GRE Notes Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
Dopamine
A
pleasure, motivation, reward
2
Q
Serotonin
A
emotional processing
eating, sleeping, sexual behavior
3
Q
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
A
adrenaline
4
Q
Cortisol
A
steroid stress hormone, suppresses immune system
5
Q
Endorphin
A
endogenous opiate, produced by pituitary gland
6
Q
Substantia Nigra
A
dopaminergic neurons, implicated in Parkinsons
7
Q
Alternate (Parallel) Reliability
A
A research subject is given two different versions of the same test at different times
8
Q
Inter-Rater (Inter-Observer) Reliability
A
The degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon
9
Q
Test-Retest Reliability
A
The consistency of a measure from one trial to another
10
Q
Internal Consistency Reliability
A
The consistency of results across items within a test
11
Q
Categorical Perception
A
A phenomenon of perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum
12
Q
3 Key Dimensions of Temperament
A
- The Easy Child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishing regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences.
- The Difficult Child tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engaging in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept new experiences.
- The Slow to Warm Up Child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability and displays a low intensity of mood.
13
Q
Semantic Memory
A
Consists of ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience (housed in LTM)
14
Q
Spatial Summation
A
Multiple simultaneous inputs of neurotransmitters
15
Q
Temporal summation
A
Repeated inputs of neurotransmitters
16
Q
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
A
Increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential
17
Q
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
A
Decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential
18
Q
Modulatory Neurotransmitters
A
Modulate and influence the effects of other chemical messengers
19
Q
Fast Mapping
A
Rapidly learning a new word by contrasting it with a familiar word
20
Q
Telegraphic Speech
A
Speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition. Sounds like a telegram
Ex: Drive car
21
Q
Holophrase
A
A single word (such as OK) that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
22
Q
Two-Stream Hypothesis of Neural Processing
A
The ventral stream (or “what pathway”) = visual identification and recognition.
The dorsal stream (or “where pathway”) = spatial location relative to the viewer
23
Q
Social Referencing
A
Using cues from people in the environment to learn what behaviors are appropriate in that particular setting
24
Q
Standard Deviation
A
The measurement of the variability of individual scores
25
Cross-sectional Study
Analyzes data collected at one specific point of time within one specific sample
26
Sequential Study
Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs, follows several differently aged cohorts over time
27
5 Main Contributions of Carl Jung
* The collective unconscious
* Dream analysis
* Identified Extroversion & Introversion
* Psychological complexes
* Emphasis on spirituality
28
Jung's 3 Parts of the Human Psyche
```
The ego (the conscious mind)
The personal unconscious (which includes memories both recalled and suppressed)
The collective unconscious (which included Jung’s ideas concerning Archetypes).
```
29
Eysenck’s PEN Model of Personality
Psychoticism-Normality
Extraversion-Introversion
Neuroticism-Emotional stability
30
Color (subtractive or additive)
Subtractive
Blue and Yellow absorb all other wavelengths except green
31
Light (subtractive or additive)
Additive
32
Object Relations Theory
Infants form mental representations of themselves in relation to others, which influence interpersonal relationships later in life
33
Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch)
1. If two tasks make use of the same component (of working memory), they cannot be performed successfully together.
2. If two tasks make use of different components, it should be possible to perform them as well as together as separately.
34
3 Components of Working Memory
* Visuospatial Sketchpad — (visual and spatial information, navigation)
* Phonological Loop — (spoken and written material, phone numbers etc)
* Central Executive — Allocates data to subsystems, mental arithmetic
35
3 Contributions of Herman Ebbinghaus
Pioneered the experimental study of memory
First established and used CVCs (consonant/vowel/consonant) to test memory
Discovered forgetting curve (forgetting things over time) and spacing effect (spacing learning allows better commitment to long-term memory)
36
Forgetting Curve
Forgetting things over time
37
Spacing Effect
Spacing learning allows better commitment to long-term memory
38
Multi Store Model of Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin) or Modal Model
Memory consists of three stores:
Sensory register
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)
39
Pragmatics
The skill of using language socially and being able to adapt it to different situations.
It's key to being able to take part in conversations and interactions in socially acceptable ways
40
Semantics
The meaning in language
Ex: "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning
41
Syntax
The format in which words and phrases are arranged to create sentences
42
Theory of Universal Grammar
All languages possess the same set of categories and relations and that in order to communicate through language
43
Morphology (Linguistics)
Study of morphemes that seeks to determine the base units of meaning within a given language
44
3 Branches of Phonetics
1) articulatory
2) acoustic
3) auditory
45
Excitation-Transfer Theory
Physiological arousal will result in a subsequent period of time when the person will experience a state of residual arousal yet be unaware of it
46
Self-affirmation Theory
Individuals adapt to information or experiences that are threatening to their self-concept
47
Self-verification Theory
People want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves
48
5 Developmental Emphases of Lee Vygotsky
* Culture affecting cognitive development.
* Social factors contributing to cognitive development.
* The role of language in cognitive development.
* Adults are an important source of cognitive development.
* Social learning tends to precede development.
