Grammar

Question 1

Indefinite articles

Answer 1

A: for n. or adj. beginning with a consonant.
An: for n. or adj. beginning with a vowel.

Question 2

Definite article

Answer 2

The

Question 3

Determiners - Possessive adjectives

Answer 3

Tell us what belongs to or is related to something else:

my, his, her, its, our, your, their.

Question 4

Determiners - Demonstratives

Answer 4

Things near: this/these

Things far: that/those

Question 5

Determiners - Quantifiers

Answer 5

No, either, neither, any, every, both, few, little, half, etc.

Question 6

Common noun

Answer 6

Used to name a person, animal, place, thing or abstract idea:

book, smell, dog, parsnip, leg, delight, boredom, success and failure.

Question 7

Proper noun

Answer 7

Used to name a specific person, animal, place or thing:

Queen Victoria, Monday, Christmas, Rolls-Royce

Question 8

Compound noun

Answer 8

Noun made up of more than one word:

apple tree, lion tamer, science-fiction.

Question 9

Countable nouns

Answer 9

Name something that can be counted:

one plate, two eggs, etc.

Use fewer.

Question 10

Collective nouns

Answer 10

Refers to a group or a number of individuals:

audience, class, family, flock, group, jury, parliament, etc.

Question 11

Non-countable nouns

Answer 11

Names something that cannot be counted, a mass or quantity, and therefore has no plural:

air, art, milk, money, stupidity, sand and wisdom.

Use less.

Question 12

Subject pronoun

Answer 12

Used in place of a noun:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they

Question 13

Object pronoun

Answer 13

Used in place of a noun:

me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Question 14

Relative pronoun

Answer 14

Introduces subordinate clauses that tell us more about noun that preceded them:

who, what, whom, that, whose and which.

Question 15

Reflexive pronouns

Answer 15

Formed by adding self or selves to the basic pronoun:

myself, oneself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, etc.

Question 16

Reciprocal pronouns

Answer 16

Each other: two people or things.

One another: more than two.

Question 17

Possessive pronouns

Answer 17

My, mine, your(s), his, her(s), our(s), their(s) and its

Question 18

Indefinite pronouns

Answer 18

Used when we don’t want to or are unable to specify exactly what we are talking about:

all, another, any, anyone, each, everything, several, someone, etc.

Question 19

Demonstrative pronouns

Answer 19

Same as demonstrative determiners but used differently:

this, that, these and those.

“Please take this away.”

Question 20

Interrogative pronouns

Answer 20

Take the place of the noun in a question:

who, what, which.

Question 21

When to use:

who, which or that?

Answer 21

Who: to refer to people

Which: to refer to animals or inanimate objects

That: informal substitute for either

Question 22

Infinitive verb

Answer 22

Made up of preposition ‘to’ and the basic form of the verb:

to be, to sleep, to dream

These verbs have meaning, but tell us nothing specific about the action that is performed.

Question 23

A finite verb

Answer 23

Has a conjugated ending to show a change of meaning (I guffaw-ed); an auxiliary or helping verb added to specify time and number (I ‘will’ guffaw).

Question 24

Auxiliary verbs

Answer 24

Come before verbs to denote tense, voice, mood, etc:

may, might, must, be, being, been, am, are, is, was, were, do, does, did, should, could, would, have, had, has, will, can, shall.

Question 25

Modal verbs

Answer 25

Give information about mood of verb, expressing such things as obligation: must and may, should and ought.

Question 26

Active and passive voices

Answer 26

Active voice: the subject acts. Passive voice: the subject is acted upon. The father reprimanded the boy - The boy was reprimanded.

Question 27

Present tense

Answer 27

Simple: I pirouette Continuous: I am pirouetting Perfect: I have pirouetted Perfect continuous: I have been pirouetting

