Grammar Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What are the two types of grammar?
A
Descriptive Grammar
Prescriptive Grammar
2
Q
A type of grammar that uses language in context/ situation
A
Descriptive Grammar
3
Q
A type of grammar that uses the language based on rules.
A
Prescriptive Grammar
4
Q
You can understand this type o grammar even without the rules.
A
Descriptive Grammar
5
Q
It is the building blocks of language/ communication.
A
Parts of speech
6
Q
They function to explain the usage of words in a sentence.
A
Parts of speech
7
Q
A word used to name a person, place, thing, state or quality.
A
Noun
8
Q
What are the different kinds of nouns?
A
- Proper Noun
- Common Noun
- Collective Noun
- Mass Noun
- Concrete Noun
- Abstract Noun
9
Q
Nouns that are specific. Their first letters are capitalized.
Examples:
- Faye
- Monday
- Cebu city
A
Proper Nouns
10
Q
Nouns that are general. They can and cannot be capitalized.
Examples:
- girl
- student
- teacher
- city
A
Common Nouns
11
Q
Nouns that name groups.
Examples:
- family
- army
- choir
A
Collective Nouns
12
Q
This kind of noun can be singular or plural.
A
Collective Nouns
13
Q
What does it mean by singular if it is a collective noun?
A
It pertains to the group; united; no issues
14
Q
What does it mean by plural if it is a collective noun?
A
It pertains to the members of the group; not united; with many issues
15
Q
Nouns that cannot be counted/ uncountable/ non-count.
Examples:
- flour
- feedback
- equipment
A
Mass Nouns
16
Q
Note: Mass Nouns
- cannot be pluralized by adding “-s” or “-es” directly
- cannot directly use “a” or “an”
A
Note: Mass Nouns
- can be pluralized by adding “-s” or “-es” or “a” or “an” indirectly to the “quantifiers”
Examples:
- a bag of salt; a tablespoon of sugar; etc
- bags of salt; tablespoons of sugar; etc
17
Q
Nouns that exist in the physical world; can be perceived by our senses.
Examples:
- petals
- tables
- cups
A
Concrete Nouns
18
Q
Nouns that refer to ideas and feelings; cannot be perceived by our senses but can be felt.
Examples:
- sadness
- joy
- briliance
A
Abstract Nouns
19
Q
A word that used to replace a noun.
A
Pronoun
20
Q
What are the kinds of pronouns?
A
- Personal Pronouns
- Indefinite Pronouns
- Reflexive Pronouns
- Intensive Pronouns
- Demonstrative Pronouns
- Relative Pronouns
- Interrogative Pronouns
21
Q
Pronouns that refer to people or things which can be singular or plural. It refers to the speaker, the person spoken to, and the person spoken about.
A
Personal Pronouns
22
Q
There are three cases for personal pronouns, what are these?
A
- Subjective/ Nominative
- Objective
- Possessive
(SOP)
23
Q
A personal pronoun that is the subject of the sentence. (doer of the action)
A
Subjective/ Nominative
24
Q
A personal pronoun that is the object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. (receiver of the action)
A
Objective
25
A personal pronoun that is the marker of possession; ownership of a particular object or a person.
Possessive
26
When to Use Personal Pronoun Cases
- Subjective/ Nominative Case
- Objective Case
- Possessive Case
(SOP)
27
Personal Pronoun Cases: What specific pronoun case is this?
Pronoun - Action Verb (He and I sang.)
Be verb - Pronoun (The singer is he)
Subjective/ Nominative Case
28
Personal Pronoun Cases: What specific pronoun case is this?
Verb - Pronoun (I gave him a chance)
Preposition - Pronoun (I smiled at him)
Objective Case
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Personal Pronoun Cases: What specific pronoun case is this?
Ownership (The bag is mine)
Possessive Case
31
What are the be verbs?
is
are
was
were
am
32
What are the prepositions?
in
on
at
for
from
by
of
33
Pronouns that refer to an identifiable but not specified person or thing.
Indefinite Pronouns
34
Note: Indefinite Pronouns can be singular.
CLUES: body, one, thing, and anoeee
- anybody, somebody, nobody
- anyone, someone, everyone
- anything, something, everything, nothing
- any, neither, one, each, every, either
Note: Indefinite Pronouns can be plural.
CLUES: fbmass
- few
- both
- many
- all
- some
- several
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Note: Indefinite Pronouns can either be singular or plural. Tap to see examples.
