grammar Flashcards
1
Q
when to use the indefinite article ‘uno’
A
-masculine, less common, used when next word is followed by: s + consonant gn z y ps
2
Q
when to use the indefinite article ‘un’
A
- masculine, more common, used when next word begins with vowel or consonant
3
Q
what are indefinite articles
A
un/uno
una/ un’
4
Q
what are definite articles
A
singular masculine: il/lo/l’ -> (vowel)
singular feminine: la/l’
plural masculine: I/gli/ gli -> (vowel)
plural feminine: Le
5
Q
When to use the definite article ‘lo’
A
Same reasons as UNO when next word is followed by: s + consonant gn z y ps
6
Q
what is the definite article used for masculine plural
A
GLI
7
Q
what is a possessive adjective
A
the word indicating that something belongs to you/someone
8
Q
masculine singular possessive adjectives
A
il mio il tuo il suo il nostro il vostro il loro
9
Q
masculine plural possessive adjectives
A
i miei i tuoi i suoi i nostri i vostri i loro
10
Q
feminine singular possessive adjectives
A
la mia la tua la sua la nostra la vostra la loro
11
Q
feminine plural possessive adjectives
A
le mie le tue le sue le nostre le vostre le loro
12
Q
what are the main modal versb
A
- potere
- volere
- dovere
13
Q
whats the difference between tra and fra
between
A
no difference, tra more common, depends on letter of next word, dont want to two of the same sounds after each other
14
Q
what are the prepositions
A
di a da in con su per tra/fa
15
Q
when the use the preposition A (2)
A
- express going somewhere
- in front of direct objects
16
Q
when to use the preposition DI (4)
A
- to show possession
- to describe what something is made form
- to make comparisons
- with essere it indicates origin
17
Q
when to use the preposition DA (3)
A
- to talk about something in the past that is still going on - essere + da + time expression
- to talk about going to someone’s house
18
Q
how are articulated prepositions made (prepozioni articolate)
A
prepositions + definite articles
19
Q
preposizioni articolate: di + definitive articles for masculine singular
A
di + il = del
di + lo = dello
di + l’ = dell’
20
Q
preposizioni articolate: di + definite articles for masculine plural
A
di + i = dei
di + gli = degli
21
Q
what are the main relative pronouns
A
che
cui
chi
quello che
22
Q
when to use the relative pronoun CUI
A
after a preposition
23
Q
preposizioni articolate: di + definite articles for female singular
A
di + la = della
di + l’ = dell’
24
Q
preposizioni articolate: di + definite articles for feminine plural
A
di + le = delle
25
preposizioni articolate: in = definite articles for feminine singular
in + la = nella
| in + l' = nell'
26
direct pronouns
```
mi
ti
lo, la
ci
vi
Li, le
```
27
what question do direct object pronouns answer?
what?
28
what is the crucial difference between a direct and an indirect pronoun
direct - answers the question what/who?
| indirect - answers the question to what
29
pronouns used to say
- to him
- to her
- to him = gli
| - to her = le
30
Does 'dire' take a direct or indirect pronoun?
INDIRECT
- dare a
- action you do to somebody/ something
31
indirect pronouns
```
mi
ti
gli (masc) le (fem) Le (formal)
ci
vi
gli (m + f)
```
32
adjectives : group 1 (O/A)
group 1 : finish with O masculine
A feminine
I masculine plural
E feminine plural
33
adjectives : group 2 (E)
group 2 : masculine and feminine end in E
| plurals both end in I
34
adjectives: group 3 invariables
invariables : finish in A / U / E
| often applies to colours e.g. blu.
35
MOLTO - the rules
1 - when 'molto' means 'very' it doesnt vary. In this case it is an adverb and is invariable.
2 - when 'molto' is an adjective, it is variable and accords with the noun.
36
3 reasons some nouns are invariable
1 - words with vowels on the end with an accent do not change for plurals, but the article does change. e.g. --> un caffè
2 - foreign words do not change --> un computer, due computer
3 - words ending in ISTA do not change in genre in singular, but I for masculine plural and E for feminine plural.
