Grape Varieties Flashcards

Question

Describe the characteristics of Marsanne, including budding, vigour, ideal sites, yields, vulnerabilities, colour, flavour and structure.

Answer 1

Budding: late Vigorous --\> control yield for quality Ideal sites: stoney, low fertility soils --\> slopes Vulnerable to: powdery mildew, mites, BBR Colour: med lemon Flavour: Low-intensity honeysuckle, lemon, apricot Structure: Med acid, med-high alcohol, oily texture

Answer 2

Late budding Vulnerable to: wind, coulure, powdery mildew, BBR, mites --\> vineyard work + yields --\> cost Overall trickier to grow than Marsanne Colour: med lemon - gold Flavour: med-med+ intensity pear, herbal, ages faster than Marsanne Structure: Med-med+ acid, med-high alcohol

Answer 3

Ripening: late (--\> autumn rain), accumulates sugar quickly --\> ABV, VDN Yield: high Climate: warm Vigour: grows upright so good for training as bush vine if pruned short Soils: dry, low fertility soil --\> drought resistance Vulnerabilities: coulure, downy mildew, phomopsis, BBR, bacterial blight Style: pale ruby, ripe red fruit, spice, herbal, low acid, low-med tannin, high ABV Used for: blending with Syrah, Mourvedre and more

Answer 4

Budding: late Ripening: late Yield: low Climate: hot for ripeness Soils: soils with water-retaining property (e.g. calcereous) Training: pruned short for either cordon or bush vine Vulnerabilities: water stress, mites, leafhoppers, sour rot Style: Deep ruby, intense blackberry, blueberry, violet, prone to reduction, high + firm tannin and high alc

Answer 5

**Grenache Blanc** - Early budding and resistance to wind --\> where is suitable to grow? - Can reach high ABV --\> VDN - Low intensity ripe green fruit, floral, low acid, high ABV --\> white blends and VDN **Clairette** - Vigorous - soil and rainfall --\> where is suitable? - Needs pruning for vigour (how?) but grows upright (easy to manage canopy) and resistant to wind - Late ripening - Apple, grapefruit, fennel, white flower, oxidises easily, low-med(-) acid and high ABV --\> white blends **Bourboulenc** - Late ripening - Loose bunches and thick skins --\> resistance to BBR - Lemon, med(+) acid, med alc --\> white blends

Answer 6

Budding: late Yield: high --\> must be restricted to produce quality Resistant to: drought, heat Vulnerabilities: chlorosis, Esca, Eutypa, mites, grape moths Style: Light ruby, med-med(+) fresh red fruit, low-med tannin, high alcohol Used for: mid-range temp for ferment --\> fruit and protective winemaking --\> small part of red blends and/or early-drinking reds and rose

Answer 7

Late budding Late ripening - requires warm climate High yields - 200 hL/ha --\> concentration (old vines limit yield and improve concentration) Vulnerable to: powdery mildew, grape moth Difficult to harvest mechanically - grapes attached to vine Typical: med ruby, simple black fruit, high acid, high tannin, acceptable-good/inexpensive HQ: intense black fruit, spice, earth, premium-SP

Answer 8

Mid-ripening Vigorous Vulnerable to: Coulure Aromas: Violet, plum, affinity with oak Structure: Med acid, high tannins

Answer 9

Vigorous --\> trellised Mid-ripening Vulnerable to: BBR Flavours: blackberry, blackcurrant + oak Structure: very tannic, high acid, med-high alc, full body

Answer 10

Early budding Mid-late ripening --\> late harvest Thick skins --\> BBR --\> late harvest Moderately aromatic, high acid --\> sweet wine High alcohol --\> care with picking dates Gros: same but higher yield and less concentration --\> dry wine

Answer 11

Early budding Thick-skinned --\> fungal disease Best on marl Med(-) lemon, apple High acid, med alc, med body

Answer 12

Buds very early Ripens early --\> autumn rain Thin skin Vulnerable to: coulure, fungal diseases Very pale Light red fruit High acid, low tannin, med alc, light body

Answer 13

Thick skins --\> fungal disease Vulnerable to: poor flowering, coulure, sometimes BBR Needs warmth to ripen fully --\> skins Pale ruby Low-intensity red fruit, med-high acid, low-med tannin, med alc, light-med(-) body

Answer 14

- High yields: any time, any place - Most planted in 70/80s - Liebfaumilsch (plantings have since halved) - Simple fruit and floral aromas - Med acidity

Answer 15

- 2nd most planted - Deep colour, fruity/floral, high acid Two styles: 1. Sour cherry and blackberry, some RS, fruity and easy drinking 2. More complex with tannic structure and some oak

Answer 16

Both increasingly popular - Rheinhessen, Pfalz, Baden Grau - likes heavy soils. Stone + tropical fruit, honey. Dry - sweet, med acid, med-full body. Weiss - citrus and stone fruit. Med(+) acid.