CLUE: NAMASA
- none
- all
- most
- any
- some
- a lot of
36
Pronouns that refer back to the subject in the sentence/ gives emphasis to the subject.
Examples:
- myself
- yourself
- herself
- itself
- himself
- themselves
- yourselves
- ourselves
Reflexive Pronouns/ Compound Personal Pronouns
37
Pronouns that are used to emphasize the antecedent.
Examples:
- myself
- yourself
- herself
- itself
- himself
- themselves
- yourselves
- ourselves
Intensive Pronouns
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Note: Reflexive Pronouns
The word can't be deleted because the sentence will be ruined.
Example: I owe it to myself.
Try removing "myself" and check if it is still a complete sentence.
"I owe it to" - A big NO
Note: Intensive Pronouns
The word can be deleted because the sentence won't be ruined.
Example: I myself made that decision.
Try removing "myself" and check if it is still a complete sentence.
"I made that decision" - A big YES
39
Pronouns that are considered as pointing pronouns and are always at the beginning of the sentence.
Examples:
- This (singular) (near)
- These (plural) (near)
- That (singular) (distant)
- Those (plural) (distant)
Demonstrative Pronouns
40
- Pronouns that are used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause.
- Used to introduce a relative clause (further information about the preceding noun)
- usually in the middle part of the sentence
Examples:
- who
- whose
- whoever
- whom
- that
- which
- whichever
Relative Pronouns
Examples:
1. The girl, who saved the little boy, was appreciated by everyone.
2. The car that was stolen last month was found in a river.
41
Pronouns that are used for question making. Usually in the beginning part of the sentence.
Examples:
- who
- which
- what
- whom
- whose
- whoever
Interrogative Pronouns
Examples:
1. Who wrote the novel Les Miserables?
2. Whom do you think they should talk to?
42
A content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence.
Verb
43
Note: Verb has inflections and its function. Below are the inflections, tap to see its corresponding functions.
INFLECTIONAL:
- "-s"
- "-d" or "-ed"
- "-en"
- "ing"
FUNCTIONS:
- present form (singular)
- past form
- perfect form
- progressive form
44
What are the kinds of verbs?
1. Regular Verbs
2. Irregular Verbs
3. Linking Verbs
4. Auxiliary Verbs
5. The Emphatic Verbs
45
Verbs that form their past tense by adding "-d" or"-ed" to the base form.
Examples:
- jump; jumped; jumped
- laugh; laughed; laughed
Regular Verbs
46
Verbs that form their past tense and past participle in several ways.
- no "-d" and "-ed"
Examples:
- lie; lay; lain
- lay; laid; laid
- be; was/were; been
Irregular Verbs
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Verbs that are used to link or join the subject with a word in the predicate which relates to the subject.
Linking Verbs
49
Be verbs are the most commonly used linking verbs. What are the other forms?
Five senses + bars
look, smell, taste, feel, sound
become, appear, remain, seem
50
Verbs that are used together with a main verb.
Auxiliary Verb / Helping Verb
51
LINKING VERBS
Strategies for other forms aside from the "be" verbs:
1. Change the verb to "be" verbs, if it can be changed, then it's Linking Verbs.
2. Change the verb to "be" verbs, if it cannot be changed, then it's not Linking Verbs.
Strategies for other forms and "be" verbs:
1. The next word is a complement which modifies the subject.
2. It could be a noun or an adjective.
AUXILIARY / HELPING VERBS
Strategies:
1. The next word should be an action word.
2. The action word should be in its past participle form.
3. If there's no action word, the word itself is the action word.
These words could be:
1. has
2. have
3. had
52
This kind of verb usually is followed by a simple form of a verb and is used for emphasis.
Words could be used for determining are:
1. Do
2. Does
3. Did
Emphatic Verb
53
A part of speech used to modify nouns and pronouns.
Adjective
54
Order of Adjectives in an Adjective Phrase
DOSSACOMQ
1. Determiners
2. Observations
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Age
6. Color
7. Origin
8. Material
9. Qualifier
55
A part of speech which modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It is generally placed immediately before or after the word it modifies.
Adverb
56
An adverb that tells us when something is done or happens.
Adverb of Time
57
An adverb that tells us where something is done or happens.
Adverb of Place
58
An adverb that tells us how something is done or happens.
Adverb of Manner
59
An adverb that tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens.
Adverb of Degree
60
An adverb that tell us how often something is done or happens.
Adverb of Frequency
61
A word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other elements of a sentence.
