

A

pela

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41
Q

conjugating querer - to want

A

Eu quero
Tu queres
Ele/Ela quer
Você quer
Nós queremos
Vocês querem
Eles/Elas querem

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42
Q

muito + noun

A
  • means many and agrees w/ the noun
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43
Q

muito + adjective

A
  • means very – doesn’t change form (always muito)
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44
Q

pouco + noun

A
  • when modifying noun it means ‘few’
  • has to agree w/ the noun
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45
Q

translate: a few cars + a few houses

A

a few cars: poucos carros
a few houses: poucas casas

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46
Q

pouco + adjective

A
  • when modifying an adjective it means a little
  • doesn’t change its form
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47
Q

how does tudo work

A
  • tudo means everything
  • can occur by itself or modify demostrative pronouns isto, isso, aquilo
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48
Q

translate: i bought everything + i bought all this

A

I bought everything: Eu comprei tudo
I bought all this: Eu comprei tudo isso

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49
Q

how does tudo(a) work

A
  • it modifies the noun + agrees with it
  • means every
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50
Q

how does todo o/ toda a work

A
  • modifies a noun
  • means the whole/ the entire
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51
Q

translate: he goes to church every sunday + I work every week

A

He goes to church every Sunday: Ele vai à igreja todo domingo
I work every week: Eu trabalho toda semana

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52
Q

translate: she cleaned the whole house + she cleaned the whole backyard

A

She cleaned the whole house: Eu limpou toda a casa
She cleaned the whole backyard: Ela limpou todo o quintal

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53
Q

when is consigo used in Brazilian Portuguese

A
  • used only with a reflexive meaning
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54
Q

conjugating fazer: to make; do

A

eu faço
tu fazes
você faz
ele/ ela faz
nós fazemos
vocês fazem
eles/ elas fazem

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55
Q

conjugating ficar ‘to stay’

A

eu fico
tu ficas
você fica
ele/ ela fica
nós ficamos
vocês ficam
eles/ elas ficam

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56
Q

some or any (in interrogative sentences)

A

algum (m)
algums (mpl)
alguma (f)
algumas (fpl)

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57
Q

how to express progressive/ continuous action in BP

A
  • remove last letter (usually -r)
    add -ndo
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58
Q

turn falar ‘to speak’; comer ‘to eat’ ; abrir ‘to open’ into progressive and continuous actions (BP)

A

falar -> falando ‘speaking’
comer -> comendo ‘eating’
abrir -> abrindo ‘opening’

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59
Q

translate: I am speaking (using progressive/ continuous action (BP)

A

Eu estou falando

60
Q

translate: the telephone is not working

A

A telefona não está funcianando

61
Q

how to form progressive action in EP

A

a + verb

62
Q

turn falar ‘to speak’ ; comer ‘to eat’ ; funcionar ‘to work’ into a progressive action

A

falar -> a falar
comer -> a comer
funcionar -> a functionar

63
Q

conjugating precisar

A

eu preciso
tu precisas
você precisa
ele/ ela precisa
nós preciamos
vocês precisam
eles/ elas precisam

64
Q

ir a vs ir de (to go by..)

A
  • ir de -> when using vehicles, the preposition “de” is commonly used to indicate the means of transportation
65
Q

conjugating parecer

A

Eu pareço
tu pareces
você parece
ele/ ela parece
nós parecemos
vocês parecem
eles/ elas parecem

66
Q

how to turn nouns + adj. ending in a vowel, plural

A

add -s

67
Q

how to turn nouns + adj. ending in -r -z -s into plurals

A

add-es

68
Q

how to turn nouns +adj ending in -m plural

A
  • change -m into -ns
69
Q

how to turn nouns +adj ending in -l to plurals

A

replace -l with -is

70
Q

how to turn nouns +adj ending in -il (stressed) into plural

A
  • replace -il with -is
71
Q

how to turn nouns +adj ending in -il (unstressed) to plural

A
  • replace -il (unstressed) with -eis
72
Q

how to turn nouns ending in -ão plural

A
  • usually by replacing ending with -ões
  • but some nouns change into -ães + some into -ãos
73
Q

how to turn nouns ending in -s plural (give 2 examples)

