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Philology - Middle English > grammar > Flashcards

grammar Flashcards

1
Q

irregular verb be
Indicative - preterite (plural)

A

were(n)

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2
Q

weak adjectives

A
  • only with monosyllabic adjectives derived from OE ending in consonant
  • when adjective is modified by determiner
  • when adjective modifies proper noun
  • when it forms part of a vocative
  • singular/plural = <e></e>
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3
Q

third person singular - dative

A

masculine = hym, hir
feminine = hir(e), hyr(e)
neutral = it, hit

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4
Q

plural all genders - genetive

A

hir(e)(s)

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5
Q

plural all genders - dative

A

hem

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6
Q

plural all genders - nominative

A

they

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7
Q

plural all genders - accusative

A

hem

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8
Q

strong verbs

A
  • stem vowel change in preterite/past participle
  • singular = <e></e>
  • plural = <e>/<en></en></e>
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9
Q

third person singular - accusative

A

masculine = hym, hir
feminine = hir(e), hyr(e)
neutral = it, hit

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10
Q

third person singular - nominative

A

masculine = he
feminine = she
neutral = it, hit

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11
Q

third person singular - genetive

A

masculine = his
feminine = hir(e)(s)
neutral = his

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12
Q

second person - accusative

A

singular = thee
plural = you/yow

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13
Q

second person - dative

A

singular = thee
plural = you/yow

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14
Q

second person - nominative

A

singular = thou/thow
plural = ye

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15
Q

first person - accusative

A

singular = me
plural = us

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16
Q

first person - dative

A

singular = me
plural = us

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17
Q

irregular verb be - imperative (present)

A

singular = be
plural = beth

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18
Q

irregular verb be - participles

A

present = beyng(e)
preterite = been

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19
Q

irregular verb be - subjunctive preterite (singular)

A

1st person = were
2nd person = were
3rd person = were

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20
Q

irregular verb be - subjunctive preterite (plural)

A

were(n)

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21
Q

irregular verb be - subjunctive present (singular)

A

1st person = be
2nd person = be
3rd person = be

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22
Q

irregular verb be - subjunctive present (plural)

A

are(n)

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23
Q

irregular verb be - indicative preterite (singular)

A

1st person = was
2nd person = were
3rd person = was

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24
Q

irregular verb be - indicative present (singular)

A

1st person = am
2nd person = art
3rd person = is

25
irregular verb be - indicative present (plural)
be(e)(n)/ar(e)(n)
26
present tense - singular
2nd person = 3rd person =
27
present tense - plural
<(n)>
28
long closed e
when it's spelt with or in PDE --> speche = speech
29
long open e
when it's spelt with in PDE --> teche = teach
30
long closed o
when it doesnt have the goat diphthong in PDE --> good = good
31
long open o
when it has the goat diphthong in PDE pronunciation --> hooly = holy
32
nominative function
subject of a sentence - plural =
33
plural noun inflexions - suffixes
34
dative function
- indirect object/prepositions - singular = - plural =
35
accusative function
- direct object - plural =
36
'thou' - explain
- informal - singular form - top to bottom relation --> can be an expression of disrespect - when talking to God
37
'ye' - explain
- formal - plural form - bottom to top relation --> show respect, keep distance
38
genetive function
- used to mark possessions - plural/singular =
39
weak verbs
If they have a dental suffix (d/t) in preterite/past participle - dental suffix > stem vowel change - singular = / after dental suffix - plural = / after dental suffix
40
strong adjectives
when it's none of the weak paradigm --> except for indefinite a/an plural =
41
present participle - suffix
42
subjunctive mood
- speaker is uncertain, desire, hypothetical situation - if or though --> conditional sentences - wish/desire --> optative sentence - hope, trowe, thynke --> after verb expressing uncertainty - present (plural) = - preterite (singular) = - preterite (plural) = /
43
finite verbs
finite verbs agree with the subject --> express the mood, tense, number, person
44
past participle - suffix
45
determiner
A modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has - a/an (indefinite article/words beginning with ) - the (definite article) - that, tho, this, thise (demonstratives) - ilke/thilke (= the same, that) - yon (= yonder) - hym (= that)
46
first person - nominative
singular = I (Ich, Ik) plural = we
47
first person - genetive
singular = my(n)(e) plural = our(e)(s)
48
second person - genetive
singular = thyn(e) plural = your(e)(s)
49
indicative
full facts 2nd singular present = <(e)st> 3rd singular present =
50
relative pronouns
- connects main clause with relative sentence - no distinction between (non)- human - 'who' is only used for interogative/questions --> whos and whom can be used as well - takes an inflexion to show agreement --> which that hightE
51
adverbs
or or some do not add a suffix, they are an adverb on their own
52
infinitive
used for metrical purpose may be accompanied by prepositions = to/for to
53
impersonal verbs
pronoun is object of verb rather than subject --> me thynketh --> me semed
54
phrasal verbs
consists of two elements (stand up, go up) more colloquial usage --> synonyms exist for formal use
55
imperative
- used when expressing comand - not exclusively based on numbers --> also used for deference or formality when addressing individuals (distinction not consistently maintained) - plural =
56
negations
- double or triple negatives are used to emphasize - emphasize can be made by replacing nat/noght with: noon, namoore, nothyng, nevere - happens infront of everything that can be negated - ME doesn't require 'do' support - no fixed position
57
sentence structure
- most common word order: subject - verb - object - subject - object - verb (SOV) --> inversion - split more complex verb phrases --> verb split from the auxiliary for rhyming purpose - VSO --> followed by an adverbial - VSO --> no adverbial = question --> 2nd person pronoun (thou/thow) + verb --> no 'do' support in ME
58
negations - examples
ne + am = nam ne + was = nas ne + wiste = nyste ne + wolde = nolde
59
non-finite verbs
non-finite verbs do not agree with the subject --> can be used in the present participle, past participle or infinite forms to perform different functions in a sentence

Philology - Middle English (15 decks)

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