grammar Flashcards
1
Q
how to form imperatives of imperfective and perfective verbs
A
- usually you need to remove the last two letters of 3rd person pl. (present or future tense)
- if ends in a consonant add -и if ends in a vowel add-й
2
Q
turn писать (to write) into the imperative
A
писать –> они пишут –> пиши
3
Q
turn читать (to read) into the imperative
A
читать –> они читают –> читай
4
Q
turn купить (to buy) into the imperative
A
купить –> они купят –> купи
5
Q
how to form imperative of words that aren’t stressed at the end
A
- verbs with stem ending in single consonant that are stressed on stem throughout the conjugation have imperative ending -ь
6
Q
turn забыть (to forget) into an imperative
A
- since it has a stress on the stem throughout the conjugation
забыть –> забудут –> забудь
7
Q
turn готовить (to prepare) into an imperative
A
- since it has a stress on the stem throughout the conjugation
готовить –> они готовят –> готовь
8
Q
how to turn reflexive verbs into imperatives
A
- formed the same but add ending -ся after -й or -ь and add ending -сь when the imperative ends with -и or -те
9
Q
turn одеваться (to dress) into an imperative
A
одеваться –> они одеваются –> одевайся –> одевайтесь
10
Q
how to make an imperative plural
A
- add -те ending to already formed imperative (comes before reflexive ending)
11
Q
imperative of бить (to beat)
A
бей(те)
12
Q
imperative of вить (to wind/ weave/twist)
A
вей(те)
13
Q
imperative of пить (to drink)
A
пей(те)
14
Q
imperative of налить (to pour)
A
налей(те)
15
Q
prefix + verb of motion
A
- they all become imperfective
16
Q
по + verb of motion
A
- is perfective
- means for a bit and will be a completed action
17
Q
по + unidirectional verb of motion
A
- to set off + verb
- denote the beginning of movement, setting of for a destination
- will be perfective (used only in past and future)
18
Q
translate: the tourists drove around the town for a while, then they set off to the hotel
A
туристы поезжали по городу, потом поехали в гостиницу
19
Q
verbs of motion that mutate when you add a prefix
A
- идти –> -йтй (if prefix ends in consonant will have a buffer o)
- ездить –> езжать (if prefix ends in a consonant will have ъ as a buffer)
20
Q
when to use ходить/ идти
A
- larger modes of transport
- movement within a city (not a long distance and not specified)
21
Q
difference between много and многие
A
22
Q
how to construct comparisons (than)
A
- can use чем but has to be preceded by a comma, both items for comparison are in the same case – used w/ long (attributive comparatives) – used when 2nd item for comparison has 3rd person possessive pronoun form
- use genitive, can only be used if first item of comparison is in the nominative case
23
Q
how to to quantify a difference e.g. he’s 3 years older than me
A
- use на + accusative
e.g. он старше меня на года
24
Q
what is special about genitive forms of который
A
masc. + neuter = которого
fem. = которой
plural = которых means ‘whose’
– they all follow the noun!!
25
how does кто function as a relative pronoun
- only functions as relative pronoun to: Тот, кто" ("he, the one who")
"Те, кто" ("those who")
"Все, кто" ("everyone who")
- it takes a masculine singular predicate
26
Translate: He who solved the problem ( consider кто as a relative pronoun and implications
- Тот, кто решил задачу
27
how does кто change when there's a plural antecedent example: Everyone who came to the meeting voted for me
кто may take either a singular or plural verb
Ex: все, кто пришёл/ пришли на собрание, голосовали за меня
28
how does что function as a relative pronoun
- when used mainly w/ всё 'everything' 'everything that' ( всё, что) and то 'that' 'that' (то, что)
29
Dative verbs of attitude
верить/ по- to believe
доверять/ доверить to trust
грозить/ при- to threaten
завидовать/ по- to envy
льстить/ по- to flatter
мстить/ ото- to take vengenance on
подражать to imitate
радоваться/ об- to rejoice at
сочувствовать/ по- to sypathise w/
удивляться/ удивиться to be surprised
30
dative verbs
31
what are the 4 types of participles
- present active
- past active
- present passive
- past passive
32
when can participles be used
- to replace adjectival clauses e.g. clauses introduced by который
33
how to form present active participle
- remove -т from 3rd person plural (они form)
- replace it w/ -щий (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
- participle has to agree in number, gender and case
- declines like хороший
34
present participle of получать
получать --получают -- получющий
35
how to form participles based off a reflexive verb
-remove -т from 3rd person plural (они form)
- replace it w/ -щий (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
- add -ся on the end regardless of its endings
- participle has to agree in number, gender and case
- declines like хороший
36
how to form past active participle
- use either imperfective or perfective past tense ending -л