Preposition
62
Prepositions of Time:
at = we use "at" to designate specific times
on = we use "on" to designate days and dates
in= we use "in" for non-specific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year
Prepositions of Place:
at = we use "at" for specific addresses
on = we use "on" to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
in = we use "in" for the names of land areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents)
63
A word used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.
Conjunction
64
What are the kinds of conjunctions?
Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Correlative Conjunction
65
A kind of conjunction that join equals to one another. Examples: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Coordinating Conjunction
66
A kind of conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause.
Subordinating Conjunction
67
A kind of conjunction that is a paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.
Correlative Conjunction
68
Punctuation rule of coordinating conjunction
When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.
Punctuation rule of coordinating conjunction
When a coordinating conjunction joins three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses and creates a series and requires commas between the elements.
69
Is a word that expresses the feeling or emotion, and functions independently in a sentence.
Interjection
70
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 1: Verb with -s is singular. Verb without -s is plural.
Rule 1.1 Make the linking/verb agree with the real subject.
Rule 1.2 "I" takes plural verb and "am"
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 2: In most cases, collective noun subjects take singular verbs, but if the group is viewed as individual members, use a plural verb.
71
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 3: Non-count (Mass) noun subjects take singular verb. They can only be pluralized by quantifiers.
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 4: Some proper noun subject that end in -s such as names of courses, diseases, places, as well as book and film titles and the word news, take singular verbs.
72
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 5: Items that have two parts (come in pairs) take a plural verb.
Rule 5.1 Verb is singular when used with the word "pair"
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 6: Plural subject nouns such as unit of measurement (distance, weight, time, or amount of money) that signal one unit should take a singular verb.
Note: Coins and bills are not included
73
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 7: Basic arithmetical operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) take singular verbs.
Verbs used for arithmetical operations:
is
equals
is equal to
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 8: The indefinite pronouns shown below are always singular.
-one: Anyone, Everyone, Someone, No one, One
-body: Anybody, Everybody, Somebody, Nobody
-thing: Anything, Everything, Something, Nothing
Other: Each, Every, Any, Neither, Either
74
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 9: Indefinite pronouns such as: None, All, Most, Any, Some, A lot of (NAMASA) can be singular or plural.
Formula:
A + Preposition + B
Note: If A is one of the NAMASA, B is the subject.
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 10: With fractions, percentages, and the quantifiers all (of), a lot of, verb agreement depends on the noun coming after these phrases.
Formula:
A + Preposition + B
Note: If A is a fraction or a percentage, B is the subject.
75
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 11: In pairing subjects and verbs regardless of prepositional phrases or clauses that are sometimes placed between the subject and the verb.
Formula:
A + Preposition + B
Note: If A is not NAMASA and a fraction or a percentage, it is the subject.
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 12: The expression "The number" used as a subject takes a singular verb. The expression "A number" used as a subject takes a plural verb.
76
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 13: With correlative subjects either .. or or neither .. nor, the verb agrees with the closest subject.
Rule 13.1 The same rule applies in the case where only "or" is found in the correlative subject.
Rule 13.2 With either or neither as the subject, use a singular verb.
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 14: There and here are never used as subjects. When a sentence begins with there and here, the subject is found after the verb.
77
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 15: When the subjects are joined by "and" refer to a single unit or are considered as one, it takes a singular verb.
Rule 15.1 Compound subjects joined by "and" referring to separate entities, should take a plural verb.
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 16: Subjects followed by intervening expressions such as: in addition to, in company with, together with, as well as, etc. should take verbs that agree with real subjects.
78
Subject-Verb Agreement (Just Study)
Rule 17: Adjectives used as nouns are considered plural
Tap hehe
79
Rona's choices (is, are) final
are
80
He (love, loves) the musical.
loves
81
We (sing, sings) the song.
sing
82
I (believe, believes) in you.
believe
83
The orchestra (play, plays) a hit song.
plays
84
The orchestra (discuss, discusses) the matter.
discuss
85
Sugar (is, are) sweet.
is
86
Three sacks of sugar (is, are) heavy.
are
87
Her feedback (is, are) good.
is
88
The news (is, are) not fake.
is
89
Economics (is, are) my favorite subject.
is
90
Economics of the country (is, are) improving.
are
91
Texas (is, are) in United States.
is
92
The scissors (is, are) cute.
are
93
The shoes (is, are) expensive.
are
94
My pair of slippers (is, are) missing.
is
95
Four kilometers (cost, costs) P200 for a taxi ride.
