grammar Flashcards

1
Q

becoming i-adjective

A

replace い with くなる

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2
Q

becoming na-type adjective

A

add になる

ex: 学生になる
to become student

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3
Q

of X and X, which one do you like?

i don’t like either.

A

XとXと、どちらが好きですか?

どちらも好きじゃありません。

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4
Q

い type adjectives:

to modify the noun directly, __

A

noun can directly follow the い type adjective (ending in い).

ex: 赤いリンゴ

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5
Q

to make い type adjectives negative,

A

replace い with くない

ex: 面白くない (です)

面白= おもしろ

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6
Q

to make い type adjective past tense

A

replace い with かった

ex: 彼女はかわいかた (です/だ)

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7
Q

い adjective negative past tense

A

replace い with くなかった

ex: 駅は遠くなかった (です/だ)

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8
Q

どちら casual

A

becomes どっち

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9
Q

after (doing) (verb)

A

[てform of verb] から、

ex: 家へ帰ったから、友達に手紙を書きました

いえかえったから、ともだちにてがみをかきました

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10
Q

before doing [verb]

A

(plain form verb) 前に

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11
Q

before (noun)

A

(noun) の前に

ex:

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12
Q

about to do something

A

[plain verb] + ところです

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13
Q

in the middle of ..

A

[verb]ている + ところです

ex: 昼ごはんを食べているところです

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14
Q

just did verb

A

[verb]た+ ところです

ex: 昼ごはんを食べたところです

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15
Q

ます verb -> command form

A

verb stem + って

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16
Q

while doing [verb]

A

[stem verb] ながら

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17
Q

how to get verb stem

A

ます form of verb minus ます

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18
Q

if (verb)

A

(stem verb) すれば , (result)

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19
Q

it is better to [verb]

A

[verb(whatever form)] ほうが

ex: 聞いた方が

better to have listened

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20
Q

during (noun)

A

(noun) 中
ex: こうぎ中

during the lecture

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21
Q

making verbs imperative

-います、-ちます、-ります

A

(stem)って

ex: 使います-> 使って
使=つか

(use)

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22
Q

making -ぎます verb imperative

A

(verb stem) いで

ex: 急ぎます -> 急いで

急=いそ=hurry

23
Q

making -します verb imperative

A

(verb stem)して

ex: 消します-> 消して

消=け=erase

24
Q

making -きます verb imperative

A

(verb stem)いて

ex: 書きます->書いて

書=か=write

25
making -みます、にます、びます verb imperative
(stem) んで ex: 呼びます->呼んで 呼=よ=call
26
make verb presumptive/ volitional present/future affirmative plain and polite form
plain: [-うend verb]だろう polite: [same] でしょう
27
make verb presumptive/ volitional present/future negative plain and polite form
plain: [verb stem]ないだろう polite: [verb stem]ないでしょう
28
make verb presumptive/ volitional past affirmative plain and polite form
plain: [plain past regular]だろう polite: [same] でしょう
29
make verb presumptive/ volitional past negative plain and polite form
plain: [stem]なかっただろう polite: [stem] なかったでしょう
30
する -> short potential form
できます/ できる able to do
31
来る-> short potential form
来られます / 来られる/来れる 来= く-> こ able to come
32
る verb short potential form
[stem] + られ + ます/る ex: 寝ます-> 寝られます/寝れる 寝= ね sleep
33
う verb short potential form
[う sound->えsound]+ます/る ex: 働く->働けます 働=はたら able to work
34
change short potential form to casual ?
ます-> る られ->れ れる
35
verb long potential form
[plain verb]+ことごでき+ます/る ex: 何でも食べることができます
36
noun long potential form
[noun]+ができ+ます/る ex: 一人で買い物ができる can shop alone 買い=かい 物=もの
37
asking permission neutral & casual ex: can i keep this?
[て verb]もいいですか? [xって]いい? ex: これ、もらってもいいですか?
38
want noun (欲) present +/- past +/-
[sub]が欲しいです []がほしくないです []がほしかったです []がほしくなかったです です/だ can be omitted
39
want (verb) | main tenses
[verb stem]たい I want to do= conjugate する [noun/activity] したい ex: i want to play bass. ベスしたい
40
how to tell apart うーる verbs from る verbs
if the vowel before る is - い or え = る - あ、う or お = う exptions: 帰る (かえる) -> 帰ります 入る -> 入ります (はい) (to enter)
41
attempted to (2 ways)
[verb stem] ようとする [verb stem] つとめる
42
tried (for the first time) (3 ways)
[verb stem] てみる [verb stem] 試す ためす [verb stem] 試みる こころみる
43
transitive & intransitive - open - close - enter - exit - turn off
- 開ける / 開く - 閉める/ 閉まる (閉=し) - 入れる (い) / 入る (はい) (put something in / something goes in) - 出す (だす) / 出る (でる) (take something out / something comes out) - 消す(けす) / 消える (きえる) (turn something off / something turns off)
44
if/when [condition], [result].
(ta form of verb) + ら ex: ひまだったら きて "if you are free, come" * to add emphasis on IF add moshi to beginning
45
have you _______ yet? I’ve (already)______
もう(verb past tense) (?) ex: もう食べた? polite: もう食べましたか?
46
I have not ______ yet
まだ(てい form verb)ない/ません
47
(you/i) don’t have to ___________
(ないform of verb w/outない) + | なくてもいい (です) (よ)
48
it’s too ________
(いadj)-い +すぎる/すぎます (な adj)-な + same “its too ___ so, _____” (adj - end) +すぎて ________ ex: このコーヒーは暑すぎて、のめません
49
it is difficult to _____
(verb stem) + にくい ex: そのしつもんはこたえにくい。 その質問は答えにくい。 "this question is hard to answer"
50
I have to
(ないform verb-ない) + + なきゃいけない or + ないといけません ex: i have to rush! 忙なきゃ! 忙=いそが
51
have you ever ______? i have _______ ed.
(た form verb)+ こと(が)ある? (ta form verb) + こと(が)ある negative: (verb)+こと(が)ありません/ない
52
i want to ________ i wanted to ____ i don’t want to _______ i didn’t want to _______
(verb stem)+たい (//)+ たかった (//)+たくない (//)+ たくなかった
53
ーています / ている form can be used to talk about
whats happening right now habitual things situation