- replace it w/ - вший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
- when there's no -л in masculine past tense add -ший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие) to masc. past tense
- declines like хороший and agrees in case, gender + number
37
forming past active past participle from получить
получить -- получил -- получивший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
38
past active participle of везти
везти -- вёс -- вёзший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
39
past active participles of идти and вести
идти -- шедший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
вести -- ведший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
40
when is the past active used
- can be used instead of adjectival который clauses that have imperfective or perfective past of the action verb
41
verbs of motion
ездить/ ехать
ходить/ идти
бегать/ бежать
летать/ лететь
плавать/ плыть
носить/ нести
возить/ везти
водить/ вести
42
conjugating ходить
я хожу
ты ходишь
он(а)(о) ходит
мы ходим
вы ходите
они ходят
43
conjugating идти
я иду
ты идёшь
он(а)(о) идёт
мы идём
вы идёте
они идут
44
conjugating бежать
я бегу
ты бежишь
он(а)(о) бежит
мы бежим
вы бежите
они бегут
45
conjugating лететь
я лечу
ты летишь
он(а)(о) летит
мы летим
вы летите
они летят
46
conjugating плыть
я плыву
ты плывёшь
он(а)(о) плывёт
мы плывём
вы плывёте
они плывут
47
what do verbs that take the instrumental denote
- use of control
- attitude
- reciprocal action
- verbs indicating state or appearance
- other meanings
48
instrumental verbs that denote a reciprocal action
делиться/ поделиться (to share)
обмениваться/ обмняться (to exchange)
49
instrumental verbs indicating state/ appearance
оказываться/ отказаться (to turn out to be)
становиться/ стать (to become)
считаться (to be considered)
49
instrumental verbs that denote other meanings
- болеть/ за- (to be sick/ ill with)
- жертовать/ по- (to sacrifice)
- заниматься/ заняться (to busy oneself with)
- ограничиваться/ ограничиться (to limit oneself to)
- рисковать (to risk)
- торговать (to trade in) `
49
instrumental verbs that denote attitude
- восхищаться/ восхититься (to be delighted with)
- гордиться (to be proud of)
- грозиться (to threaten with)
- дорожить (to value)
- интересоваться/ за- (to be interested in)
- любоваться (to admire)
- наслаждаться/ насладиться (to delight in)
- пренебрегать/ пренебречь (to disregard)
- увлекаться/ увлечься (to be keen/ to be obsessed with)
- хвастаться (to boast of)
- щеголять (to flaunt)
49
instrumental verbs that denote reciprocal actions
- делиться/ поделиться (to share)
- обмениваться/ обменяться (to exchange)
50
instrumental verbs that denote control
- владеть (to own/ have command of a [language])
- дирижировать (to conduct [an orchestra])
- заведовать (to be in charge of)
- злоупотреблять/ злоупотребить (to abuse/ misuse [one's position])
- командовать (to command)
- обладать (to possess)
- пользоваться/ воспользоваться (to use/ enjoy)
- править ( to rule)
- располагать (to have at one's disposal)
- распоряжаться/ распорядиться (to manage)
- руководить (to run)
- управлять (to run/govern)
51
instrumental verbs that denote states or appearances
оказываться/ оказаться (to turn out to be)
становиться/ стать (to become)
считаться (to be considered)
52
to be sick; be ill with + case
болеть/ заболеть + instrumental
53
to sacrifice + case
жертвовать/ пожертвовать + instrumental
54
to busy oneself with + case
заниматься/ заняться + instrumental
55
to limit oneself to
ограничиваться/ ограничиться + instrumental
56
to risk + case
рисковать + instrumental
57
to trade in
торговать + instrumental
58
за + instrumental/ accusative
- means behind, on the other side of, beyond
59
за + instrumental (give example)
- can mean 'for'/ to fetch
я зашёл за другом - I called for my friend
очередь за хлеьом - a queue for bread
идти за водой - to go for water
60
за + accusative
- used to denote movement to certain positions
- also used as preposition of time meaning: during the course of
- time taken to complete an action
- means for after verbs referring to apologising, thanks, payment, reward
61
из-за + genitive
- denotes withdrawal from certain positions
62
declension of один (m)
nominative - одни
accusative - одни/ одного
genitive - одного
dative - одному
instrumental - одним
prepositional - в/ об одном
63
declension of одна (f)
nominative - одна
accusative - одну
genitive - одной
dative - одной
instrumental - одной
prepositional - в/ об одной
64
declension of одно
nominative - одно
accusative - одно
genitive - одного
dative - одному
instrumental - одним
prepositional - в/ об одном
65
declension of одни (pl)
nominitive (pl) - одни
acusative (pl) - одни/ одних
genitive (pl) - одних
dative (pl) - одним
instrumental (pl) - одними
prepositional (pl) - в/ об одних
66
declension of полтора (masc. and neuter) + полторы (fem.)