37
how to form PIACERE in the past
- auxiliary essere + piacere
| - agrees with the thing liked or not liked
38
what preposition is used for cities
A
39
what preposition is used for countries and regions
IN
40
Islands and prepoisitions
BIG islands take --> IN
| small islands take --> A
41
what preposition do nouns ending in IA & ECA take?
IN
| like farmacia & discoteca
42
transport and prepositions
- all transports take IN apart from 'a piedi'
43
what are pronomi tonici
```
- pronouns used for ephasis
ME
TE
LEI/LUI
NOI
VOI
LORO
```
44
when do bello and quello accord
when they are before a noun
| e.g. --> quello / bella ...
45
whats the difference between
meterci
volere
when referring to time
meterci - used when there is a subject ( ci metto)
volere - no subject. Either vuole if singular and vogliono if plural.
46
Indirect pronouns: 3rd person plural - difference between gli and loro?
gli is used before the verb
| loro is used after the verb
47
what is the rule about articles and family members?
members of the family in the SINGULAR do not require an article ( il, la, i le).
48
to be from
| which prepositions come after the two verbs to say this
Essere --> di + city
| venire --> DA
49
which preposition is used to express something being in a certain amount of time
TRA/ FRA
50
what is an adverb?
a word which describes a verb or an adjective
--> (!troppo!) belli
they are invariable
51
how to express 'some'
DI + ARTICLE
52
what are the prinomi indefini (5)
| can also be adjectivi indefini
- uno
- qualcuno
- qualcosa
- tutti
- tutto
53
how to work out whether the plural of a noun keeps or looses the 'I'? (word that end in cia/gia)
- it keeps the 'I' if there is a vowel before the cia/gia
- if there is a consonant before the 'cia' or 'gia' then the word will end in 'ce' of 'ge'.
- -> grigia = grigie
54
when to use the passato prossimo (2)
- to talk about a unique event
| - to talk about an event which lasted a certain amount of time in the past but which has FINISHED
55
when to use the imperfecto (2)
- to describe physical aspects, places and situations in the past
- to talk about a habit in the past
56
what are the two main irregulars in the imperfecto
- ESSERE = ero/i/a...
| - FARE = facevo/i/a...
57
comparativi:
| when to use CHE (5)
- when something is more something than something else
- used to compare two aspects of a person/ thing
- used to compare to verbs
- used to compare nouns with a preposition in from aka A.
- used to compare adjectives
58
comparativi: when to use Di
- used to compare two people, when there are personal pronouns
- comparing two nouns
59
comparativi:
the irregulars
(4)
1) buono = migliore /il migliore
2) cattivo = peggiore/ il peggiore
3) grande = maggiore/ il maggiore
4) piccolo = minore/ il minore
60
when to use a superlative relativo
to describe as being the most 'something'
61
how to form the conditional (3)
- take away the final E
- replace with ending
- for ARE verbs the A in the infinitve changes to an E
62
main irregulars in the conditional (4)
andare - andrei
dovere - dovrei
volere - vorrei
potere - potrei
63
what are the endings for the informal imperative TU
ARE - A
IRE - I
ERE - I
64
what are the endings for the informal imperative NOI
| meaning lets do ____
IAMO
65
what are the endings for the informal imperative VOI
ARE - ATE
IRE - ITE
ERE - ETE
66
congiuntivi IRE & ERE endings
```
A
A
A
IAMO
IATE
ANO
```
67
congiuntivi ARE endings
```
I
I
I
IAMO
IATE
INO
```
68
how to find the stem for irregular subjunctives
first person of the present indicative
69
subjunctive of essere
```
sia
sia
sia
siamo
siate
siano
```
70
subjunctive of avere
```
abbia
abbia
abbia
abbiamo
abbiate
abbiano
```
71
5 subjunctive trigger phrases
- immagino che
- ho l'impressione che
- credo che
- dubito che
- penso che
72
subjunctive: emotion trigger phrases
| 4
- sono contento che
- preferisco che
- spero che
- ho paura che
73
subjunctive: command trigger phrases
| 4
- desidero che
- voglio che
- chiedo che
- esigo che
74
subjunctive: impersonal form trigger phrases
| 3
- è bisogna che
- è importante che
- è necessario che
75
imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) endings
```
SSI
SSI
SSE
SSIMO
STE
SSERO
```
76
when to use the imperfect subjunctive
when the main clause is in the past or conditional
77
subjunctive: what happens if the main and subordinate clause have the same subject
- cannot use the subjunctive
| - the infinitive must be used instead
78
how is the passato congiuntivo formed
subjunctive (present) + past participle
| -- abbia temuto
79
what to use the passato congiuntivo with
the present
| present + CHE + passato congiuntivo
80
what are the pronomi dopi
```
me
te
glie
ce
ve
glie
```
81
pronomi dopi - pronoun order
indirect + direct pronoun
82
what happens when the indirect pronoun GLI goes next to the direct pronoun LA
- GLI + LA -- need an E in between
= gliela
83
where is the pronoun with an infinite verb
- at the end of it
| - unless its a model verb, in which case it can go in front or at the end
84
how to form the past conditional
conditional + past participle
85
past conditional rule with modal verbs
the verb which comes after the modal verb chooses the auxilary
--> non avrei devuto inviare
86
imperatives and pronouns
they join the end of the conjugated verb
| -- daglielo!