A
  • some have the same form
    e.g. um lápis > dois lápis = ‘two pencils’
    um ônibus > dois ônibus = ‘two buses’
74
Q

imperfect tense of regular -ar verbs
(e.g. morar)

A

eu morava
tu moravas
você morava
ele/ ela morava
nós morávamos
vocês moravam
eles/ elas moravam

75
Q

what are the 4 irregular verbs in the imperfect

A
  • ser ‘to be (permanent state)’
  • ter ‘to have’
  • vir ‘to come’
  • pôr ‘to put’
76
Q

irregular verbs in present or preterite that are regular in imperfect

A
  • estar ‘to be (temporary)’
  • dar ‘to give’
  • fazer ‘to make/to do’
  • poder ‘can/may’
  • querer ‘to want’
  • ir ‘to go’
77
Q

imperfect tense of regular -er verbs (e.g. comer)

A

eu comia
tu comias
você comia
ele/ ela comia
nós comíamos
vocês comiam
eles/ elas comiam

78
Q

imperfect tense conjugation of regular -ir verbs (e.g. partir)

A

eu partia
tu partias
você partia
ele/ela partia
nós partíamos
vocês partiam
eles/ elas partiam

79
Q

what is the preterite (simple past tense)

A
  • used to describe an action that has happened in the past and which is now finished
80
Q

preterite tense regular -ar verbs (e.g. falar - to speak)

A

eu falei
tu falaste
ele/ela falou
você falou
nós falastes
vocês falaram
eles/ elas falaram

81
Q

preterite tense regular -er verbs (e.g. comer - to eat)

A

eu comi
tu comeste
ele/ ela comeu
você comeu
nós comemos
vocês comeram
eles/ elas comeram

82
Q

preterite tense regular -ir verb (e.g. abrir - to open)

A

eu abri
tu abriste
você abriu
ele/ ela abriu
nós abrimos
vocês abriram
eles/ elas abriram

83
Q

estar - to be conjugated in preterite tense

A

eu estive
tu estiveste
ele/ ela/ você esteve
nós estivemos
vocês estiveram
eles/ elas estiveram

84
Q

preterite conjugation of ter- to have

A

eu tive
tu tiveste
ele/ela/você teve
nós tivemos
vocês tiveram
eles/ elas tiveram

85
Q

preterite conjugation of fazer - to do (irregular)

A

eu fiz
tu fizeste
ele/ ela/ você fez
nós fizemos
vocês fizeram
eles/ elas fizeram

86
Q

preterite conjugation of vir-to come (irregular)

A

eu vim
tu vieste
ele/ ela/ você veio
nós viemos
vocês vieram
eles/ elas vieram

87
Q

preterite conjugation ser- to be (irregular)

A

eu fui
tu foste
ele/ela/ você foi
nós fomos
vocês foram
eles/ elas foram

88
Q

imperfect tense ser - to be

A

eu era
tu eras
ele/ ela/ você era
nós éramos
vocês eram
eles/ elas eram

89
Q

imperfect tense ter

A

eu tinha
tu tinhas
ele/ ela/ você tinha
nós tinhamos
vocês tinham
eles/ elas tinham

90
Q

how to form -mente adverbs

A
  • attached to adjectives
  • when adj. ends in -o, change vowel to -a then add suffix
91
Q

conjugating vestir

A

eu visto
tu vestes
ele/ ela/ você veste
nós vestimos
vocês vestem
eles/ elas vestem

92
Q

conjugating calçar ‘to wear shoes’

A

eu calço
tu calças
ele/ ela/ você calça
ele/ela calça
nós calçamos
vocês calçam
eles/ elas calçam

93
Q

conjugate vestir - to dress in preterite

A

eu vesti
tu vestiste
ele/ ela/ você vestíu
nós vestimos
vocês vestiram
eles/ elas vestiram

94
Q

conjugate vestir- (to dress) in imperfect

A

eu vestia
tu vestias
ele/ ela/ você vestia
nós vestíamos
vocês vestiam
eles/ elas vestiam

95
Q

conjugate pôr - to put
in present tense

A

eu ponho
tu pões
ele/ ela/ você põe
nós pomos
vocês põem
eles/ elas põem

96
Q

conjugate pôr- to put
in preterite

A

eu pus
tu puseste
ele/ ela/ você pôs
nós pusemos
vocês puseram
eles/ elas puseram

97
Q

conjugate pôr - to put
in imperfect tense

A

eu punha
tu punhas
ele/ ela/ você punha
nós púnhamos
vocês punham
eles/ elas punham

98
Q

each + noun e.g. each man; each woman

A

cada
- modifies the noun and always has the same shape
e.g. cada homem, cada mulher

99
Q

imperatives of vir - to come

A

informal - vem!
more formal - venha!

