Grammar & Other Flashcards
1
Q
Excuse me
A
请问
qǐng wèn
(Use with strangers/business)
2
Q
在
zài + [verb]
A
- Present continuous — ‘ing’ verb particle
Minority of cases
- Indicate ‘again’ e.g.
我会再吃晚饭
wǒ huì zài chī wǎn fàn
I will eat(or have) dinner again
What is the specific context?
3
Q
No
[When does the pronunciation change?]
A
不
bù – For Negative sentence (Not something)
[When following tone is 2nd tone – Changes to 2nd ALSO]
4
Q
了
[verb] + le
A
Past tense — ‘ed’ verb particle [past tense]
Don’t use in response when time is obvious
E.g. Yesterday, did you…? vs. Did you…?
5
Q
过
[verb] + guò
A
Action has completed particle
6
Q
吧
[verb] + ba
A
Indicates made decision
7
Q
3 Uses for 请 qǐng
A
- Excuse me
- Invite
- Please
8
Q
在
zài + [location]
A
- Necessary to mention location
9
Q
很
Hěn + [adjective]
A
Necessary before every adjective (one character)
Stress = Initialise very
10
Q
Chinese Structure
A
Subject > Location > Time > Action
11
Q
[subject] + de
的
A
Indicates ownership
S+的+
The [subject]’s…
12
Q
I’m busy today
A
我今天很忙
wǒ jīn tiān hěn máng
13
Q
I’m fine, I’m busy today
A
我很好今天很忙
wǒ hěn hǎo, jīn tiān hěn máng
14
Q
How are you today?
A
你今天怎么样
nǐ jīn tiān zěn me yàng?
15
Q
Have you ever been to…?
A
你去过…
nǐ qù guò…
16
Q
Did not have the opportunity to
(One word)
A
没有 = 没
méi yǒu = méi
17
Q
Have you eaten yet?
A
你吃了吗
nǐ chī le ma？
18
Q
I’ve eaten
A
吃了
chī le
or
我吃了
wǒ chī le
19
Q
I’m eating
A
我在吃
wǒ zài chī
20
Q
I like
A
我喜欢
wǒ xǐ huan
21
Q
I am busy with what I am currently doing
A
我在忙
wǒ zài máng
22
Q
Yes
[Responding to;
你喜欢
nǐ xǐ huan (“Do you like?”)]
A
喜欢
xǐ huan
23
Q
Have coffee
A
喝咖啡吧
hē kā fēi ba
24
Q
Eat it
A
吃吧
chī ba
25
Come [formal vs. daily life]
进来吧
jìn lái ba
[More formal]
进来
jìn lái
[Daily life]
26
Is 请问 commonly used in daily life?
[qǐng]
No, only necessary situations with **** or **business**
27
Please eat / Please Drink
请吃
Qǐng chī
请喝
Qǐng hē
28
Are you tired today?
你今天累吗？
nǐ jīn tiān lèi ma？
29
What’s your name?
你叫什么名字?
nǐ jiào shén me míng zì?
30
I got it!
我知道了
wǒ zhī dào le
31
Have you ever tried French cuisine?
你吃过法国菜吗
nǐ chī guò fǎ guó cài ma
32
Chinese people like to go to France
中国人喜欢去法国
zhōngguórén xǐhuan qù fǎguó
33
I haven’t tried Indian cuisine before
我没吃过印度菜
wǒ méi ch guò yìndù cài
34
My home is in Australia
我的家在澳大利亚
wǒ de jiā zài ào dà lì yà
35
Rule to use: 好久没
hǎo jiǔ méi
Place **after** subject.
S+好久没+
hǎo jiǔ méi
36
Your home is in China
你的家在中国
nǐ de jiā zài zhōngguó
37
[verb] + 的
de
Past tense — ‘ed’ verb **particle** [past tense]
*Use when passed time is short*
38
Where is [time] mentioned in a sentence?
S+time
39
Come in [Textbook Chinese + Daily]
请去
qǐng qù
[Textbook Chinese]
进来
jìn lái
[Daily]
40
Drink water
喝水
hē shuǐ
41
What did you eat today?
你今天吃的什么?
nǐ jīn tiān chī de shén me？
42
a little [+ adjective]
有点 儿
yǒu diǎn er
N is silent
43
And
和
hé
[No double placement]
44
Where
在哪儿 / 哪里
zaì + nǎ er [informal]/ nǎ lǐ [formal]
45
Grandfather
爷爷
yé ye
46
Grandmother
奶奶
nǎi nai
47
Milk
牛奶
niú nǎi
48
Human milk
人奶
rén nǎi
49
Like a lot [pre-fix]
非常
fēi cháng
50
Just finished [structure]
V + 完 +了
V + wán + le
51
Cuisine [structure]
[Country] + 菜
cài
52
I drink coffee almost everyday
我差不多每天喝咖啡
wǒ chà bú duō měitiān hē kā fēi
53
Are you tired today?
