Grammer Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
Modh Coinníollach endings
A
D’ +h -fadh/-feadh/-eodh/-ódh
2
Q
Aimsir fháistineach endings
A
-faidh/-fidh/-eoidh/-óidh
3
Q
Aimsir Láithreach endings
A
-ann/-eann/-aíonn/-íonn
4
Q
Aimsir Chaite endings
A
D’ +h
5
Q
Aimsir Chaite Ceisteanna
A
ar +h
6
Q
Aimsir Chaite negative endings
A
níor +h
7
Q
Ceisteanna sa AL agus AF
A
an +urú
8
Q
Negative sa AL agus AF
A
ní +h
9
Q
Briathra neamhrialta
A
Abair/beir/bí/clois/déan/faigh/feic/ith/tabhair/tar/téigh
10
Q
BN sa AC
A
Dúirt/Rug/Bhí/Chuala/Rinne/Fuair/Chonaic/D’ith/Thug/Tháinig/Chuaigh
11
Q
BN sa AL
A
Deir/Beireann/Tá/Cloiseann/Déanann/Faigheann/Feiceann/Itheann/Tugann/Tagann/Téann
12
Q
BN sa AF
A
Déarfaidh/Béarfaidh/Beidh/Cloisfidh/Déanfaidh/Gheobhaidh/Feicfidh/Íosfaidh/Tabharfaidh/Tiocfaidh/Rachaidh
13
Q
Tá vs Is
A
Tá tells us ABOUT something
Is tells us WHAT something is
14
Q
-ach
A
____ person
15
Q
-oir/óir
A
profession
16
Q
-aí
A
profession
17
Q
BN sa AC negative
A
Ní dúirt, níor rug, ní raibh, níor chuala, ní dhearna, ní bhfuair, ní bhfaca, níor ith, níor thug, níor tháinig, ní dheachaigh
18
Q
BN sa AC ceisteanna
A
An ndúirt, ar rug, an raibh, ar chuala, an ndearna, an bhfuar, an bhfaca, ar ith, ar thug, ar tháinig, an ndeachaigh
19
Q
Word after i effect
A
Always takes an urú
20
Q
Word after mar
A
Always takes shéimhú
21
Q
Word after faoi
A
Always takes shéimhú
22
Q
Word after le
A
Stays the same
23
Q
Word after ó
A
Always takes shéimhú
24
Q
Word after ag
A
No shéimhú
25
in the [vowel]
san
26
[grammar]
In the f-[vowel]
san +h
27
In the [consonant]
sa (+mutation)
28
In the [plural]
sna
29
When sa adds a shéimhú
after m- b- c- g- or p-
30
[grammar]
Sa effects
shéimhu after (m b c g p) and t- to the beginning of feminine s nouns
31
[grammar]
The name of a language
generally preceded by definite article (imagine it is said as the [language])
32
[grammar]
How to say
The____of the____
not possible in Irish so no definite article before a genitive.
33
Word after na
h____ if begins with vowel
34
Words after definitive artical
an _____
1. if feminine: shéimhú or t before s
2. if masculine and vowel: t-
35
[grammar]
When is An in the genitive
only before masculine singular nouns
36
Word effects after an in genitive
shéimhú if begins with consonant and t before s
37
Singular Word after na in genitive
h before vowels
38
Plural word after na in genitive
consonants get urú.
Vowels get n-
39
B urú
mb-
40
g urú
ng-
41
c urú
gc-
42
d urú
nd-
43
t urú
dt-
44
p urú
bp-
45
f urú
bhf-
46
When words don’t take urú
when word before ends in dntls and word starts with one of the dntls.
An is most common time this happens
47
Go grammar
1. when with a verb takes an urú or n-.
2. But makes no change when combined with a noun
48
Question grammar
an adds an urú to verb
49
Nach grammar
1. nach adds urú to consonant verbs
2. when used as "that (negative go/a)" adds n- to vowel verbs
50
in grammar
i before vowels or titles
51
ina grammar
i before possesive a or ár. E.g. in his hers theirs or ours
52
Go vs. a before verbs
both mean that but go relates to verbs and a relates to noun. A can usually be replaced with who
53
Atá vs a bhfuil
1. atá is who/that is.