- only one oblique case form подутора
67
declension of два/ две
nominative - два/ две
accusative - два/ две/ двух
genitive - двух
dative - двум
instrumental - двумя
prepositional - в/ о двух
68
declension of три
nominitve - три
accusative три/ трёх
genitive - трёх
dative - трём
instrumental - тремя
prepositional - в/ о трёх
69
declension of четыре
nominative - четыре
accusative - четыре/ четырёх
genitive - четырёх
dative - четырём
instrumental - четырьмя
prepositional -четырёх
70
how to form present (imperfect) passive participle
- formed from imperfect transitive aspect + is a verbal adj.
- add adjectival endings to first-person pl. (мы form) e.g. -ый/ -ая/ -ое/ -ые
71
present passive participle of -авать verbs e.g. давать
- -аваемый (-ая) (-ое) (-ые)
e.g. давать - даваемый
72
forming present passive participles from -ти verbs
- only вести (ведомый) + нести (несомый)
- both verbs change their first-person pl. ending from -ё to -o
73
intransitive verb present passive participles that take the dative
(to precede) - предшествовать - предшествуемый
(to threaten) - угрожать - угрожаемый
74
intransitive verb present passive participles that take the instrumental
(to command) командовать - командуемый
(to run) - руководить - рруководимый
(to manage) - управлять - управляемый
75
how to use present passive participles
- decline like adjectives
- agree in number, case and gender w/ noun they describe
76
verbs w/ irregular imperative forms
to beat: бить - бей(-те)
to wind, weave: вить- вей(-те)
to drink: пить - пей(-те)
to poor: налить - налей(-те)
to sew: шить - шей(-те)
77
irregular imperatives of -авать verbs e.g. давать (to give); продавать (to sell); вставать(to get up_
- imperative ending in -й
- ending is added to stem of the infinitive form
e.g. to give: давать - давай(-те)
продавать - продавай(-те)
вставать - вставай(-те)
78
imperative of ехать + поехать (pf.)
- have imperative поежай(-те)
- all compounds of imperfective forms in prefix + ежать have imperative ending in - ежай(-те)
79
uses of imperfective imperative
- general injunctions/ instructions
- frequentative instructions (habitual actions)
- instructions to continue an action
- negated imperative to forbid an action
- exhortations
-expressing wishes
- conveying an invitation
80
uses of perfective imperative
- order to implement a single action
- in a formal/ professional relationship
- warning
81
how to form long (attributive) comparatives
- usually более + long adj.
- adjective will agree w/ noun it qualifies in number, gender + case
82
how to form reverse comparative
- same rules as более: менее + long adj.
83
4 adjectives w/ attributive comparatives (instead of более + long adj.)
good: хороший - лучший
bad: плохой - хдуший
big: большой - болший (sometimes only distinguished by stress - when speaking)
small: маленький - меньший
- will agree w/ noun their qualifying in number, case and gender
84
4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form
young: молодой - (более молодой) - младший
old: старый - (более старый) - старший
high: высокий - (более высокий) - высший
low: низкий - (более низкий) - низший
85
when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более молодой - младший
более молодой : younger (of things)
младший : younger, more junior of people -> only used w/ animate nouns + collectives + usually imply seniority and juniority
86
when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более старый v старший
более старый : older (things)
старший: elder, more senior (people) -> only used w/ animate nouns + collectives + usually imply seniority and juniority
87
when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более высокий v высший
более высокий: higher, taller (literal)
высший: higher, superior (figurative)
88
when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более низкий v низший
более низкий: lower (literal)
низший: lower, inferior (figurative)
89
forming the short (predicative) comparatives e.g. красивый, удобный
- usually formed by adding -ee to stem of adjective
- they are invariable + are predicates
e.g. красивый - красив-ее
удобный - удобн-ее
90
when to use the short (predicative) forms
- to translate sentences where the verb 'to be' comes between noun/ pronoun and the comparative e.g. new trains are faster - новые поезда быстрее
91
adjectives that have no comparative short forms or forms that are rarely used
- adjectives ending in -ский
- adjectives ending in -овый, -овой, -оевый
- adjectives denoting something that can't be manifested to a greater or lesser degree
- colours
- others: внешний (external), городый(proud) , больной (ill)
92
short form comparative of новый
- does have a comparative short form : новее
93
how to form past passive participles
ending -нный for verbs ending in -ать, -ять replace the -ть by -нный
2nd conj. verbs in -ить or -еть and first conjugation verbs ending in -сти, -зти take -енный, or -ённый if the ты form of the future perfective is stressed on the ending
94
past passive participles of найти and пройти (NOTE: they're irregular)
найти -> найденный
пройти -> пройденный
95
past passive participles w/ consonant change in я form (1st person) e.g. пригласить (to invite)
- when there is a consonant change in the "я" form of the future perfective, this change also occurs in the past passive participle
e.g. пригласить –
я приглашу – выпригласишь – приглашённый (invited)
96
past passive participles ending in -тый
small number of verbs of the first conjugation take the ending -тый -> include many monosyllabic verbs and their compounds
-оть, -уть, -ыть and -ереть
97
explain the imperfective aspect
Example: I am reading the book
- focuses on process or ongoing action.