Answer 17

Needs water --\> loess Very vigorous - soil type, canopy mngt Thick skins - avoid excessive skin contact Dry, med(+)-high acid 1. Citrus and green fruit, acceptable-good, inexpensive 2. Pronounced peach, ageable, VG-outstanding, premium

Answer 18

Early ripening - rot High yielding Vigorous Vulnerable to potassium deficiency - grapes wither before ripening Resistant to frost, rot Med(+) acid, med tannin, red fruit, range from fruity and unoaked

Answer 19

High acid Neutral aroma Planted in Steirermark - fresh, neutral, unoaked, dry, acceptable-good, inexpensive Planted near Neusiedlersee - noble rot BA or TBA with high acid, pronounced tropical and dried fruit, VG-outstanding and premium

Answer 20

Early budding / late-ripening - generally only found in Burgenland Thick skin --\> rot --\> Neusiedlersee High yields Range of style including pronounced black fruit, oak and high tannin

Answer 21

Late ripening while retaining acid Thick-skinned --\> protects from grey rot but still susceptible to botrytis Lemon, apple, pear --\> honey and nuts with age; oak ageing common on premium styles --\> dried apricot and mango with botrytis High sugar levels --\> dry styles may be full-bodied with high alcohol --\> but modern viti means can achieve phenolic with too much sugar ripeness

Answer 22

Hárslevelű peach and orange blossom Sárga Muskotály floral notes (see MBPG)

Answer 23

**Similarities** - Best examples of all three from old-vines / bush-vines - All three are planted across Greece - Savatiano and Roditis produce high yields - Savatiano and Roditis are both used for high vol wines and Retsina - Assyrtiko and Savatiano have high acid **Differences** - Savatiano is especially known for its drought resistance - Assyrtiko has best reputation for HQ - Assyrtiko retains acidity even at very high levels of ripeness and often has high ABV

Answer 24

- Drought resistant - Capable of high volumes - Mainly for Retsina - HQ from dry-farmed / bush vines - citrus, pear, stone fruit, nutty

Answer 25

- Widely planted - Pink skinned - High yields --\> cheap wine, retsina - HQ from Pelo -\> high acid, med body, melon

Answer 26

- Widely planted - High acid / alcohol --\> ageability - Citrus, stone, tropical, flint + oak for Nykteri styles - Sweet wines from dried grapes

Answer 27

- Mainly from Mantinia in Pelo - Pink skinned --\> rose from skin-contact - Aromatic - citrus, floral, spice (like Muscat) - High acid, light-bodied, 12%

Answer 28

- Modest plantings across Greece - HQ in various vessels - Med acid, med body - Stone fruit, floral, herbal/herbaceous (cooler sites)

Answer 29

- Mainly Pelo esp. Nemea PDO - Range of styles from light to full reds, rose, sweet - Med acid, med-high tannin, med alcohol - Red fruit, can be jammy, sweet spice - Oak often used, sometimes new

Answer 30

- Grown throughout Greece, best in Macedonia (Naoussa) - Pale-coloured --\> bricks rapidly - High acid, grippy tannin and vegetal in youth --\> benefits from oak and bottle ageing --\> flower, herb, spice, leather, earth

Answer 31

Group of four varieties that are commonly co-planted Vigour and high yields - pergola Pale ruby Violet, strawberry Low tannin, light-med body May be blended with Lagrein to add colour and body

Answer 32

Need warmth and sunshine Can suffer from poor fruit set - yields Can be bitter if too much extraction Deep colour for either reds or rose

Answer 33

Early budding / late ripening Vigorous Likes calcareous marl soils and south-facing slopes Pale Pronounced violets, rose, red plum, cherry High acid, high tannin, high alcohol, full body

Answer 34

Early budding/late-ripening (although earlier than Nebbiolo) Very vigorous Disease resistant but vulnerable to fan leaf Very high yielding Med-deep ruby High acid, med tannin, med alcohol Red plum, cherry, black pepper

Answer 35

Early ripening - which sites? Susceptible to fungal disease, delicate buds, sensitive to cool weather Low vigour Reductive - how should it be managed? Deep colour Med(+) intensity, red cherry, floral Med(-) acidity, med(+) tannin