100
Q

how to use cá

A
  • means here
  • can be used when there’s a motion/ movement
    e.g come here - vem cá
101
Q

reflexive pronouns

A

Eu - me
tu - te
você / ele/ ela - se
nós - nos
vocês - se
eles/ elas - se

102
Q

direct objects

A

eu - me
tu - te
você - o/a
ele/ ela - o/a
nós - nos
vocês - vos (EP) / os/as (BP)
eles/ elas - os/as

103
Q

indirect object

A

eu - me
tu - te
você - lhe
ele/ ela - lhe
nós - nos
vocês - vos (EP)/ lhes (BP)
eles/ elas - lhes

104
Q

when are object and reflexive pronouns behind the verb (EP)

A
  • in simple clauses (subject +verb) pronoun come after the verbs
  • or when there are 2 verbs in sequence (V+V) e.g. Mary can help me
105
Q

when are objects and reflexive pronouns in front of the verb (EP)

A
  • must come before the verb if preceded by:
  • negative words
  • interrogatives
  • conjunctions e.g. como
  • indefinite pronouns e.g. algo, alguém, tudo
  • adverbs e.g. ainda, já, sempre, também, talvez
  • relative pronouns
  • prepositions
106
Q

placement of objects and reflexive pronouns in BP

A
  • In simple clauses (Subject + Verb), it’s flexible. but Brazilians have a preference to place it before BUT if verb is at beginning of sentence pronoun comes after it (optional in spoken lang.
    -naturally place pronoun before verb
  • w/ 2 verbs in sequence (V+V) it’s flexible but usually comes before 2nd verb BUT when pronoun is o(s)/a(s) or verb is preceded by a prep. it’s usually placed after 2nd verb
    -> reflexive and object pronouns can also occur sandwiched between the verb root and its ending
107
Q

how to form the passive voice

A

w/ the verb ser (to be)
w/ the particle -se

108
Q

forming passive voice using ser e.g. the cake was eaten by the boy

A
  • ser + main verb in the past participle
  • participle will behave like an adj. so has to agree w/ subject
    e.g. O bolo foi comido pelo menino
109
Q

forming participles of -AR verbs

A
  • get rid of -AR ending
  • add +ado ending
110
Q

forming past participles of -ER

A
  • get rid of -ER
  • add +ido ending
111
Q

forming past participles of -IR verbs
e.g. ir (to go) ; partir (to leave)

A
  • get rid of -IR ending
  • add +ido ending
    e.g. ir -> ido ; partir -> partido
112
Q

past participle of fazer

A

feito(a)

113
Q

past participle of limpar

A

limpo(a)

114
Q

past participle of Pôr

A

posto(a)

115
Q

past participle of ver

A

visto(a)

116
Q

past participle of vir

A

vindo

117
Q

forming passive voice using -se ending e.g. Old cars are bought

A
  • main verb + -se
  • verb will
  • The agent disappears and verb will agree in number w/ the patient
    Passive: Compram-se carros antigos. ‘Old cars are bought.’
  • usually used in adverts + descriptions of how to accomplish a specific task
118
Q

present tense of haver ‘there is/ there are’

A

há

119
Q

preterite of haver ‘there is/ there are’

A

houve

120
Q

imperfect of haver ‘there is/ there are’

A

havia

121
Q

what are emphatic pronouns

A
  • pronouns used to put emphasis on the person we are talking about
122
Q

how to form emphatic pronouns

A
  • adding mesmo(a) to the pronoun
123
Q

emphatic pronouns ( eu to elas)

A

I myself - eu mesmo(a)
you yourself - tu mesmo(a)
you yourself - você mesmo(a)
he himself - ele mesmo
she herself - ela mesma
we ourselves - nós mesmo(a)(s)
they themselves - eles/ elas mesmos/as

