Grammar

Question 1

On the basis of you reading of chapter 15, note at least THREE grammatical differences
between poetry and prose

Answer 1

Omission of subject and objects in poetry, Weak adjectives are frequently found where you would find strong adjectives in prose (no demonstrative pronoun or possessive adjective precedes), accusative singular ‘þec’ (you) and ‘mec’ (me) where prose has þē and mē

Question 2

What are preterite-present verbs?

Answer 2

preterite-present verbs are verbs which present tense looks like the past tense of the strong verbs

Question 3

What kind of Modern English verbs do most of these preterite-present verbs resemble?

Answer 3

Preterite-present verbs are ModE auxiliarly verbs

Question 4

Why can the inflectional ending –um be confusing?

Answer 4

“-um is used for masculine/neuter dative singular, dative plural nouns and adjectives

Question 5

‘Comparative adjectives and ordinal numbers (except for ōðer
‘second’) are always ______’

Answer 5

weak

Question 6

What is concord?

Answer 6

agreement in gender, case, number or person between different words that share a reference

Question 7

How does concord work with respect to verbs and subjects?

Answer 7

the verbs must agree with its subject in person and number

Question 8

What are impersonal verbs?

Answer 8

impersonal verbs lack a subject or have ‘hit’ as placeholder subject

Question 9

How does concord work with respect to noun phrases?

Answer 9

a noun + all modifiers must agree in gender, case and number

Question 10

what is the purpose of cases?

Answer 10

cases tell us something about the function of a noun, adjective or pronoun in a sentence or clause

Question 11

How many cases are there for Old English and which are they?

Answer 11

genitive, nominative, dative, accusative, instrumental

Question 12

what is Grimms law?

Answer 12

sound shift in germanic languages, voiceless stops –> fricatives, voiced stops –> voiceless stops, voiced aspirated stops –> voiced stops or fricatives

Question 13

Strong verb class 1 rule

Answer 13

one consonant after the stem

Question 14

strong verb class 2 rule

Answer 14

one consonant after the stem

Question 15

strong verb class 3 rule

Answer 15

two consonants after the stem

Question 16

strong verb class 4 rule

Answer 16

one final consonant, always <mlnr></mlnr>

Question 17

strong verb class 5 rule

Answer 17

one final consonant, always plosive or fricative

Question 18

strong verb class 6 rule

Answer 18

only one to have ō in stem of 1st and 2nd past

Question 19

strong verb class 7 rule

Answer 19

only one to have ē or ēo in stem of 1st and 2nd past

Question 20

what are the verbs of weak verbs class 3?

Answer 20

habban, libban, secgan, hycgan

Question 21

what are the functions of the nominative?

Answer 21

subject, subject complement, direct address

Question 22

what are the functions of the accusative?

Answer 22

direct object (of transitive verb), motion towards/movement

Question 23

what are the functions of the genetive?

Answer 23

modifies or limits a word by associating it with something, possessive, partitive, descriptive

Question 24

what are the functions of the dative?

Answer 24

indirect object, interest, possession, comparison, instrument means manner

Question 25

what are the functions of the instrumental?

Answer 25

instrument means manner, accompaniment, expression of time, inflect masculine + neuter singular adjectives and pronouns

Question 26

3rd person singular pronouns are inflected by what?

Answer 26

gender

Question 27

3rd person plural pronouns are NOT inflected by what?

Answer 27

gender

Question 28

how are weak and strong nouns identified?

Answer 28

by looking at the inflectional ending and pronoun in front of it

Question 29

when is a stem short?

Answer 29

when it consists of 1 vowel and 1 consonant (with )

Question 30

when is a stem long?

Answer 30

when it consists of 1 vowel and 1 consonant (no ) OR ī

Question 31

when are verbs weak in the preterite?

Answer 31

when they have a dental suffix (t/d) they can also have a stem vowel change

Question 32

when are verbs strong in the preterite?

Answer 32

when they only have a stem vowel change

Question 33

when is the subjunctive used? + what are its inflections?

Answer 33

the subjunctive is used to state conditions contrary to facts (requests, non-facts), noun clauses following verbs of desire and commanding, singular = -e AND plural = -en

Question 34

when is the imperative used? + what are its inflections?

Answer 34

the imperative is used with direct command, plural = th

Question 35

when is the indicative used? + what are its inflections?

Answer 35

the indicative is used with full facts, 2nd singular present = -(e)st, 3rd singular present = th

Question 36

when is an adjective weak?

Answer 36

when it is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun or a genetive noun

Question 36

when is an adjective strong?

Answer 36

when none of the weak paradigm apply

Question 36

what is breaking?

Answer 36

/æ/ becomes /ea/ when it is followed by: r + C OR L + C /e/ becomes /eo/ when it is followed by: h OR r + C

Question 36

what is palatalisation?

Answer 36

he process of palatalisation implied that the velar plosives (or “stops”) /g/ and /k/ moved from a velar to palatal (i.e. more fronted) place of articulation, when they preceded or followed a front-vowel within the same syllable; as a result, they became /j/ and /tʃ/, respectively

Question 36

what is fronting?

Answer 36

a short /a/ spontaneously became /æ/ unless it was followed by a nasal or a back vowel in the next syllable. If a back-vowel (/a, o, u/) followed, /a/ remained /a/. However, if a nasal followed /a/, the result was /ɔ/, spelled. This is more pronounced then written

Question 37

what are the types of i-mutation with short vowels? (8)

Answer 37

a --> æ an/am --> en/em e --> i æ --> e ea --> ie (i,y) eo --> ie (i,y) o --> e u --> y

Question 37

what is i-mutation?

Answer 37

modification of a stressed vowel due to the influence of /i/ or /j/ in the following syllable

Question 37

what are the types of i-mutation with long vowels? (5)

Answer 37

ā --> ǣ ēā --> īe (ī, ȳ) ēō --> īe (ī, ȳ) ō --> ē ū --> ȳ

Question 38

what are athematic nouns?

Answer 38

athematic nouns sometimes have i-mutation of the root vowel instead of an ending, ancestors of ModE man/men

Question 39

þonne + verb =?

Answer 39

then (adverb)

Question 40

þonne + subject =?

Answer 40

when (conjunction)

Question 40

what are the anomalous verbs?

Answer 40

dōn, bēon, willan, gan