Question 28

Past tense

Answer 28

``` Simple: I did pirouette Imperfect: I used to pirouette Continuous: I was pirouetting Conditional: I would pirouette Perfect: I had pirouetted Perfect continuous: I had been pirouetting ```

Question 29

Future tense

Answer 29

Future: I will pirouette Future perfect: I will have pirouetted Future continuous: I will be pirouetting Future perfect continuous: I will have been pirouetting

Question 30

Three verb moods

Answer 30

Indicative: makes a statement or asks a question ‘He will come... Will he come?’ Imperative: gives a command ‘Do as I say!’ Subjunctive: when something is contrary to the fact. ‘Were’ instead of ‘was’. ‘If I were you (but I’m not).’

Question 31

Transitive verb

Answer 31

Allows the subject to perform an action in an object: She slapped his face. He ate the fish.

Question 32

Intransitive verb

Answer 32

Acts by itself: I sleep - I cannot sleep something. I fall - I cannot fall something Test: place a full stop after verb and see if it makes sense.

Question 33

Ambitransitive verb

Answer 33

Both transitive and intransitive: He drank his coffee / He drank like a fish I gave up cigarettes / I gave up

Question 34

Verbal nouns and adjectives

Answer 34

Grimes from verbs but perform the function of nouns or adjectives: participles, infinitives, gerunds

Question 35

Participle

Answer 35

A word formed from a verb (e.g. going, gone, being, been ) and used as an adjective (e.g. working woman, burnt toast ) or a noun (e.g. good breeding ). In English participles are also used to make compound verb forms (e.g. is going, has been ). Noun phrase - subject of sentence: going to the casino is... Adjectival phrase - describing the subject: the horse favoured by the tipsters seemed to... Adverbial phrase - describing the verb: she stormed out, slamming the door so hard that...

Question 36

Infinitives

Answer 36

Basic form of the verb preceded by ‘to’, but also used in some compound verb forms: I - was going to text - you my address I - used to go - to a lot of concerts Don’t forget to wash - your hands We - built - a fence -to keep- the...

Question 37

Gerund

Answer 37

A noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. Like present participle but used differently: When the - the going - gets tough... gerund I admire the girl - posing - for... present participle. I admire the girl’s - posing - for... gerund

Question 38

Adjectival clause and phrase

Answer 38

Adjectival clause contains a subject and a verb: My colleagues, - who all earn more than I do - , never... Adjectival phrase doesn’t: He is the one person in the department - earning less than I do.

Question 39

Adverb

Answer 39

Describes a verb, adjective or adverb. They answer questions such as how, where, when, how much, how often?

Question 40

Adverbial phrase

Answer 40

A group of words serving as an adverb: I’ll pick you up - just up the road from the cinema... answering where? I’ll go to bed - when this programme has ended... answering when?

Question 41

Intensifiers

Answer 41

Adverbs used for emphasis: very nicely, tremendously tiresome

Question 42

Comparatives

Answer 42

Adjective or adverb that compares two things: One thing is larger, faster, more lovely, and more temperate than another thing, or that it runs more swiftly, elegantly, less galumphingly than another.

Question 43

Superlatives

Answer 43

Nothing can be better or worse: tallest, shortest, greatest, worst

Question 44

Co-ordinating conjunctions

Answer 44

Join sentences, or parts of sentences, of equal importance: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (fanboys)

Question 45

Subordinating conjunctions

Answer 45

Link main clause and a subordinate clause: I feel tired -although- I slept well last night. I hope -that- I have made enough pizza. I wonder -whether- I have bought enough wine.

Question 46

Correlative conjunctions

Answer 46

Used in conjunction with other conjunctions: She owns -not only- a flat -but also- a county estate. I like -both- wine -and- champagne.

Question 47

Compound conjunctions

Answer 47

Conjunctions made up of several words: We can do -as soon as- you get dressed. He bought a yacht -so that- he could go sailing.

Question 48

Preposition

Answer 48

Usually placed before a noun or pronoun and show where one thing is in position to another: to, down, near, by, along, through, from, for, over, with, around

Question 49

Interjections

Answer 49

Stupid!

Question 50

Simple sentence

Answer 50

Has a subject and predicate: verb and object Consists of a single main clause or statement.

Question 51

Compound sentence

Answer 51

Two or more main clauses.

Question 52

Complex sentence

Answer 52

Consist of main clauses and subordinate clauses: The roses, when they finally arrived, were white.

Question 53

Fragments

Answer 53

Lack subject and verb, work within the context of other sentences.

Question 54

Declarative sentence

Answer 54

I saw you exercising.

Question 55

Interrogative sentence

Answer 55

Did you exercise?

Question 56

Imperative sentence

Answer 56

Don’t even think of exercising. They don’t have to be bossy, they can be gently persuasive: Let the train take the strain.

Question 57

Exclamative sentence

Answer 57

How boring exercise is!

Question 58

Subject

Answer 58

Person or thing carrying out the action. To determine the subject, find the verb and ask who? or what? is doing the action.

Question 59

Object

Answer 59

Person or thing being acted upon.

Question 60

Indirect object

Answer 60

Affected by the verb but not the primary object. Test: can you place a ‘to’ in front of it? She gave him the book / She gave the book to him.

Question 61

Complement

Answer 61

The copulative verb, ‘to be’ verb, takes a complement rather than an object. The complement follows the verb and can be noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb or phrases. I am a Londoner You became an artist The chocolates tasted of almonds

Question 62

Compound subject

Answer 62

Toby and I He/she and I

Question 63

Compound object

Answer 63

Toby and me. Him/her and me.

Question 64

Between you and me.

Answer 64

Rule: always use an object pronoun after a preposition.

Question 65

Who, whom

Answer 65

Who=subject Whom=object Also, object form is used after preposition: The people to whom I spoke.

Question 66

Agreement

Answer 66

Parts of sentence must agree. A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Question 67

Main clause

Answer 67

Can stand alone.

Question 68

Subordinate clause

Answer 68

Carries information that is of secondary importance to that contained in he main clause. Subordinate clause often begins with a subordinate conjunction.

Question 69

Co-ordinating clauses

Answer 69

Two main clauses joined by and, but or... or: I’ll play Chopin and she’ll play Mozart.

Question 70

Relative clause

Answer 70

A subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun: I used to know the spy who came in from the cold.

Question 71

Restrictive clauses

Answer 71

Define or classify a noun or pronoun in the main clause. They are indispensable to the sentence.

Question 72

Non-restrictive clause

Answer 72

Are dispensable, they merely provide additional information. Normally preceded by a comma, which it is followed by also if it doesn’t end the sentence. Introduced by the relative pronoun.

Question 73

Phrase

Answer 73

Group of words that has either no subject or no predicate.

Question 74

Colon

Answer 74

Informs the reader that what follows sums up or explains what has come before. Or introduces a list of items.

Question 75

Semicolon

Answer 75

Connects two or more independent clauses that don’t quite justify bring sentences in their own right. Must be finite sentences on both sides. Followed by lower case letter, unless proper nouns.

Question 76

Tautology

Answer 76

A phrase repeating meaning with different words... synonyms.