2. A bhfuil is whose or who/that has
3. Same thing applies to a bhí vs. a raibh
A bhfuil is for when you start talking about a second noun
[Whose is a bhfuil too but it's easier to think of it as who has]
54
a grammar
[not the possessive]
adds a shéimhiú
also adds d’ when used as that/who
55
[n] who was
____ a bhí
56
[n] who is
____ atá
57
[n] that was
_____ a bhí
58
I hope that it will be
Tá súil agam go mbeidh sé
59
[vb] that it was
____ go raibh sé
60
[vb] that I am
___ go bhfuil mé
61
[vb] that I got
go bhfuair mé
62
[vb] that it will get
go bhfaighidh sé
63
[vb] that it does
go ndéanann sé
64
[n] that makes
a dhéanann
65
[vb] that it will take
go dtógfaidh sé
66
_____ whose ____ is
_____ a bhfuil a ____
67
____ whose ____ was
____ a raibh a _____
68
Verbal noun uses
1. ____ing [ag ____]
2. To ____ [_____]
3. To ____ something [something a ____]
4. something being _____ [something á ____]
5. Something being ____ by someone [something á _____ ag ____]
6. Something is to be ____ [something le ____]
7. Person is _____ing pronoun [Tá person do pronoun’s _____]
8. Person is/was/will be ____ing it/that [Tá/Bhí/Beidh person á dhéanamh /sin]
9. the ____ing [an _____]
69
You are a _____
Is _____ thú
70
Is ____ pronoun vs. Is pronoun ____
1. Is ____ mé is for classification
2. Is mise is for definitive
I am a _____
I am [the] ____
Is pronoun tends to use emphatical forms but I'm not sure if you have to
71
She is the ____
Is í an _____ í
[She-un / Ish-uh]
72
He is the ___
Is é an _____ é
[Shay-un / Esh-un]
73
We are the ____
Is muidne na _____
Is sinne na ____
74
Yous are the ____
Is sibhse na ____
75
They are the ____
Is iad na _____ iad
[She-id]
76
Ba vs ab vs b'
1. all past tense of Is
2. Ab and b' are for vowels
3. Use B' if it's at the start of a sentence except if the word that follows is a pronoun [í, é, iad]
4. Use B' if something used to be smaller/taller/better/etc. but not when it was the smallest/tallest/best/etc.
-Bhí an bord ní b'fhearr
-Ba í Máire an cailin ab fhearr sa rang
77
You are the _____
Is tusa an ______
78
He is a _____
Is _____ é
79
I am [habitually]
Bím
80
It is [habitually]
Bíonn sé
81
They are _____s
Is _____ iad
82
She is a _____
Is _____ í
83
We are _____s
Is _____ muid
84
Yous are ____s
Is _____ sibh
85
You have work to do
Tá obair le déanamh agat
86
I have a lot of study to do
Tá go leor staidéir le déanamh agam
87
I am beating him
Tá mé á bhualadh
88
He is hitting her
Tá sé á bualadh
89
It is hurting them
Tá sé á ngortú
90
It is hurting us
Tá sé dár ngortú
91
I am doing it
Tá mé á dhéanamh/déanamh
92
We are doing them
Táimid á ndéanamh
93
I am doing that
Tá mé á dhéanamh sin
94
They are building it
Tá siad á thógáil
95
It is starting
Tá sé ag tosú
96
to build a house
teach a thógáil
97
I would like to do that
Ba mhaith liom sin a dhéanamh
98
He would like to stay
Ba mhaith leis fanacht
99
I would like to leave
Ba mhaith liom imeacht
100
Fág vs imigh
Fág is to leave something behind
Imigh is to leave a place
101
I would like to leave here
Ba mhaith liom imeacht anseo
102
I would like to start taking lessons
Ba mhaith liom tosú ag cur ceachtanna
103
I would like to start studying
Ba mhaith liom tosú ag staidéar
104
Roads are being built
Tá bóithre á dtógáil
105
á grammar
Changes verb depending on noun being discussed
1. shéimhiú when sing. masc noun
2. h before when sing. fem noun AND the verb after starts with noun(e.g. éirí)
3. urú when plural
106
history is being made
Tá stair á déanamh
107
Lives are being taken
Tá saolta á dtógáil
108
[n] that had [something]
____ a raibh ____ ag[pronoun]
109
the woman who had everything
An bhean a raibh gach rud aici
110
The game that the referee was going to finish
An cluiche a raibh an réiteoir chun críochnú
111
The game that was going to finish
An cluiche a bhí chun críochnú
112
[noun] was going to [verb]
Bhí [noun] chun [verbal noun]
113
She was going to buy the food
Bhí sí chun an bia a cheannach
114
[noun] was about to [verb]
Bhí [noun] ar tí [verbal noun]
115
He was about to marry her
Bhí sé ar tí í a phósadh
116
He was a man who had a family
Ba fear é a raibh teaghlach aige
117
The door that has paint on it
An doras a bhfuil péint air
118
The fridge that has sausages in it
An cuisneoir a bhfuil ispíní ann
119
a bhí ann