- Used for actions that are seen as ongoing, habitual, repeated, or unfinished.
- Often used for present tense actions or past tense actions that are ongoing or repeated.
Example: "Я читаю книгу" (I am reading the book) - the action of reading is ongoing
98
explain the perfective aspect Example: I read the book
- focuses on the completion or result of an action.
- for actions seen as a whole, w/o considering the duration or repetition.
- Often used for past tense actions or future tense actions that are expected to be completed.
Example: "Я прочитал книгу" (I read the book) - the action of reading is completed
99
explain the perfective aspect for future events Example: I will read the book
- refers to actions that are expected to be completed or seen as a single event
Example: Я прочитаю книгу" (I will read the book) - This implies that the action of reading the book will be completed in the future.
100
grammatical feature of gerunds
- they're indeclinable + substitute co-ordinate or adverbial clauses beginning w/ and, when, since, by, after, while, without
101
how to conjugate the imperfective gerund
- 3rd person (они) form of the present tense and replace last 2 letters w/ -я or -a after ж,ч, ш, щ
102
quantifying a difference e.g. He is 3 years older than me
- use preposition на + acc.
e.g. он старше меня на 3 года
103
expressing of much + comparative
- is expressed by намного, гораздо, куда
104
as...as possible
как можно + comparative
105
when to use на + acc.
expressions of place (to,onto) - motion towards
- points of compass
- open spaces
- events/ venues that denote activity
- rivers, islands, peninsulas + mountain ranges in singular
106
to influence (something or somebody)
влиять/ повлиять на +acc.
107
uses of на + prepositional
- expressions of place (on/at) - denoting location
- points of compass
- open spaces
- events/ venues denoting activity
- rivers, islands, peninsulas + mountain ranges (singular)
- means of transport
- expressions of time
108
to divide into
делить/ разделить на + acc.
109
to complain of
жаловаться/ (по-) на + acc.
110
to hope for; to rely on
надеяться на + acc.
111
to attack
нападать/ напасть на + acc.
112
to be late for
ораздывать/ опоздать на + acc.
113
to reply to (letter, question)
отвечать/ ответить на + acc.
114
to look at
смотреть/ (по-) на + acc.
115
to translate into
переводить/ перевести на + acc.
116
train/ plane ticket
билет на поезд/ на самолёт
117
view over the river
вид на реку
118
for two
на двоих
119
demand for
спрос на + acc.
120
looks like
похожий на +acc.
121
the other day
на днях
122
по + unidirectional verbs of motion
- forms simple future tense e.g. поехать
123
по + multidirectional verbs of motion
- implies doing the action for a while in the future
124
note the usage of multidirectional verbs of motion
- describe habitual, repeated or non-specific and movements
- describe single return journey (that's been made)
125
note the usage of unidirectional verbs of motion
- describe actions in progress towards a specific destination
- used for concrete, one-way trips/ movements and often form basis for future tense verbs w/ по- prefix
126
a lesson is on
Идёт урок - have to use unidirectional verb of motion
127
to enter
входить/ войти в + acc.
128
to go out of
выходить/ выйти из +gen.
129
to go as far as
доходить/ дойти до + gen.
130
to call on someone (is a brief visit)
заходить/ зайти к + dat.
131
to call at a place
заходить/ зайти в/ на + асс.
132
to pick/ fetch
зайти за + instrumental
133
to find
находить/ найти + асс.
134
to go round
обходить/ обойти вокруг + gen.
135
to inspect/ avoid
обходить/ обойти + асс.
136
to move away from
отходить/ отойти от + gen.
137
to cross
переходить/ перейти (через) + асс.
138
to go up to; approach
подходить/ подойти к + dat.
139
to come to see somebody
приходить/ прийти к + dat.
140
to come, arrive to a place
приходить/ прийти в/ на +асс.
141
to pass
проходить/ пройти мимо + gen.
142
to cover (a distance)
проходить/ пройти + асс.
143
to come down from; step off
сходить/ сойти с + genitive
144
to leave a person
уходить/ уйти от + gen.
145
to leave a place
уходить/ уйти из/ с + gen.
146
stems of prefixed verbs of motion
- after prefixes ездить becomes -езжать
- after prefixes идти becomes -йти + o is inserted between consonant and -йти
147