87
how to form an adverb
take the feminine adjective and add MENTE
| - if the adjective ends in LE/RE, drop the last vowel and add MENTE
88
where do adverbs go?
- before the verb
- in between the auxiliary and the pas participle in the passato prossimo
- comes before an adjective
89
how to work out if molto, poco, tanto and troppo are adverbs or adjectives
- if they qualify a noun they are adjectives
| - if they qualify another adverb, verb or adjective, they are adverbs
90
how to form the trapassato
essere/avere in the imperfect + past participle
91
when to use the trapassato
| 2
- to talk about something you 'have done'
| - to talk about an event in the past before another event in the past
92
bello (adjective ) rules for masculine
singluar: bel, bello (s+consonant etc) , bell' (vowel)
plural: bei, begli (s+consonant etc) begli (vowel)
93
bello (adj) rules for feminine
singular: bella (consonant) bell' (vowel)
plural: belle (both)
94
grande (adjective) rules
same for masc and fem
singular : gran, grande (s+cons) gran' (vowel
plural : grandi
95
buono (adj) masculine rules
singular: buon (cons/vowel) buono (s+cons)
| masculine : buoni
96
buono (adj) feminine rules
singular: buona , buon' (vowel)
plural: buone
97
plural of braccio
le braccia
| femenine
98
plural of ciglio (eyelash)
ciglia
| masculine
99
plural of paio
paia
| masculine
100
what are i nomi alterati
nouns modified to express a particular quality
| created by taking the root of the noun and adding a suffix
101
what are articolo partitivo
| partitive articles
- articles used to express an unknown amount, the idea of 'some'
102
how to form gli articoli partitivi
di + definitive articles
feminine - della, della (plr)
masculine - (sing) del, dello, dell' (plr) dei, degli
103
how to tell the difference between articoli partitivi and i preposizione articolate
if the article can be replaced with 'un po' di' in the singular, and 'alcuni/alcune' in the plural, its an articolo partitivo
104
what are aggettivi indefiniti
- adjectives used to indicate the quality or quantity of something/ someone
- they are variable
- e.g: troppo, tutto, molto, alcuno
105
what is the rule with nessuno, niente and nulla?
when they are used after a verb, NON must be added to the sentence
106
what type of word is qualche and when to use it
- indefinite adjective, invariable
- used before singular nouns only
- plural of qualche is alunci/e
107
comparativi : what happens when di is used with an noun that needs an article
they merge together to becomes preposizioni articolate
| di + article
108
uguaglianza : how to express that something is the same as something else
1 - tanto... quanto
| 2 - così ...come
109
how to form the superlativi relativi
article + noun + più/meno + adjective + di
110
what are superlativo assoluto
- not a comparative, means 'really' and 'very'
- take masculine plural and add ISSIMO/A/I/E at the end
e. g. - bellissimo
111
the nouns which take IN
| 5
- palestra
- ufficio
- banco
- chiesa
- piscina
112
pronouns and the imperative
- informal - they attach to the end of the verb (unless negative)
- formal - in front
113
what is the formula for gli avverbi di frequenza
*time* + volte al + *time frame*
114
example of avverbi di frequenza
spesso
di solito
ogni tanto
115
how is an adverb formed
| 3
1 - take the feminine adjective and add MENTE
2 - if the adjective ends in E (aka no feminine) just add MENTE
3 - if the adjective ends in LE/RE take away the last 'e' and add MENTE
116
where do adverbs go?