costs
96
Five bills (is, are) in my wallet.
are
97
Four times five (equal, equals) twenty.
equals
98
Anything (is, are) possible.
is
99
Each of the students (has, have) reasons.
has
100
Some of the boys (is, are) my friends.
are
101
None of the guests (enjoy, enjoys) the party.
enjoy
102
One-half of the information (is, are) relevant.
is
103
30% of the area (has, have) grass.
has
104
The color of his eyes (is, are) brown.
is
105
The names of the dog (need, needs) to be changed.
need
106
The number of students coming (is, are) decreasing.
is
107
A number of students (is, are) taking the test.
are
108
Either Jake or my friends (is, are) cute.
are
109
Neither my friends nor Jake (is, are) eating there.
is
110
Fiona and my enemies (is, are) rich.
are
111
Neither of the boys (was, were) okay.
was
112
Either of the mangoes (has, have) rotten parts.
has
113
Here (come, comes) my friends.
come
114
There (is, are) one person in my heart.
is
115
Bread and butter (is, are) a common breakfast for Americans.
is
116
The secretary and treasurer (is, are) here.
is
117
Minda and Linda (is, are) my best friends.
are
118
The secretary and the treasurer (is, are) here.
are
119
The student, together with his classmates, (study, studies) the lessons well.
studies
120
Joshua, as well as Jaycee, (has gone, have gone) to Palawan.
has gone
121
The rich (is, are) popular.
are
122
The powerful (is, are) greedy for wealth and power.
are
123
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
1. Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their) agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer.
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
2. Two or more singular antecedents joined by "or" or "nor" require a singular pronoun.
Note: Rule of proximity
124
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
3. For collective nouns, the pronouns may be singular or plural according to whether the nouns are taken as a unit or as individuals composing the whole.
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
4. "Who" would refer to person/s. "Which" would refer to animal/s or thing/s.
125
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
5. When singular indefinite pronouns are used as antecedents, the pronouns referring to them are singular and masculine.
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
6. When one antecedent is singular, the other is plural, make your pronoun agree with the nearer antecedent.
Note: Rule of proximity
126
The agreements of pronouns and antecedents
7. When two or more antecedents are joined by "and", the pronoun must be plural.
Note:
His (masculine) - king, prince, duke
Her (feminine) - queen, princess, duchess
His/ Her (neuter) - teacher, leader, singer
Note: For neuters, always choose his/ her. If there's no his/ her in the choices, choose his. If no his, choose her.
127
Mr. Castillo discusses the topic with (his, her) students.
his
128
The teacher discusses the topic with (his, her) students.
his
129
Either Joshua or Jaycee will deliver (his, her) piece tomorrow.
his
130
Neither the adviser nor the teacher will tackle (his, her) issue.
his
131
The class donated (its/ their) funds to Bantay Bata Foundation.
its
132
The class argued (its, their) issues among themselves.
their
133
I am one of the students (who, which) fought against hunger.
who
134
Everyone is required to speak (his, their) mind.
his
135
Somebody forgot (his, their) manners at home.
his
136
Neither the boys nor his classmate speaks of (his, their) concerns.
his
137
Either Joan or the Trofeos will hold (his, their) political rally.
their
138
Minda and Linda brought (her, their) A-games to the competition.
their
139
Refers to the absolute location of an event or action in time (present, past, or future).
Tense
140
Refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather than to its actual location in time.
Aspect
141
How many are the verb tenses?
12
142
Habitual actions in the present or routines in the present.
Provide its verb structure.
Simple Present Tense
(base form / -s)
143
A definite single completed event/ action in the past.
Provide its verb structure.
Simple Past Tense
(past form of the verb)
144
An action to take place at some definite future time.
A future habitual action or state.
Provide its verb structure.
Simple Future Tense
(will + base form)
145
Denotes an action which is going on at the time of speaking.
Extended present or a temporary situation.
Provide its verb structure.
Present Progressive Tense
(is/ am/ are + -ing)
146
An action in progress at a specific point of time in the past (with range).
Past action simultaneous (with interruption) with some other event that is usually stated in the simple past.
Provide its verb structure.
Past Progressive Tense
(was/ were + -ing)
147
An action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future (with range).
Provide its verb structure.
Future Progressive Tense
(will be + -ing)
148
A situation that began at a prior point in time and continues into the present. Past to present.
A very recently completed action (often with just).
Provide its verb structure.
Present Perfect Tense
(has/ have + past participle)
149
An action completed in the past prior