Answer 36

Relative of Nebbiolo with fragrancy but lower tannin

Answer 37

- High yielding - Thin-skins - Susceptible to rot - Light intensity lemon, pear, white flowers - High acid, medium body

Answer 38

Light intensity lemon, peach, white flower, chamomile Med(-) acid

Answer 39

All - vigorous, mid-late ripening, deep colour, med tannin, good/VG quality Terol - black cherry Marzemino - red cherry Lagrein - red and black cherry

Answer 40

Mid-late High yields and vigorous Stems can dry out easily, resistant to mildew Teroldego Rotaliano DOC - far north of region, sandy/gravelly soils N.B. wines from Teroldego cannot be bottled Trentino DOC

Answer 41

- Mid-late ripening - Vulnerable BBR, powdery mildew - Older vines on pergola, less vigorous clones on spur-pruned, cordons Ziresi sub-zone - sun exposure, rich chalky/clay soils

Answer 42

Flavours: Med(-) apple and floral (Friulano), citrus and pepper (Ribolla) Structure: Med (+) acid, med-high alcohol (Friulano), high acid (Ribolla) Winemaking: SST or some oak and can age (Friulano), huge range including sparkling, off-dry, extended skin-contact (Ribolla) Also: Friulano: disease resistant Ribolla: vigorous (so usually grown on hillsides), prone to shot berries

Answer 43

- Late-ripening - Vigorous --\> best sites on hills with poorer soil - Resistance to BBR - Red cherry, herbal - High tannins --\> barrel maturation

Answer 44

Ripening Late Yield High Vigour extremely --\> pergola by tradition, trellised Vulnerabilities Winter freeze, mildew, BBR Flavour Med intensity lemon, pear, stone fruit, pepper --\> almonds, honey; generally no oak Structure High acid, med body

Answer 45

Ripening Mid-late Yield High Vigour Extremely Training Pergola b/c first few buds don't produce fruit, reduce disease pressure, provides shade, although increases waterloss Vulnerabilities Sunburn, drought Flavour Red cherry, red plum, violet, herbal Structure High acid, low-med tannin

Answer 46

Berry size Large Vulnerabilities Downy mildew, uneven ripening (labour) Flavour Red cherry fruit Structure Tannin N.B. dries well for appasimento style

Answer 47

Rond - red cherry fruit, accumulates sugar quickly (good for sweet wine) Molinara - pale colour, gives acidity, red fruit, freshness

Answer 48

Early budding, late ripening Needs adequate sunlight and warmth - S/SE facing, 200-550m for adequate ripening over long season, does best on well-drained limestone, works on clay too Vigorous High yielding - although clonal selection has sought to reduce this. Why? Vulnerable to BBR, Esca, boars Med ruby Red cherry, red plum, herbal High acid, high tannin, med-full body

Answer 49

Late budding Vigorous Very high yielding Good disease resistance and happy in hot, sunny conditions but vulnerable to downy mildew, Eutypa dieback Neutral flavours High acidity

Answer 50

Red berries, floral Light-tannin Minor blending partners to Sangiovese - less dominant in flavour than Merlot/Cab

Answer 51

Mid-late ripening High yielding but yields are now restricted within DOCG of same name Lemon, floral Med+ acid

Answer 52

Density low --\> first four buds sterile so pruned long Ripening late --\> risk of late rain Vulnerable mildew, botrytis bunch rot Colour pale Aromas med(-) intensity blossom, apple, lemon, fennel, almond Structure high acid, med body

Answer 53

**Pecorino** disease resistant and early ripening but has sterile buds so must be trained long; apple, pear, herbal; high acid + alcohol, medium body--\> released early or 12-18mnths in old oak with some labelled Offida Pecorino DOCG N.B. clonal selection being used to improve productivity **Passerina** disease resistant, high productivity, later ripening than Pecorino (bad why?) but can lose acidity quickly when mature so must be picked promptly; lemon, yellow apple; high acidity **Biancame** and **Trebbiano Toscano** fresh and crips, local consumption

Answer 54

Ripening uneven and needs long season --\> quality/cost implications Resistance to BBR and downy Vulnerable to powdery mildew Colour deep ruby Style - Short Maceration (4-5 days) med intensity red cherry, no oak, med tannin and body Style - Long Maceration (~20 days) med(+)-pronounced red cherry, black plum, oak, large oak vessels

