Grammar Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Oxford comma in Spanish?
A
No
2
Q
Y -> e
A
When followed by a word that starts with i or hi
3
Q
o -> u
A
When followed by a word that starts o or ho
4
Q
Introducing quotations
A
Use a colon
5
Q
¿Los venezolanos o los Venezolanos?
A
Los venezolanos (lower case)
6
Q
Capitalize days of the week or months of the year?
A
No!
7
Q
Capitalize cardinal directions?
A
Only if referring to the cardinal point itself. I.e. the South, but south
8
Q
Nine uses of present tense
A
1) describe action happening now
2) express actions that occur regularly (even if not right this second)
3) describe events in near future (this summer I will travel; este verano, viajo)
4) to ask questions, especially about preferences
5) universal truths
6) historical present - making past event more vivid
7) hypothetical actions, introduced by si
8) refer to consequences of past events with casi or por poco
9) use “hace que” to express actions that began in past and continue to present (also verb + hace + time; verb + desde hace + time)
9
Q
Caber, first person present
A
Quepo
10
Q
Irregular verbs, first person present: -cer and -cir
A
-zco
11
Q
First person present, -ger or -gir
A
Change g to j (first person singular only)
12
Q
What is the first person present form of -guir?
A
-guir changes to -g (distinguir -> distingo)
13
Q
What is the first person present form of -guir verbs?
A
-guir changes to -g (e.g., distinguir -> distingo)
14
Q
Present singular: -cer and -cir
A
Change c to z (convencer -> convenzo)
15
Q
Stem change present: e -> ie
A
Pensar, querer, preferir, atravesar, cerrar, comenzar, ascender, defender, descender, advertir, convertir, divertir, etc
16
Q
Present stem change: o -> ue
A
Examples: contar -> cuento, poder -> puedo, dormir -> duermo
17
Q
Conjugate oler
A
Huelo Olemos
Hueles Oléis
Huele Huelen
18
Q
Present tense : stem change e->i
A
Examples: pedir -> pido
19
Q
Conjugate seguir
A
Sigo Seguimos
Sigues Seguís
Sigue Siguen
20
Q
Present tense: verbs ending -uir (not -guir)
A
Put y after u, except nos/vos
Concluyo
Concluyes
Concluye etc
21
Q
Conjugate oir in present
A
Oigo Oímos
Oyes Oís
Oye Oyen
22
Q
9 Common Masculine noun endings
A
O, -al, -el, -ía, -ma, -ambre, -aje, -or, -án
23
Q
When is an -o noun feminine?
A
When it’s a Mano or an abbreviation (La moto or La foto)
24
Q
9 common Feminine noun endings
A
-a, -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -ie, -itis, -tud, -umbre
25
Feminine nouns that start with el?
When the noun begins with stressed a, like agua or águila
26
Gender of days of the week? Months of the year?
Masculine
27
Gender of colors?
Masculine
28
Gender of infinitives (when used as nouns)?
Masculine
29
When do singular nouns lose an accent when they become plural?
When the singular noun has an accent on the last syllable? El león -> Los leones
30
Do weights and measures take the definite or indefinite article?
Direct. La docena, La Libra
31
How to refer to multiple members of a family?
Los LaGrone
32
Do nouns designating a non specific amount receive an indefinite article?
No. Do you put any tomato in the soup = pones tomate en la sopa
33
5 Words that are not followed by indefinite article
Cierto, medio, otro, qué, tal
34
17 reflexive verbs
1. Aburrir
2. Agradar
3. Anguistar
4. Apasionar
5. Bastar
6. Disgustar
7. Doler
8. Encantar
9. Faltar
10. Fascinar
11. Importar
12. Interesar
13. Molestar
14. Preocupar
15. Quedar
16. Sobrar
17. Tocar
35
Ser o estar: occupation or profession
Ser
36
Ser or estar: nationality, moral attributes, religion
Ser
37
Ser or estar: physical or personality characteristics
Ser
38
Ser or estar: relationships
Ser
39
Ser or estar: time
Ser
40
Ser or estar: place and date of an event
Ser
41
Ser or estar: origin, possession, and materials objects are made of
Ser (with de)
42
Ser or estar: quantity and price
Ser
43
Passive voice construction
Ser + participle + (por)
Los playas son admiradas por los turistas
44
Ser or estar: location
Estar
45
Ser or estar: temporary physical conditions
Estar
46
Ser or estar: moods
Estar
47
Ser or estar: new temporary condition
Estar, with de
Luisa es engineer pero ahora está de camarera.