This seems to mean it was but there's a bit more emphasis than Ba ___ é
120
Questions and Negatives conjugation in Past
1. Ar - adds shéimhiú but not the d'
2. Nár - is for negative questions does the same as ar
3. Níor - is for negative statements and also does the same as ar
121
Questions and Negatives conjugation in Present
1. An - adds urú
2. Nach - negative questions and adds urú
3. Ní - negative statement and adds shéimhiú but not d'
122
Questions and Negatives conjugation in Future
1. An - adds urú
2. Nach - negative questions and adds urú
3. Ní - negative statement and adds shéimhiú but not d'
123
Ansin vs. ann
Ansin is more precise "there"
Ann literally means "in it" but is a more general there
124
negative of a/go [verb] in the past
nár [question form of verb (usually +h)]
125
Verbs that use irregular negative of a/go [verb] in the past
téigh
bí
déan
feic
faigh
-use nach instead of nár-
126
The man who didn't come
an fear nár tháinig
127
The man that didn't go
An fear nach ndeachaigh
128
The man who didn't eat
An fear nár ith
129
the boy that didn't get
An buachaill nach bhfuair
130
I think the boy didn't get
Ceapaim nach bhfuair an buachaill
131
I like that the story wasn't
Is maith liom nach raibh an scéal
132
The woman that wasn't
an bhean nach raibh
133
I think that the man didn't do
Ceapaim nach ndearna an fear
134
The business that didn't make
An gnó nach ndearna
135
They said he didn't see
Dúirt siad nach bhfaca sé
136
The man who didn't say
An fear nár dúirt
137
It seems like they didn't say anything
Is cosúil nár dúirt siad aon rud
138
The man that didn't get a prize
An fear nach bhfuair duais
139
I thought that he didn't get
Ceapaim mé nach bhfuair sé
140
I hope that they didn't see it
Tá súil agam nach bhfaca siad é
141
The boy who didn't hear
An buachaill nár chuala
142
She thought that he didn't give her it but he did
Cheap sí nár thug sé di é ach thug sé
143
The man who was not born here
An fear nár rugadh anseo
144
The woman who didn't take it
An bhean nár thóg é
145
The boy who didn't drink it
An buachaill nár ól é
146
I like that he didn't drink it
Is maith liom nár ól sé é
147
negative of a/go [verb] in the present + future
nach [ +urú / n- ]
148
The woman who is not here
An bhean nach bhfuil anseo
149
She realizes he doesn't love her at all
Tuigeann sí nach bhfuil grá aige di ar chor ar bith
150
She thinks it will not be better for her daughter
Ceapann sí nach mbeidh sé níos fearr dá hiníon
151
I'm glad that the boy doesn't drink
Tá áthas orm nach n-ólann an buachaill
152
for her ____
dá ____
[do + a so h before vowel]
153
for his ____
dá _____ [+h to consonant]
154
for their ____
dá _____ [+urú or n-____]
155
for my ____
do mo ____ [+h]
156
for your _____
do do ____[+h]
157
for our ____
dár _____ [+urú or n-____]
158
possessive pronouns and effects
mo +h
do +h
(his) a +h
(her) a
ár +urú
bhur +urú
(their) a +urú
159
my (vowel)
m'____
160
your (vowel)
d'____
161
his (vowel)
a _____
162
her (vowel)
a h____
163
our (vowel)
ár n-____
164
y'alls (vowel)
bhur n-____
165
their (vowel)
a n-____
166
idir grammar
+h
167
faoi grammar
+h
168
na grammar (not in tuiseal ginideach)
word after doesn't change
169
they have
acu
170
she has
aici
171
he has
aige
172
we have
againn
173
with you
leat
174
with her
léi
175
with us
linn
176
with them
leo
177
before him
roimhe
178
before them
rompu
179
on me
orm
180
on you
ort
181
on him
air
182
on her
uirthi
183
on us
orainn
184
on yous
oraibh
185
on them
orthu
186
for me
dom
187
for you
duit
188
for him
dó
189
for her
di
190
for us
dúinn
191
for yous
daoibh
192
for them
dóibh
193
from me
uaim
194
from you
uait
195
from him
uaidh
196
from her
uaithi
197
from us
uainn
198
from them
uathu
199
under him
faoi
200
under her
fúithi
201
under them
fúthu
202
in me
ionam
203
in you
ionat
204
in him
ann
205
in her
inti
206
in us
ionainn
207
in them
iontu
208
In his
Ina [+h]
209
In her ____
Ina [h____]
210
In their ___
Ina [urú or n-]
211
In our
Inár [urú or n-]
212
the things that are happening
na rudaí atá ag tarlú
213
I have ____ed it
Tá sé (verbal adjective) agam
214
I have left it
Tá sé fágtha agam
215
She has spoilt the children
Tá na páistí millte aici
216
masculine noun general indicator
last vowel is broad (leathan)
ends in vowel
plural nouns that end in consonants
217
feminine noun general indicator