Answer 55

**Grechetto di Orvieto** thick-skinned (late-harvest), downy mildew, low-med intensity lemon and white flowers, high acid, med body **Sagrantino** requires heat to ripen, vulnerable to spiders who reduce veg growth, vine moths plus downy and powdery mildew, med(+)-pronounced black fruit, high acid and very high tannins, can age

Answer 56

Ripening mid-to-late --\> autumn rain Resistance disease resistant Vulnerabilities can shrivel at the end of the season Flavours Med intensity apple, peach, grass, unoaked Structure Med(+) acid

Answer 57

Mid-late ripening often picked in October Low vigour and yields Resistant to heat and drought Vulnerable to grey rot, powdery and downy mildew Flavours Stone fruit, floral, smokey --\> unoaked and can age Structure High alcohol, oily texture

Answer 58

Late ripening Vulnerable to powdery and downy mildew Resistant to botrytis due to thick skin Med(-)-med intensity peach, floral, hazelnut --\> mostly SST, can benefit from bottle age Med-med(+) acid, med(+) body, waxy texture --\> lighter styles from fast-draining sand, heavier styles on clay

Answer 59

Early budding / late ripening --\> tannins need a long season to ripen Vigorous and yields need to be controlled for ripeness --\> cordon/spur or RCP, with VSP Vulnerable to BBR and, therefore, late-season rain Med(+)-pronounced rose, red plum, blackberry High acid, high tannins --\> long maceration (20 days), aged in oak to soften whether small barrels or large oak

Answer 60

+ Ripens early --\> avoids autumn rain + Loose bunches with small berries (cf. to Cali Zin) --\> more disease resistant +/- accumulates sugar rapidly and can dry on the vine --\> careful with picking time to balance alcohol with phenolic ripeness +/- Vulnerable to poor flowering and fruit set in rainy years --\> but generally fairly dry - Early budding --\> prone to spring frost - Ripens unevenly within bunches --\> must sort to make HQ wine

Answer 61

High yielding, resistant to drought and disease Black plum, black cherry, med acid, med(+) tannin, med-high alc

Answer 62

1. Needs long season to ripen --\> autumn rain 2. Prone to downy mildew 3. Uneven ripeness requires multiple passes Med intensity red cherry, red currant, black pepper, med(+) acid, high/fine-grained tannin

Answer 63

Flavour and Structure Cata - light intensity lemon and herb; dry, high acid and med alcohol Grillo - medium intensity lemon and floral; dry, high acid, med alcohol, full-bodied --\> best examples oaked Inzolia - medium(-) intensity lemon; dry, med acid, med body Zibibbo - grape and peach; dry --\> late-harvest --\> passito, can be low in acid

Answer 64

Cataratto - high yielding and disease resistance --\> reduces costs --\> volume production Grillo - high yielding, disease-resistant, heat resistant BUT grapes can oxidise easily Inzolia - drought resistant Moscato - heat and drought resistant BUT acid can fall quickly

Answer 65

Late ripening --\> often close to the ground to aid further but happy to cooler, wetter areas too Vigorous Vulnerable to powdery mildew and uneven flowering Deep ruby Red cherry --\> black plum, with oak for premium Med-med(+) acid with med(+) - high tannins Inexpensive --\> premium

Answer 66

Early budding Late ripening Vulnerable to frost, coulure, autumn rain, powdery mildew, BBR, sunburn Colour pale-medium ruby Flavours pronounced red cherry, violet, herbal, earthy Structure High acid, med-high tannins, med-high ABV

Answer 67

Early budding spring frost Mid-ripening less prone to autumn rain Prone to downy mildew and grapevine moth - which is more of an issue? Medium intensity lemon and acacia, sometimes with tropical fruit \*delicate\* Medium(+) acid, medium alcohol, medium body

Answer 68

Warm climates drought tolerant and able to retain acidity (also mid-late budding --\> continental climates) Difficulties uneven ripening, vigour Yields high Colour deep --\> popular for blending in inexpensive wine Flavour Blackberry, black cherry, chocolate Styles: 1. Deeply coloured rosé 2. High acid, med tannin, light-bodied red made with semi-carbo 3. High acid, med(+) tannin, med(+)-full body made from old vines and oak Quality-Price Acceptable-VG/Inexpensive-mid-priced

Answer 69

Tempranillo - raspberry and black plum, med-med(+) acid and tannin (88% of plantings) Garnacha - strawberries, soft tannin, body (8% of plantings) Graciano - fresh black fruit, high acid and tannin (2% of plantings)

Answer 70

Mazuelo (Carinena/Carignan) - black fruit, high acid Maturana Tinta (Trousseau) - deep purple colour, fresh cranberry and blackberry, high acid Cabernet Sauvignon - black fruits, high acid and tannin

