Grammar And Pronunciation

Question 1

What is a dipthong?

Answer 1

It is two vowels that produce one sound.

(The second vowel is always an i (iota) or u (upsilon).

Question 2

What is a gamma nasal?

Answer 2

It is when a gamma is immediately followed by a gamma, kappa, chi, or zeta and is pronounced as an “n” sound.

Question 3

What are the two types of breathing marks?
What are their symbols?

Answer 3

1. Rough breathing marks (closed single air quote) adds an “h” sound to the word.
2. Smooth breathing marks are not pronounced. This symbol looks like ‘

Note: the rough breathing marks symbol is the same as the smooth but faces the other way.

Question 4

When are breathing marks used?

Answer 4

Every word beginning with a vowel must have either a rough or smooth breathing mark.

These appear over the first vowel or p (rho).

Question 5

What are the two types of accents?

Answer 5

Acute: accent shows that the pitch originally went up a little on the accented syllable.

Grave: accent shows that the voice originally dropped a little on the accented syllable.

Question 6

How does the circumflex accent affect a word?

Answer 6

The circumflex accent shows that the voice rose and then dropped a little on the accented syllable.

Question 7

What is an improper diphthong?

Answer 7

An improper dipthong is made up of a vowel and an iota subscript.

• the iota subscript is written under the vowels alpha, eta, or omega.

The iota has no effect on the pronunciation but it is important for translation.

Question 8

What is a diaeresis?

Answer 8

A diaeresis is when two dots (like an umlaut) are placed over a second of two consecutive vowels to show that the vowels are pronounced as two separate sounds.

Question 9

In English grammar, what is an inflection?

Answer 9

An inflection is when a word changes its form.

Question 10

In English grammar, What scenarios might cause an inflection to occur in a word?

Answer 10

1.) function
a word performs a different function in a sentence. Such as when a word is the subject compared to when it is the direct object.
- she is my wife, or (subject)
- the teacher flunked her (direct object)

2.) meaning
a word might change forms when its meaning changes.
- male or female = he/she
- son or daughter of a king and queen = prince or princess.

Question 11

In English Grammar, what are several grammatical concepts that can affect the form of a word (its inflection)?

Answer 11

1. Case
2. Number
3. Gender
4. Natural gender
5. Declension

Question 12

In Greek grammar, what are the factors that may affect the case ending?

Answer 12

1.) Stem
2.) Gender
3.) Number
4.) Declensions

Question 13

How does gender affect the case ending of a noun in Greek Grammar?

Answer 13

A noun is either:
* masculine
* feminine
or
* neuter

Question 14

What are the three basic inflectional patterns in Greek Grammar?

Answer 14

1.) First declension: Nouns that have a stem ending in an “α” an “η.”
- primarily feminine

2.) Second declension: Nouns that have a stem ending in an “o.”
- mostly masculine or neuter.

3.) Third declension: if the stem of the word ends in a consonant.

Question 15

What are the first two cases endings studied in Chapter 6 and what is their primary function?

Answer 15

Nominative case: The primary function of the nominative case is to indicate the subject of the verb.

Accusative case: indicates if a word is the direct object of a verb.

Question 16

What is the singular and plural case ending for the nominative case in masculine, feminine, and neuter?

Answer 16

Nominative case endings

sg/masc ος
sg/fem η α
sg/neut ον

pl/masc οι
pl/fem αι
pl/neut α
(with the alpha underlined which means the case ending joins with
the final stem vowel.)

Question 17

What is the singular and plural case ending for the accusative case in masculine, feminine, and neuter?

Answer 17

Αccusative case endings

sg/masc ον
sg/fem ην αν
sg/neut ον

pl/masc ους
pl/fem ας
pl/neut α
(with the alpha underlined which means the case ending joins with
the final stem vowel.)

Question 18

what is the ειρ rule?

Answer 18

First declension (feminine) takes -α endings if stem ends in ειρ.