124
Q

meaning of a pronoun + mesmo(a) after a prep. e.g. She bought a book for herself

A
  • has a reflexive meaning
    e.g. She bought a book for herself - Ela comprou um livro para ela mesma
  • after a prep. ele mesmo + ela mesma can be replaced by si mesmo(a)
125
Q

mesmo(a) as a modifier

A
  • when it modifies a pronoun, it agrees w/ the pronoun
  • when it modifies a noun it means ‘same’ + agrees w/ the noun
  • when it modifies an adjective or verb it means ‘indeed/ really’ - doesn’t change form it is ALWAYS mesmo
126
Q

what is important about the future and conditional tenses

A
  • there is only one set of endings for all conjugations.
  • ending is added onto the whole infinitive form of the verb.
127
Q

future tense endings e.g. falar

A

eu falarei
tu falarás
você falará
ele/ ela falará
nós falaremos
vocês falarão
eles/ elas falarão

128
Q

future tense endings

A

eu -ei
tu -ás
você -á
ele/ ela -á
nós -emos
vocês -ão
eles/ elas -ão

129
Q

future tense conjugations e.g. comer

A

eu comerei
tu comerás
você comerá
ele/ ela comerá
nós comeremos
vocês comerão
eles/ elas comerão

130
Q

future tense conjugations e.g. abrir

A

eu abrirei
tu abrirás
você abrirá
ele/ ela abrirá
nós abriremos
vocês abrirão
eles/ elas abrirão

131
Q

irregular tenses in the future + conditional

A

dizer (to say)
fazer (to do)
trazer (to bring)

132
Q

conditional tense endings

A

eu -ia
tu -ias
você -ia
ele/ ela -ia
nós -íamos
vocês -iam
eles/ elas -iam

133
Q

conditional tense endings e.g. falar

A

eu falaria
tu falarias
você falaria
ele/ ela falaria
nós falaríamos
vocês falariam
eles/ elas falariam

134
Q

conditional tense endings e.g. comer

A

eu comeria
tu comerias
você comeria
ele/ ela comeria
nós comeríamos
vocês comeriam
eles/ elas comeriam

135
Q

conditional tense endings e.g. abrir

A

eu abriria
tu abririas
você abriria
ele/ ela abriria
nós abriríamos
vocês abririam
eles/ elas abririam

136
Q

irregular future tense for dizer

A

eu direi
tu dirás
você dirá
ele/ ela dirá
nós diremos
vocês dirão
eles/ elas dirão

137
Q

irregular conditional tenser dizer

A

eu diria
tu dirias
você diria
ele/ ela diria
nós diríamos
vocês diriam
eles/ elas diriam

138
Q

irregular future tense of fazer

A

eu farei
tu farás
você farás
ele/ ela fará
nós faremos
vocês farão
eles/ elas farão

139
Q

irregular conditional tense of fazer

A

eu faria
tu farias
você faria
ele/ ela faria
nós faríamos
vocês fariam
eles/ elas fariam

140
Q

irregular future tense of trazer

A

eu trarei
tu trarás
você trarás
ele/ ela trarás
nós traremos
vocês trarão
eles/ elas trarão

141
Q

irregular conditional tense of trazer

A

eu traria
tu trarias
você traria
ele/ ela traria
nós traríamos
vocês trariam
eles/ elas trariam

142
Q

describing the weather (Pt v Br)

A

estar - usually in form of está
- for Pt está a fazer + adjective
- for Br está fazendo + adjective

143
Q

when to use estar vs ser

A

ser:
- permanent qualities: identity; occupation; nationality; time, date + events
estar:
- temporary states or conditions: location; emotional states; physical conditions; weather; ongoing actions

144
Q

subject pronouns

A

I - eu
you - tu/ você
he, it - ele
she, it - ela
we - nós
you (pl) - vocês
they (m) - eles
they (f) - elas

145
Q

pronominal verb forms after preposition sem (without)

A

without me - sem mim
without you (Pt) - sem ti
without you (Br) - sem você
without him/her - sem ele/ ela
without us - sem nós
without you (pl) - sem vocês
without them - sem eles/ elas

146
Q
A

Portuguese (8 decks)

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