| 3
- after the verb
- in the passato prossimo it goes between the auxilary and the past participle
- before an adverb
117
what are the adverbs of
cattivo
and
buono
cattivo - male
| buono - bene
118
when to use the relative preposition CHI
when talking about people
| invariable
119
how to form the imperfect
```
keep the a/e/i from the stem
VO
VI
VA
VAMO
VATE
VANO
```
120
imperative lei andare
vada
121
what is an indefinite pronoun
| i pronomi indefiniti
pronoun which refers to things on general terms, they dont specify the noun they replace
122
examples of pronomi indefiniti
| 6
- alcunché (anything)
- chiunque (anyone)
- nulla (nothing)
- qualcosa (something)
- niente (nothing)
- - checché (whatever)
123
past participle of nascere
nato
| è nato
124
past participle of morire
morto
| è morto
125
what are the imperative endings for LEI
ARE - I
ERE - A
IRE - A
same for negative just add non
126
what are the main imperative tu irregulars
| 8
```
avere - abbia
essere - sii
sapere - sappi
andare - va
dire - di
dare - da
fare - fa
stare - sta
```
127
what happens with tu imperative irrgulars when pronouns are added
the consonant doubles
128
nessuno vs nessun
| nussun' vs nessuna
```
same rules as un/uno
nessun --> consonants & vowels
nessuno --> s+consonant etc
nessuna --> consonants
nessun' --> vowels
```
129
what is special about the verb giocare
followed by preposition
| usually A
130
aggettivi possessivi : when does the article come back with family members
when another word is added about them
| LA mia sorella maggiore
131
nomi alteri: suffix added for piccolo
| 3
- INO/A
- ETTO
- ELLO
132
nomi alteri: suffix added for grande
| 3
- ONE
- OZZO
- OTTO
133
nomi alteri: suffix added for dispregiativo
| 3
- ACCIO
- ASTRO
- UCOLO
134
nomi alteri: suffix added for vezzeggiativo
| 3
- UZZO
- UCCIO
- ETTINO
135
how to form i numeri ordinali
take the number, take away the final vowel and add
| ESIMO
136
passato prossimo and direct objects
the past participle must agree in gender and in number with the direct pronoun
137
what are the indefinite adjectives
| 10
- alcuno
- altro
- molto
- poco
- troppo
- tutto
- certi
- tanti
- diverso
- certi
138
indefinite adjectives: when to use qualche
- means some
- used for singular nouns
- doesnt agree at all
139
indefinite adjectives: when to use alcuni/e
- means some
| - used with plural nouns, must agree with gender
140
indefinite adjectives: when to use di + article
- means some
| - used to talk about abstract nouns (love & time)
141
how to form : il trapassato congiuntivo
imperfect subjunctive essere/ avere + past participle
142
si clauses (periodo ipotetico) --> reality phrase
- se piove, prendo l'ombrello
| - se pioverà, prenderò l'ombrello
143
si clauses (periodo ipotetico) --> less possible phrase
- se piovesse prenderei l'ombrello
144
si clauses (periodi ipotetico) --> impossible phrase
- se avesse piovuto, avrei preso l'ombrello
145
si clauses: tenses used in possible clauses
present + present
present + future
future + future
146
si clauses: tenses used in less possible clauses
imperfect subjunctive + conditional
147
si clauses: tenses used in impossible clauses
trapassato conjuntivo + past conditional
148
personal pronouns
```
io
tu
lui
lei
noi
voi
loro
```
149
preposition for Gran Bretagna
in
150
prepositions to say
| from ____ to ____
dal _____ al
151
preposition used with years
nel
152
preposition and time
alle
153
non penso che
| subjuntvie?
yes