last vowel is slender (caol)
218
masculine rule common exceptions that are masculine
-jobs ending in -ir
-ín ending
219
feminine rule common exceptions that are feminine
-eog / óg
-lann
-acht / ocht
220
athair gender
masculine
221
buachaill gender
masculine
222
comhlacht gender
masculine
223
bean gender
feminine
224
deirfiúr gender
feminine
225
im gender
masculine
226
mí gender
feminine
227
oíche gender
feminine
228
tine gender
feminine
229
leaba gender
feminine
230
bunreacht gender
masculine
231
léine gender
feminine
232
banríon gender
feminine
233
numbers that add urú or n-
seacht gcapall "seven horses"
ocht n-asal "eight donkeys"
naoi gcat "nine cats"
deich bpeann "ten pens"
234
genitive urús and n-
urús and n- are added to plural genitive forms for both masculine and feminine. Therefore when you see an urú/n- in the genitive you know that the word is plural
235
numbers that add shéimhiú
aon bhó amháin "one cow"
an chéad bhliain "the first year"
dhá theach "two houses"
beirt fhear "two men"
trí bhád "three boats"
ceithre bhó "four cows"
cúig phunt "five pounds"
sé mhí "six months"
236
adjective + noun grammar
words that combine an adjective(sean) with a noun(bean) the noun gets a shéimhiú
e.g. seanbhean
ardbhrú
ógfhear
drochdhuine
237
prefix grammar
after prefixes word gets séimhiú
e.g. an-, ró-, mí, do, príomh, neamh, ath, leas
an-bheag "very small"
ró-bheag "too small"
athbhliain "new year"
dobhréagnaithe "undeniable"
idirchreidmheach "interconfessional"
forbhríste "overalls"
míshásta "unhappy"
neamhchodladh "insomnia"
príomhchathair "capital city"
238
adjective of sa/den/don word
when sa/san are used for a word that has an adjective the adjective also gets a shéimhiú
239
den grammar
gets a shéimhiú
240
don grammar
gets a shéimhiú
241
adjectives after fem. singular nouns
get a shéimhiú
242
preposition and article singular grammar
(faoin, ag an, ar an, chuig an)
Applies to most prepositions (except don, den, chun, sa)
1. adds urús except for d and t
-faoin gcíos
-ag an doras
-ar an mbord
2. also removes the t- that goes before an + masculine sing. starting with vowel.
-an t-éan -> leis an éan
3. the usual t before s on feminine sing. still applies
-an tsráid -> ar an tsráid
243
prepositions
ag -
ar -
faoi -
as -
chuig -
chun -
de -
do -
i -
le -
ó -
244
ar grammar
1. adds shéimhiú most of the time except for when referring to abstract state
-on the horses back = "ar mhuin an chapaill"
-on horseback = "ar muin chapaill"
2. but there are also some further exceptions to this
-in a way = "ar dhóigh"
-excellent = "ar dóigh" "ar fheabhas"
-of course = "ar ndóigh"
-happening = "ar súil" "ar cois" "ar obair"
245
as grammar
no change
246
chuig grammar
no change
247
chun grammar
means "to" or in "in order to"
when as "to" turns a noun to genitive version
1. chun an bharra = to the bar
2. chun boird = to table
3. chun na hoibre = for the job
"in order to" version is generally interchangeable with similar use of "le"
248
go[preposition] grammar
adds h____ before vowels
go Ceanada, go hUíbh Fhailí
generally used for towns, counties and countries
249
to Ireland
go hÉirinn
(breaks grammar rules)
250
go dtí grammar
no change
251
chun vs chuig vs go
chun/go dtí is for when place has an article (to the ___)
chuig is for events, people
go is for when place no article (to ____)
252
de grammar
adds shéimhiú and t before s
253
do (not your) grammar
adds shéimhiú and t before s
254
faoin grammar
urú except for t and d
255
ag an grammar
urú except for t and d
256
as an grammar
urú except for t and d
257
ar an grammar
urú except for t and d
258
chuig an grammar
urú except for t and d
259
den grammar
Shéimhiú [unless d n t l s]
means off / from / (attached) to
260
don grammar
shéimhiú [unless d n t l s]
261
leis an grammar
urú except for d and t
262
ón grammar
urú except for t and d
263
ar meaning
1. on
2. for (a price)
3. emotion/disease
4. at
niche meanings:
5. of (authority)
6. about
7. about
8. other specific meanings with verbs or in certain phrases
264
negative of "is"
ní
265
negative of "ba"
"níor"
"níorbh" before vowels
266
question of "ba"
"ar"
"arbh" before vowels
267
question of "is"
"an" (does not cause urú after)
268
negative question of "ba"
"nár"
"nárbh" before vowels
269
negative question of "is"
"nach"
270
cé hí
who is she?