你今天累吗
nǐ jīn tiān lèi ma
54
[2] Placement for; 了 Le
Action + 了 (directly after action) – Emphasis!
Action + 了 (end of sentence) – Regular
55
Placement for; 在 zài
Omit double placement
56
[verb] + 着
zhe
1. Present continuous — ‘ing’ verb particle
**ALL cases**
57
Taste [structure]
喝过
hē guò
*fix for drink/eat*
58
To taste (drink)
喝过
hē guò
59
Mr + [Name]
Name + 先生
xiānsheng
60
Or
还是
hái shì
[omit 吗]
ma
61
吗
ma
1. Question particle; All cases **except:**
Which/Where/Or; type questions
62
Recognise/know
认识
rèn shí
63
Or [Declarative sentence]
或者
huò zhě
64
All
[Suffix**]
都
dōu
65
v. + (Le) 一些
yìxiē
Indicates some
66
Person V + 一 下
Someone briefly performs action (request or describing)
67
Emphasise past tense
*double check*
V + 到
dào
68
Structure for [I] “need” something
Sbj + 真的要
+ zhēn de yào
*Only applies to [I/Me] Subject
69
Structure for [You/other] “need” something
真的需要
zhēn de xūyào
*Applies to [You/Other] subject
70
What is the “AA” Rule
Double adjective is the same as the single adjective.
**In what cases do we use this?**
71
Structure to use when assigning 2 adjectives to a noun (separated by “and’)
又 [大] 又 [甜]
yòu [dà] yòu [tián] = [big] and [sweet]
*What case can we use this?*
72
How to use 见 jiàn?
**Noun** = To meet
**Verb complement** = V + 见
To complete an action successfully (referring to senses)
E.g. 看见 = To see (successfully)
(kàn jiàn)
73
What is the difference between using:
V + 了
1. le
V + 过
2. guò
1. le – In a general sense, the context of the sentence is past tense. **May also carry the connotation of “just happened”** e.g. “Today/Yesterday, I did/went to..”
2. guò – The verb mentioned, has completed fully. It is well established and a complete event potentially a long time ago. E.g. I have been to…
74
What is the difference between using **the verb complement**:
V +见
1. jiàn
V + 到
2. dào
Both carry same use (structure) and similar meaning (interchangeable).
They indicate a successful attempt at an action. E.g. instead of “to look” (general & aimless), it changes “to see” (specific)
**Can be used for past tense, future tense, and to emphasise**
Difference is;
1. jiàn – Use mainly after mentioning the senses;
你能看见吗
nǐ néng kànjiàn ma? = Can you see it?
2. dào – Used for a broad range of verbs; [More common]
75
V + 起来
qǐ lái
Eat + 起来 = Tastes
Hear + 起来 = Sounds
Look + 起来 = Looks
Verb to Descriptive Verb **Used for senses?**
76
**Differentiate between 是 + A. + 的; and 很 + A.**
1st (shì…de) – Clarify something (Usually in response?)
e.g. 这个蛋糕吃起来是甜的
zhège dàngāo chīqǐlái shì tián de – This cake’s taste ***is** sweet*
2nd (hěn) – Compliment
e.g. 这个蛋糕吃起来很甜
zhège dàngāo chīqǐlái hěntián - This cake tastes *very sweet!*
77
V. + ?
Meaning: *To perform the action (verb) briefly*
V． + 一下儿
+ yí xià er
*When should we use/omit 儿*
78
Order for:
(No. of) times, location, verb, subject, time
Subject + Time + Location + Verb + Object + times
79
Difference between:
1. 想
(xiǎng)
2. 要
(yào)
3. 想要
(xiǎng yào)
4.觉得
(juéde)
(xiǎng)
1) + N. = To miss
2) + V. = To want
3) = To think or contemplate
(xiǎngyào) + V. = To want (soft)
(yào) = Immediate or direct need
(juéde) = Expressing a feeling about something
80
How to use:
jǐ (year) + jǐ (month) + jǐ (day)
Each individually mean, “Which (year/month/day)?”. Can be used in any combination or by themselves
81
Sense + 的
(de)
Becomes a (general term**) noun.
E.g. 看的
(kàn de)
**Meaning**:Things that can be read, such
as storytelling, newspapers.
E.g. 吃的
(chī de)
**Meaning**: Food
82
怎么 + V.
zěnme
= “How to”
E.g. 怎么说
(zěnmeshuō)
= How do I say this?
83
How to ask “How do you say ___ in ___?”
(Noun) 用 (英语/中文) 怎么说?
(Noun) yòng (yīngyǔ/zhōngwén) zěnme shuō?
NB: (English/Chinese)
84
How to say “something” is “in” “somewhere”?
在里
zài…lǐ
E.g.
我在麻辣烫店里
wǒ zài málàtàngdiàn lǐ
(“I was in the Malatang shop”)
Or
肉在面条里
ròu zài miàntiáo lǐ
(“[There is] meat in noodles”)