Question 19

Nominative singular masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Answer 19

Masculine -ος

Feminine -η -α

Neuter -ον

Question 20

Nominative Plural M/F/N

Answer 20

Masculine -οi

Feminine -αi

Neuter -α

Question 21

Accusative singular M/F/N

Answer 21

Masculine -ον

Feminine -ην -αν

Neuter -ον

Question 22

Accusative plural M/F/N

Answer 22

Masculine -ους

Feminine -ας

Neuter -α

Question 23

Article - Nominative singular M/F/N

Answer 23

Masculine -ό

Feminine -ή

Neuter -τό

Question 24

Article - Nominative plural M/F/N

Answer 24

Masculine -οι

Feminine -αι

Neuter -τα

Question 25

Article - Accusative plural M/F/N

Answer 25

Masculine -τους Feminine -τας Neuter -τα

Question 26

Article - Accusative singular M/F/N

Answer 26

Masculine -τον Feminine -την Neuter -το

Question 27

What is the genitive case used for?

Answer 27

The genitive case can be used to show possession, or source, or description. The key word in the genitive case is “of” The genitive tells you there is a relationship, but doesn't tell you what that relationship is. That depends on context.

Question 28

What is the dative case used for?

Answer 28

The dative case limits or describes the action of a verb. It is the idea of "to" (indirect object) - For whom - where or when - with/by what, etc. "To, for, in, with, by"

Question 29

What is a preposition?

Answer 29

A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between two words in a sentence. “The book is under the table.” - the term under describes the relationship between the table and the book.

Question 30

What are the three main types of early manuscripts of the GNT?

Answer 30

Papyri - written in majuscule on papyrus paper Majuscule - majuscule handwriting primarily on hide or dried leather. Minuscule - parchment and eventually paper. Written in minuscule cursive.

Question 31

What is a dependent clause?

Answer 31

A dependent clause is a collection of words that cannot stand alone. - it has meaning only when it is part of a complete sentence. - i.e. "If I go home." (When you are looking for the main subject and verb in a sentence, you will never find them in a dependent clause -there will be a subject and a verb, but they will not be the main subject and verb of the sentence.)

Question 32

What are the singular forms of the verb ειμί?

Answer 32

1st sg (First person) - εἰμί (I am) 2nd sg (Second person) - εἶ (You are) 3rd sg (Third person) - ἐστίν (He/she/it is)

Question 33

What are the plural forms of the verb ειμί?

Answer 33

1st pl (First person) - ἐσμέν (We are) 2nd pl (Second person) - ἐστἐ (You are/Ya'll are) 3rd pl (Third person) - εἰσἰν (They are)

Question 34

What does the verb ἦν mean and how is it used?

Answer 34

ἦν is the past tense form of ἐστίν. It means he/she/it was (Remember ἐστίν is third person singular for he/she/it is)

Question 35

What is the Complutensian Polyglot?

Answer 35

This was a septuagint, Greek NT, Targum Ongelos printing of the Bible. One of the first mass printed for resale Bibles. Published in 1522 in Spain, in 600 6 volume sets.

Question 36

What is the significance of the Abraham Elzevir's Bible?

Answer 36

This edition (1633) included the phrase "text received by all." This became known as the Textus Receptus which becomes the basis for nearly every translation during this period.

Question 37

Case endings Genetive singular M/F/N.

Answer 37

Genetive Singular: M: -ου F: -ης -ας N: -ου

Question 38

Case endings Genetive plural M/F/N.

Answer 38

Genetive Plural: M: -ων F: -ων N: -ων This is not a mistake. All three in G/pl are the same.

Question 39

Case endings Dative singular M/F/N.

Answer 39

Dative Singular: M: -ῳ F: -ῃ -ᾳ N: -ῳ Notice the iota subscript on each of the singular endings. This is not so with the plural.

Question 40

Case endings Dative plural M/F/N.

Answer 40

Dative plural: M: -οις F: -αις N: -οις