Grammar Notes (L 1-10)

Question 1

who?

informal and polite

Answer 1

だれ
どなた　（polite equivalent)

Question 2

Sentence endings for nouns

Future/present and Past in the Affirmative/Negative

Answer 2

です - present/affirmative
じゃ ありません - present/negative (casual)
では ありません - present/negative (formal)

でした - past/affirmative
ありません でした - past/negative

Question 3

Answer (in the affirmative) to a yes/no question

Answer 3

そう です

Question 4

Asking to choose between two or more alternative answers

Answer 4

～[です]か　～[です]か

Question 5

Use of の

2 uses

Answer 5

N1 の N2
Where N1 modifies N2

N1 の N2
Where N2 is a position

Question 6

Substituting の for a noun

Answer 6

の can be used in place of a noun already mentioned, e.g.:
わたしの です

Question 7

Expression to acknowledge new information

Answer 7

そう です か

Question 8

Refering to places

Answer 8

ここ
そこ
あそこ

Question 9

Refering to directions

Answer 9

こちら
そちら
あちら

Question 10

where?
which direction?

Answer 10

どこ
どちら

Question 11

Use of お～

Answer 11

• Added before a word when speaking politely.
• Added to things related to the listener or a third party.

Question 12

Sentence endings for verbs

Future/present and Past in the Affirmative/Negative

Answer 12

ます - present/affirmative
ません - present/negative

ました - past/affirmative
ませんでした - past/negative

Question 13

Particle for time of occurence

Answer 13

に
N (time) に V

Question 14

Indicating starting and ending
time/place

Answer 14

N1 から N2 まで

Question 15

Particle to:
* Provoke agreement from listener
* Check listener understood
* Emphasise something

Answer 15

～ね

Question 16

Particle to indicate movement to a certain place

Answer 16

へ
N (place) へ 行き/来/帰り ます

Question 17

To deny everything covered by an interrogative

Answer 17

• Attach も to the interrogative
• Put the verb in its negative form
  e.g.:
  どこ も 行きません - I’m not going anywhere
  なに も たべません - I’m not going to eat anything

Question 18

Particle to indicate a means or method

Answer 18

で
N (vehicle) で 行き/来/帰り ます

Question 19

Particle to represent doing something with a person or animal

Answer 19

と
N (person/animal) と V

Question 20

when?

Answer 20

いつ

Question 21

Particle to:
* Emphasise information which the listener doesn’t know
* Show the speaker is giving their voews assertively

Answer 21

よ

Question 22

Expression to show sympathy or agreement with what the speaker said

Answer 22

そう です ね

Question 23

what?

2 forms

Answer 23

何（なに）
何（なん）:
* when preceding a word whose first sound is from the た, だ, or な -row
* with a counter suffix

Question 24

Particle to denote where an action takes place

Answer 24

で

Question 25

Expression to invite someone to do something

Answer 25

V ませんか

Question 26

Expression to: * positively invite the listener to do something with the speaker * to respond positively to an invitation

Answer 26

V ましょう

Question 27

Particle to denote a method or means for an action

Answer 27

で

Question 28

Particle to denote the person imparting or being given something

Answer 28

に N1 (person) に N2 を あげます etc.

Question 29

already

Answer 29

もう

Question 30

not yet

Answer 30

まだ

Question 31

Sentence endings for adjectives

Answer 31

な -adjective * です - affirmative * じゃ（では）ありません - negative い -adjectives * ～いです - affirmative * ～くないです - negative

Question 32

Particle to connect two opposing statements

Answer 32

～が、～

Question 33

very / not very

Answer 33

とても - used with an affirmative, 'very' あまり - used with a negative, 'not very'

Question 34

how is? *feelings on*?

Answer 34

どう N は どう ですか

Question 35

Interrogative to ask the state / nature of something

Answer 35

どんな N1 は どんな N2 ですか

Question 36

well, much

Answer 36

よく Adverb of degree, used with affirmative

Question 37

mostly, roughly

Answer 37

だいたい Adverb of degree, used with affirmative

Question 38

many

Answer 38

たくさん Adverb of quantity, used with affirmative

Question 39

a little, a few

Answer 39

少し（すこ） Adverb of degree or quantity, used with affirmative

Question 40

not very much / well

Answer 40

あまり Adverb of degree or quantity, used with negative

Question 40

not at all

Answer 40

全然（ぜんぜん） Adverb of degree or quantity, used with negative

Question 41

because

Answer 41

～から、～ Statement before から gives a reason for the statement after

Question 42

Phrase to ask the reason for something

Answer 42

どうして With から at the end of the reason why

Question 43

existence of ...

Answer 43

N が あります / います

Question 44

Listing nouns: * enumerating exactly 2 * enumerating only a few

Answer 44

と や * など is sometimes put after the last item to make it clear there's more