271
cé hé
who is he?
272
cé hiad
who are they?
273
cér
who was?
274
cérbh
who was? (before vowel)
275
cérbh iad
who were they?
276
gur vs gurb
gurb is for pronouns or adjectives starting with vowels
277
gur in the past
gur in the past adds a shéimhiú to the next word
gur in the present doesn't affect the next word
278
when gurbh ea is used
gurbh is for pronouns or adjectives starting with vowels or fh in the past
in the past tense to emphasize
279
emphatics of mé, tú, é, í, muid, sibh, iad
mise
tusa
eisean
ise
sinne / muidne
sibhse
iadsan
280
emphatics of mé, tú, sé, sí, muid, sibh, siad
mise
tusa
seisean
sise
sinne / muidne
sibhse
siadsan
281
Adjective singular grammar rules
Agrees with the noun
1. Masc. sing: no change
2. Fem. sing: +h
4. adjectives that begin with vowels don't change
282
Adjective plural grammar rules
Add a or e to the end of the adjective for all plurals
1. plural nouns ending with slender ending: + h
2. plural nouns ending in vowel : no change
3. adjectives ending in air change to ra
4. adjectives ending in úil change to úla
These changes are regardless of gender
283
Adjective with numbered nouns grammar rules
1. singular form for 1
2. plural form for 2 - 19
3. singular form for 20+
284
When adjective is telling that something is/was/will be as opposed to being part of the noun
You leave it in it's basic form
1. [fem. sing]
tá an bhean mhór = the big woman is
tá an bhean mór = the woman is big
2. [masc. plural]
tá na cait bheaga = the small cats are
tá na cait beag = the cats are small
285
Nouns with multiple adjectives
1. If there are multiple adjectives they all adjectives get the same affects they would get if they were on their own.
2. Certain adjectives need to be ordered
[Size - Qualities - Origin] is the general rule
-na himreoirí beaga[S] cineálta[Q] Spáinneacha[O]
286
Adjectives as adverbs rule
go is applied before adjective in two scenarios
1. when saying I do something adjectively e.g. I work fast
-D’oibrigh mé go sciobtha
2. when bí is with adjectives of opinion [good, bad, beautiful]
-Tá sé go hiontach/dona/hálainn
go adds a h before adjectives starting with a vowel
287
Chomh with adjectives uses
1. Chomh [adj] le = as [adj] as
2. Chomh [adj] is a bhí/tá [noun] = as [adj] as [noun] was/is. NOTE: not copula is but instead the shortened agus
3. Chomh [adj] sin = all that [adj] / so [adj] that
4. Chomh [adj] céanna = just as [adj]
5. Cé chomh [adj] le? = How [adj] is?
288
chomh mór le
as big as
289
Níl Seán chomh sásta is a bhí Máire
Seán wasn't as satisfied as Máire was
290
Níl sí chomh maith sin
It isn't all that good
291
Tá Síle chomh beag céanna.
Síle is just as small
292
Bhí sé chomh beag sin nach bhféadfaí é a fheiceáil
He was so small that it couldn't be seen
293
Cé chomh ard le Colm?
How tall is Colm?
294
Adjectives in genitive with male singular nouns
1. +h
2. if adjective is one syllable add i after the final vowel unless it ends in ll, rr, nn or m
3. if adjective ending in:
-[ach change to aigh] obair an duine bhradaigh
-[each change to igh] hata an fhir uaignigh
295
Adjectives in genitive with female singular nouns
1. no change
2. if adjective ending in:
-[ach change to aí] crainn na coille craobhaí
-[each change to í] caint na mná uaigní
296
Adjectives in genitive with plural nouns
1. never add +h
2. nouns in genitive almost always are identical to their nominative singular or plural forms
3. if plural noun in genitive is the same as nominative singular then use that corresponding version of the adjective
4. if plural noun in genitive is the same as nominative plural then use that corresponding version of the adjective
297
trí vs tríd
trí is for normal
tríd is for before singular article [an] (tríd an)
other ones like na, mo, do, a use trí