Answer 71

Drought resistant Low yields Vulnerable to fungal diseases Fresh black fruit

Answer 72

- Late budding and ripening - Susceptible to botrytis - Warm, dry sites 1. High yields --\> neutral, early-drinking in SST 2. Low yields --\> concentrated, complex wines with ageing potential via barrel-ferment and maturation

Answer 73

Temp Blanco - lemon, grapefruit, pineapple + high acid Malvasia & Garnacha Blanca - both add more complexity, Garnacha adds acidity; usually in oak matured wines Verdejo & Sauvignon Blanc - blended with Viura for unoaked styles

Answer 74

1. Fungal disease resistance - thick skins 2. Early-mid-ripening - can achieve full ripeness in most years 3. Attractive flavour characteristics - apple, lemon, grapefruit, peach, floral --\> fresh wines 4. Attractive structural characteristics - high acidity, med(-)-med body and med alcohol --\> fresh wines without being too thin

Answer 75

Loureira early ripening; aromatic citrus, pear, floral, herbal; med(+) acid Treixadura mid-ripening; apple and peach; low acidity Caino Blanco late-ripening; citrus; high acid Souson and Cainto Tinto used for reds - 1% of production

Answer 76

**Budding** Parellada: early-budding Xarel-lo: mid-budding Macabeo: late-budding **Ripening** Macabeo: early ripening Xarel-lo: mid-ripening Parellada: late-ripening (must be planted at altitude to avoid excessive ABV) **Susceptible** Parellada: frost, powdery mildew Xarel-lo: Powdery and downy mildew Macabeo: Botrytis and bacterial blight **Flavour** Parellada: floral Macabeo: Light intensity apple, lemon Xarel-lo: Greengage, gooseberry, fennel; works well with oak

Answer 77

Late-ripening, acid retention and drought tolerance make it suited to climate Planted bush vines at low density

Answer 78

Loureiro mid-ripening; med(+) acid; citrus, pear, floral, herbal Alvarinho high quality with growing plantings; med(+)-high acid and some body; citrus, peach, tropical Pederna (Arinto) mid-ripening; neutral Avesso late-ripening, lower in acid/fuller in body; citrus and stone fruit Trajadura low in acid, apple and peach

Answer 79

Blends are common Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional both retain acid and have ripe (not jammy) black fruits - Franca gives med body and alcohol - Nacional mid-ripening, deep colour and high tannin with floral notes Sousão prized for its high acid Tinta Roriz an early-ripening variety that yields well but liable to water stress, contributes body and colour

Answer 80

Viosinho floral, stone fruit, low acid, full body Rabigato floral, citrus, high acid Gouveio (Godello) citrus, stone fruit, med(+) acid Moscatel Galego Branco grape, floral, well-suited to heat

Answer 81

A grape for HQ white wine in Dao with lemon, peach and floral, med-med(+) acid and full body Made protectively or with oxygen exposure, lees stirring and ageable etc. Sometimes blended with Malvasia, Bical, Cercial

Answer 82

Late ripening which makes it vulnerable to autumn rain Productive so inspid when grown on alluvial soils Best examples are on warm, relatively infertile soils - planted on clay + limestone in Cantanhede - soils pebbles and rocks which reflect heat - south west slopes protected from northerly winds Style Cranberry, cherry, plum with high acid and tannin, med body

Answer 83

Maria Gomes early ripener and yields well, med(+) acid, citrus, floral Bical early ripener, med(+) acid, peach and tropical fruit Arinto and Cercial both have apple, citrus and add acid to blends

Answer 84

**Traminette** Gewurtz-like aromas, high acid, low alcohol **Vignoles** susceptible to noble rot and high acid **Vidal** ice wines

Answer 85

Relatively late-ripening - 2-3 weeks after Merlot Lits warm, sunny sites to avoid too much herbaceousness + underripe tannins Can easily become too alcoholic, however Flavour ripe black fruit, herbaceous + oak flavours Structure med acid, high tannin, full-body (good-VG)

Answer 86

Late ripening / high yielding Deep colour Red and black fruit, med(+) acid, med tannin, med alcohol

Answer 87

Vigourous cross of Muscat of Alexandria and Criolla Chica Early ripening --\> can easily become over-ripe --\> style Aromatic floral with more lemon, grapefruit, peach in better examples Can often lack acidity, high alcohol, bitter finish

Answer 88

Neutral grape that is widely planted (less so given focus on reds) --\> simple wine for domestic market