grammar Flashcards
pronomi relativi: il cui/la cui/le cui/i cui meaning
- means WHOSE
‘il ragazzo, la cui sorella è una mia cara amica
pronomi relativi: il quale/ la quale/ i quali / le quali meaning
- used to replace che/cui in a more formal register
- proceeded by an article
‘Giovanna e Mario, con il quale ho condiviso un appartamento’
pronomi relativi: il che meaning
- means WHICH
- used to replace previous sentences and facts as it refers to the whole previous sentence.
- is invariable
pronomi relativi: quello che/ ciò che meaning
- means THAT WHICH/ WHAT
- the English ‘what’ - I don’t understand what you are saying
‘non capisco quello che/ ciò che dici’
pronomi relativi: queli che meaning
- means THOSE WHO
- used with the plural
- coloro che also an equivalent
how to form il trapassato remoto
passato remoto of essere/avere + past participle
how to form il trapassato prossimo
imperfect of essere/avere + past participle
the passive: when to use venire
- emphasise the process
- 100% equivalent to essere
- cannot be used with composed tenses - passato prossimo
the passive: when to use andare
- for an instruction, must, equivalent to ‘dove essere’
- cannot be used with composed tenses - passato prossimo
congiunzioni: sia/sia meaning
both/ and
congiunzioni: né/né
neither/nor
articolo determinativo: when not to use article with school subjects
with the verbs PARLARE & STUDIARE
- a scuola ho studiato storia
articolo determinativo & superlatives
only use the article once
- Paravotti era IL tenore (il) più famosi del mondo
articolo determinativo & companies, institution names
always feminine
- la BBC, la Fiat, l’ONU
articolo determinativo & dates
always IL
or in –> nel 2004
in the 50’s –> negli anni 50
articolo determinativo & cities (3)
NOT USED unless the city is followed by an adjective
- Parliamo della Roma imperiale.
with ‘il’ can be referring to the football team
- Il Torino ha giocato
with ‘la’ to talk about the city in a certain way, ‘the city that I remember/ of my childhood’
- La Napoli della mia infanzia.
articolo determinativo & professions
- used with professions
- not with the verb essere –> ‘Luciano è programmatore’
articolo determinativo & titles
- used with titles but not when talking directly to them
articolo determinativo & dates (2)
- used with dates, years, centuries
- used with the days of the week to indicate a habit, something you do every Monday for example : Il lunedì vado in piscina.
condizionale: non confermato
- used to express news or facts believed to be true but not proven/ confirmed
- used by the media
condizionale: futuro nel passato
- references to the future when in the past, there are two situations, one in the past and one in the future
- PAST CONDITIONAL USED (conditional + past participle)
preposition used in the passive
DA
- means by
- combines with the articles of the object - preposizione articolate
how is the passive usually formed
ESSERE + past participle
how is the passive in the passato prossimo formed
essere present + essere past participle + the past participle of the original structure
- last two agree in gender & number