Grammar one/ parts of simple sentences

Question 1

what is grammatical form

Answer 1

When we descibe items in terms of their structure, like in a noun phrase the main word is a noun we are referring to grammatical form. AKA the actors in the play.

Question 2

what is grammatical function

Answer 2

The function that for instance a noun phrase have in a sentence. The role that the noun phrase play.

Question 3

what can we divide a sentence into

Answer 3

Two main constituents; subject and the predicate

Question 4

What does the predicate consist of ?

Answer 4

The predicate consists of the verb and any other elements of the sentence except from the subject.

Question 5

What is the most important constituate in of the predicate?

Answer 5

The verb, since a sentence may only consist of a verb; “Help”!

Question 6

Can a verb phrase consist of more than one verb?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What are auxiliaries

Answer 7

The verbs that come before the main verb are auxiliariy verbs (helping verbs)

Question 8

Name 24 helping verbs

Answer 8

be, am, is, are was, were, been, being, have, has, had, could, should, would, may, might, must, shall, can, will , do, did, does, having.

Question 9

What are the NICE properties of the operator?

Answer 9

The four roles of the operator;
Negation
Inversion
Code
Emphasis

Question 10

How do we form a negative sentence (Negation)

Answer 10

We put not after the operator; Amy will not be staying with us

Question 11

How do we form most type of questions (Inversion)

Answer 11

By inverting the positions of the subject and the operator; You could have been imagining it can become could you have been imagining it?

Question 12

How do we form code?

Answer 12

The operator can stand alone in a sentence if the main verb is understood or implied; Are you leaving? Yes, I am!

Question 13

How do we form emphatic stress?

Answer 13

The operator carries emphatic stress in speech;
Finish your homework
I HAVE finished it.

Question 14

Why is the auxiliary do a dummy operator?

Answer 14

Because it is introduced to perform the functions of an operator in the abscence of true operators such as can and will.

Question 15

Does the main verb BE require a dummy operator or not?

Answer 15

No, because it behaves as if it were the operator itself.

Question 16

What do americans prefer to do with do support? what do the british prefer to do?

Answer 16

American speaker tend to prefer using do support to form these sentences. British speakers tend to use the version without do support.

Question 17

Does the subject always come first in a sentence?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

How can we identify the subject in a sentence by asking a question?

Answer 18

ask who or what followed by the verb, the subject corresponds to the answer to the question

Question 19

How can we identify the subject by using the inversion test?

Answer 19

We can turn a sentence into a yes or no question. The subject and the operator change places with eachother

Question 20

How can we identify the subject by using the tag question test?

Answer 20

We can apply a taq question. A tag question is a short question which is added to the end of the statement, seeking agreement with the statement.
ex: amy looks well, doesn`t she?
The last word in the taq question refers back to the subject of the statement.

Question 21

Where does the subject appear in declarative and interrogative sentences?

Answer 21

The subject comes before the verb in declarative sentences but in questions it comes after the operator

Question 22

where does the subject appear in imperative sentences?

Answer 22

it is absent, but implied the subject in imperatives is always, (you understood)

Question 23

Present tense verbs have a distinctive form when the subject is singular and refers to something or someone other than the speaker or the persons being addressed, which is it?

Answer 23

Present tense verbs ends in -s
The older child (singular s) feeds the younger ones
The older children feed the younger ones

Question 24

Give examples of some pronouns such as I, you, she , he, they have a distinctive form when they function as subject of the sentences or of clauses in the sentece

Answer 24

she knows me well
I know her well

Question 25

Does the subject determine the form of reflexive pronoun?

Answer 25

Yes, in a sentence such as I hurt myself for instance

Question 26

What do we do when when we turn an active sentence into a passive sentence

Answer 26

we change the subjects;
The police called the bomb-squad becomes
The bomb squad was called by the police

Question 27

What is a transitive verb?

Answer 27

If a main verb requires a direct object to complete the sentence, it is a transitive verb

Question 28

What does a direct object typically refer to ?

Answer 28

A person or thing directly affected by the action in the sentence.

Question 29

How do we identify the direct object?

Answer 29

By asking a question introduced by who or what followed by the operator and the subject. The direct object is the constiuent that who or what questions

Question 30

Name 4 grammatical rules that refer to the direct object

Answer 30

1.The direct object normally comes after the verb phrase
2.some pronouns have a distinctive form when they function as the direct object; she phoned us or we phoned her
3.if the subject and direct object refer to the same peron or thing, the direct object is a reflexive pronoun
4.when we turn an active sentnece into a passive sentence, the direct object becomes the subject of the passive sentence; The tests revealted traces of anthrax
Traces of anthrax were revealed by the tests

Question 31

What is a linking verb?