48
Ser aburrido/estar aburrido
To be boring/to be bored
49
Ser bueno/estar bueno
To be good/to be fine or tasty
50
Ser listo/estar listo
To be clever/to be ready
51
Ser malo/estar malo
To be bad/to be ill
52
Ser orgulloso/estar orgulloso
To be conceited or vain/to
Be proud
53
Ser rico/estar rico
To be rich/to be tasty
54
Ser seguro/estar seguro
To be safe/to be sure
55
Ser vivo/estar vivo
To be sharp/to be alive
56
It is May 4
Estamos a cuatro de mayo
57
To be just about to
Estar a punto de + infinitive
Estar para + infinitive
58
Estar por + infinitive
To be in favor of
59
Estar conforme con
To agree, to be in agreement with
60
Estar de vacaciones
To be on vacation
61
Most confusing use of ser
Where an event takes place
62
Use of progressive tense
Estar + participle
Expresses immediacy if ongoing action with some urgency
63
What is the past participle of 'abrir'?
abierto
64
What is the past participle of 'absolver'?
absuelto
65
What is the past participle of 'cubrir'?
cubierto
66
What is the past participle of 'decir'?
dicho
67
What is the past participle of 'escribir'?
escrito
68
What is the past participle of 'hacer'?
hecho
69
What is the past participle of 'morir'?
muerto
70
What is the past participle of 'poner'?
puesto
71
What is the past participle of 'romper'?
roto
72
What is the past participle of 'ver'?
visto
73
What is the past participle of 'volver'?
vuelto
74
Form past participle/passive participle
-ado or -ido (hablado, comido, vivido)
75
What’s the adjectival participle of bendecir?
Bendito
76
What’s the adjectival participle of convertir?
Converso
77
What’s the adjectival participle of elegir?
Electo
78
What’s the adjectival participle of expresar?
Expreso
79
What’s the adjectival participle of freír?
Frito
80
What’s the adjectival participle of reducir?
Reducto
81
What’s the adjectival participle of suspender?
Suspenso
82
Ser or estar: surprise at an unexpected observation
Estar
83
Estar: pretérito or imperfecto
Imperfect, unless a specific time frame is mentioned
84
Conocer: preterir
To meet
85
Saber - pretérito
To find out
86
Saber + a
To taste like
87
Saber + infinitive
To know how to do something (comó not used)
88
Criar vs crecer
Criar: to be raised
Crecer: to grow in stature
89
Dejar + infinitive
To allow to do something
90
Dejar de + infinitive
To quit
91
Dejar caer
To drop (to let fall)
92
Moverse vs mudarse
Moverse - move an object
Mudar - change clothes, opinion, house (with de)
93
Difference between esperar que and esperar + infinitive
Esperar que = hope that something happens and uses subjunctive
Esperar + infinitive = hope to do something yourself
Also querer, preferir, necesitar, gustar, etc
94
Ya sea
Whether, whatever, whenever, whoever, however
95
Before/after noun: antiguo
Former/ancient
96
Before/after noun: cierto
Certain / sure
97
Before/after noun: grande
Great / large
98
Before/after noun: único
Only / unique
99
Make a verb an adjective
Use the past participle
-ado or -ido
100
Make an adjective an adverb (usually)
Add +mente
101
Comparative degree
Más ____ que
102
Comparison of equality
Tan(tos) ____ como
103
Superlative degree
El/la + más + (adjective) + de
104
Absolute superlative
-isimo
105
Más de or más que (with numbers)
Usually más de (also menos)
106
“Do something again”
Volver a + verb
107
Pretérito stem changes
1) -car: c -> qu
2) -gar: g-> gu
3) -zar: z-> c
108
Preterite: stem changes
-ar stem change verbs don’t stem change
-ir: change e > i and o > u in third person singular and plural
109
Irregular Preterite verbs with -uv in the steam
Estar, andar, tener
110
Irregular pretérito verbs with u in the stem
Caber, haber, poder, poner, saber
111
Irregular Preterite verbs with i in the stem
Hacer, querer, venir
112
Irregular Preterite verbs with j in the stem
Atraer, decir, producir, traer, traducir
113
Present participle with stems ending in vowels
-yendo (leyendo o construyendo)
114
Present participle stem changes
1) some -ir verbs change o -> u
2) some -ir verbs change e-> i
115
Present participle: ir
Yendo
116
Present participle: poder
Pudiendo
117
Progressive tense with verbs of motion
Example: seguir + progressive or andar + progressive
Emphasize that action is continuing, repeating, or unfinished
Use in any tense
118
Use of imperfect tense (5 uses)
1) habitual/customary action
2) a situation in progress in the past
3) descriptions of people/things/events in the past
4) time of day, day of week, date, or age in past
5) state of mind or physical sensation in the past
119
Reflexive pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
120
Acordarse __
De
121
Fijarse ___
En
122
Negarse __
A
123
When is se used as an indirect object pronoun?
When there’s a direct object pronoun and the indirect object is third person (or usted/uds)
124
Direct object pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las
125
Indirect object pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
126
Prepositional pronouns
Mí Nosotros
Tí Vosotros
Él/ella Ellos/ellas
127
Regular affirmative tú command
Use third person singular indicative present
128
Regular negative tu commands
No + subjunctive 2nd person present
129
What is the affirmative tú command for 'decir'?
di
130
What is the affirmative tú command for 'hacer'?
haz
131
What is the affirmative tú command for 'ir'?
ve
132
What is the affirmative tú command for 'poner'?
pon
133
What is the affirmative tú command for 'salir'?
sal
134
What is the affirmative tú command for 'ser'?
sé
135
What is the affirmative tú command for 'tener'?
ten
136
What is the affirmative tú command for 'venir'?
ven
137
What is the negative tú command for 'decir'?
no digas
138
What is the negative tú command for 'hacer'?
no hagas
139
What is the negative tú command for 'ir'?
no vayas
140
What is the negative tú command for 'poner'?
no pongas
141
What is the negative tú command for 'salir'?
no salgas
142
What is the negative tú command for 'ser'?
no seas
143
What is the negative tú command for 'tener'?
no tengas
144
What is the negative tú command for 'venir'?
no vengas
145
Regular usted commands (both positive and negative)
Subjunctive third person singular
146
Formal usted command - saber
Sepa
147
Formal usted command - ser
Sea
148
Formal usted command - ir
Vaya
149
Ustedes commands
Add -n to usted command
150
Affirmative vosotros commands (non-reflective)
Replace -r with -d in infinitive
151
Affirmative vosotros commands (reflexive)
Replace -r of infinitive with reflexive vosotros pronoun (-os)
152
Negative vosotros commands
Replace infinitive with
-éis (-ar verbs)
-áis (-er/-ir verbs)
153
Three irregular vosotros negative commands
Saber: sepaís
Ser: seaís
Ir: Vayaís
154
Direct and indirect object pronouns & commands
Affirmative: Attached to end
Negative: proceed verb
155
Commands with both indirect and direct object
Affirmative: verb + indirect + direct
Negative: no + indirect + direct + verb
156
Pronoun location: estar + gerund
Either before or after
Juan me lo estaba vendiendo
Juan estaba vendiéndomelo
157
Pronoun location: single conjugated verb
Before the verb
158
Pronoun location: verb + infinitive
Either before or after
Juan me lo quiería vender
Juan quería vendérmelo
159
Pronoun location: affirmative commands
Attached to the command
160
Alternative command with nosotros
Use the nosotros subjunctive form (“let us…”)
161
Word order of imperative sentences
Verb + direct object + indirect object
If attaching pronouns: verb + indirect pronoun + direct pronoun
162
Accents on commands with pronouns
One pronoun: three vowels back
Two pronouns: four vowels back
163
Can you use indirect pronoun and indirect noun in the same sentence?
Yes, especially for third person
164
When to use neuter pronouns?
References to speech in present or past (do you hear that? I didn’t understand that.)
165
Five neuter pronouns
Aquello, ello, esto, eso, lo
166
Lo + adjective
Abstract, singular person
167
Limiting adjectives
Adjectives of number and quantity
They proceed the verb
168
Descriptive adjective before noun?
If it underscores or contains innate quality of noun
169
Before / after: antiguo
Former / old
170
Before / after: cierto
Certain / sure
171
Gran(de): before / after
Great / big
172
Mismo: before/after
Same / himself
173
Pobre: before /after
Unlucky / poor
174
Personal a
Before direct object when it’s a specific person
175
Exception to personal a
After tener
176
Express willingness
Querer + infinitive
Queremos ayudar : we will help
177
Future tense w/ shortened stems
Caber: cabr
Haber: habr
Poder: podr
Querer: querr
Saber: sabr
178
Future tense stems: replace verb with d
Poner: pondr
Salir: saldr
Tener: tendr
Valer: valdr
Venir: vendr
179
Most stem changed future tense
Decir: dir-
Hacer: hir-
180
Second use of future tense
Express wonder or probability
181
Personal a before alguien o nadie?
Yes!
182
Prepositions before infinitives to make present participles (9)
Al
Antes de
Con
De
Después de
En lugar de
En vez de
Hasta
Sin
183
Uses of para
Purpose
Comparison
Deadlines
Destination
184
Uses of por (10)
Exchange
Moving through
Duration of time
Expresiones of time (por la tarde)
Movement (by train)
Reason
Passive voice - introduce actor
“Per”
“For” with enviar, preguntar, venir, regresar, volver
Estar por = about to do something
185
Conditional tense irregulars
Same as future tense
186
How to express future action from perspective of the past
Use the conditional
187
Word order of question with compound verb
Subject comes after the verbs
188
Object pronouns and present perfect - before or after?
Before
189
Use of past perfect tense
To refer to an action that occurred before another action or condition
190
How to form passive voice?
Ser + past participle + por + agent
191
Second way to form passive
Reflexive noun with impersonal se
192
Uses of the subjunctive
Uncertainty
Doubt
Demand
Desire
Emotions
Indefinite/hypothetical person
Impersonal expression with opinion
193