Answer 31

If a verb requires a subject complement to complete the sentence the verb is a linking verb.

Question 32

How do we identify a subject complement?

Answer 32

A subject complement identifies or characerizes the person or thing denoted by the subject:
The receptionist seemed very tired

Question 33

What are some common linking verbs?

Answer 33

Be, appear, become, seem, feel, get, look, sound they are typically noun phrases or adjective phrases

Question 34

What is an intransitive verb

Answer 34

If a main verb does not require any elemnt to complete it, the verb is intransitive

Question 35

What are adverbials ?

Answer 35

structural elements that are optional in a sentence. We can leave them out

Question 36

are adverbials mobile in a sentence?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

Can there be several adverbials in one sentence?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

What are connectives?

Answer 38

Connectives form a subclass which express speakers point of view and or a logical connection between sentences. Examples; unfortunately, luckily, therefore, nevertheless

Question 39

What is an adverbial complement?

Answer 39

Obligatory elements in a sentence because the main verb is not complete without them. They usually refer to time, space and location or direction. We can not leave them out.

Question 40

What is an indirect object?

Answer 40

The indirect object refers to a person indirectly affected by the action described in the sentence. The person generally receives or benefits from something

Question 41

Name 5 grammatical rules for the indirect object

Answer 41

1. the indirect object responds to phrases introduced by to or for, but the phrase useally comes after the direct object.
2. the indirect object comes after the verb
   3.some pronouns have a distinct form when they function as the indirect object; I paid her, she paid me
3. if the indirect object and the subject are the same person it is usally a reflexive pronoun (those ending in self)
4. when we turn an active sentence into a passive, the indirect object of the active sentence can become the subject of the passive sentence. ; The principal granted Tony an (io) an interview.
   Tony was granted an interview.

Question 42

What is an object complement?

Answer 42

Same as subject complement but related to the object and not the subject.

Question 43

Can the object complement be a prepositonal phrase?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

what is subject agentive?

Answer 44

In sentences with a transitive or intransitive verb, the subject has an agentive role that performs the action

Question 45

what is subject identified?

Answer 45

The identified is typical with structures with a linking verb

Question 46

what is subject characterized?

Answer 46

typical with linking verb

Question 47

what is subject affected?

Answer 47

with intransitive verbs, the subject frequently has the affected role, the person or thing directly affected by the action but not intentionally performing the action

Question 48

what is subject it?

Answer 48

Sometimes there is no participant. The subject function is then taken by it, which is merely to fill the place of the subject

Question 49

What is stative verbs?

Answer 49

Stative verbs introduce a quality attributed to the subject or state of affairs: I am a french citizen, she has two brothers.
stative verbs don`t normally occur with the ing-form
When stative verbs are used with the ing-form they have been transferred into dynamic verbs which express events: I am havin a party next sunday, theiry children are being noisy

Question 50

What are dynamic verbs?

Answer 50

Dynamic verbs introduce events, they refer to something that happens: Her books sell well, the children play in the yard. They occur with the ing-verb.

Question 51

What are the typical 3 roles of the direct object?

Answer 51

affected: she shook her head
resultant; the direct object may refer to soemthing that comes into existence as a result of the action; I`m knitting a sweater for myself
Eventive; the direct object may refer to an event.

Question 52

What is the typical role of the indirect object?

Answer 52

The recipient role; the person that is indirectly involved in the action, generally the person receiving something or intended to receive something or benefiting something.

Question 53

what role does the subject complement typically have?

Answer 53

the attribute role. It attributes an identification or characterization to the subject-if it is a subject complement or the direct object if it is an object complement

Question 54

What meaning does the adverbial have?

Answer 54

space, time, manner, degree, cause, comment on truth value( degree of certainty or doubt), evaluation of what the sentence refers to; luckily, no one was injured.
providing a lgoical connection between units.

Question 55

What does phonology mean?

Answer 55

The sound system

Question 56

What does ortography mean?

Answer 56

The writing system

Question 57

What does semantics mean?

Answer 57

The meaning of words and the combinatory meanings of larger units

Question 58

what does phonetics mean?

Answer 58

the physical characteristics of the sounds in the language and how they are produced

Question 59

what does morphology mean?

Answer 59

the set of rules that describe the structure of words

Question 60

What does pragmatics mean?

Answer 60

is concerned with particular utterances. The question “will you join the group” is depending on the intention of the speaker is a request for information or a request for action

Question 61

What might the object complement be?

Answer 61

A prepositional phrase that is related to the direct object and not the subject