49
Self-serving Bias
Tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
50
Pluralistic Ignorance
A situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others accept it
51
Actor-observer Bias
A tendency to attribute one's own negative actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes
52
Father X-Dominance Genes
* 100% chance to pass to daughters
| * 0% chance to pass to sons
53
Mother X-Dominance Genes
* 50% chance to pass a nonfunctional gene to sons and daughters
* 50% chance to pass carrier to sons and daughters
54
Father X – Recessive Genes
* 0% chance to pass on the gene to his sons,
| * 100% chance to pass on the gene to his daughters
55
Mother X – Recessive Genes
* 100% chance pass the gene that to her sons.
* 100% chance sons will be affected by the condition.
* 100% chance pass the gene to her daughters.
56
Sign Stimulus
The essential feature of a stimulus, which is necessary to elicit a response
57
Generalization Gradient
The degree of stimulus generalization that an organism exhibits during conditioning.
Typical shape is steep.
58
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
```
Primary circadian pacemaker in the brain. It generates circadian rhythms in:
rest and activity
core body temperature
neuroendocrine function
autonomic function
memory and psychomotor performance
```
59
One-tailed test
Only studying in one direction.
If a mean is x, you might want to know if a set of results is more than x or less than x.
A one-tailed test is more powerful than a two-tailed test, as you aren't considering an effect in the opposite direction.
60
Reactance
Occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away their choices or limiting the range of alternatives
61
Illusory Contours (or Subjective Contours)
Optical illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge
62
Mach Bands
Optical illusions that exaggerate the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another
63
Texture Gradient
The distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away
64
Geon
A fundamental shape that, when combined with other geons, forms the basis of all more complex structures
65
Boundary Extension Phenomenon
People tend to remember more of a scene or boundary than was originally present in the original picture
66
Kohlberg’s 3 Stages of Moral Development
1) Pre-conventional
2) Conventional
3) Post-conventional
67
Kohlberg's Pre-conventional Stage
1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?)
2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?)
68
Kohlberg's Conventional Stage
1. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/girl attitude)
2. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality)
69
Kohlberg's Post-conventional Stage
1. Social contract orientation
| 2. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)
70
Johnson and Heinz’ Multimode Theory of Attention
Attention is flexible. Selection of one message over another message can be made at any of various different points in the course of information processing.
71
Transduction
A receptor cell converts the energy from a stimulus into an electrical signal
72
Difference Threshold (or Just Noticeable Difference)
The minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time
73
Public Goods Dilemma
A real-world decision whereby the outcome for any individual depends on the decisions of all involved parties
74
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness
75
Decentering (or Decentration)
The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation
Occurs during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage
76
Seriation
The ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type
Occurs during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage
77
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling
78
Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike)
Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
79
Edwin Guthrie's view of Association
The simple association of an external stimulus and a behavioral response was sufficient for an animal or human subject to connect the two mentally. Only a single incident was enough for the association to be learned
80
Theory of Successful Intelligence (Robert Sternberg) (3 Types)
Comprises three types of intelligence:
analytical (also referred to as componential)
practical (also referred to as contextual)
creative (also referred to as experiential)
81
Howard Gardner's Theory of Intelligence
Traditional definitions of intelligence do not capture the wide variety of abilities humans display.
According to Gardner, there are eight primary forms of intelligence
82
Trichromatic Theory
Our eye detects with red, green and blue receptors and process these to perceive color
83
Opponent-process Theory
We have color receptors and opposing color receptors and perceive color via the balance between the two
84
Specificity (of a test)
The proportion of patients that are known not to have the disease who will test negative for it
85
Within-Subjects Design
The various experimental treatments are given to the same subjects
86
Between-Subjects Design
The various experimental treatments are given to different groups of subjects
87
Correlational Research
A researcher measures two variables, understands and assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable
88
Main Effect
The statistically significant difference between levels of an independent variable on a dependent variable
89
Social Validation
Individuals conform to the actions of others in a group to be accepted and validated by the group
90
Social Facilitation
Improvement in individual performance when working with other people rather than alone
91
The Stroop Effect
Occurs when you must say the color of a word but not the name of the word
92
The Pop-out Effect
Occurs when a visual stimulus that is comprised of differing components has mostly similar looking objects but one differing object that 'pops-out' or stands out very noticeably
93
The Flynn Effect
The substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century
94
Implicit memory
Long-term memory that is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviors.
One of its most common forms is procedural memory, which helps people performing certain tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
95
Explicit Memory
Long-term memory that can be consciously recalled: general knowledge or information about personal experiences that an individual retrieves in response to a specific need or request to do so.
96
______ plays a fundamental role in short-term and working memory
Prefrontal cortex
97
Serial Memory Processing
Attending to and processing one item at a time
98
Parallel Memory Processing
Attending to and processing all items simultaneously
99
Subjective Constancy (or Perceptual Constancy)
The perception of that an object is constant even though our sensation of the object changes
100
Flashbulb Memory
A highly detailed 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard
101
3 Stages of Memory
1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval
102
Iconic Memory
Visual sensory memory
103
Episodic Memory
The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
104
Rote Recall
Recollection of information that has been stored in its entirety
105
Signal Detection Theory
the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that serve to distract
106
Retroactive Interference
Difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information
107
Subliminal Messages are usually only effective in producing ______ changes in attitude because they are weak
Short-term
108
Rehearsal
Repeating an item over and over again to improve memory
109
______ for each word in a list will likely result in the best surprise recall
Producing a synonym
110
The biggest difference in cognitive testing between Older Adults and Younger Adults is in the area of ______
Divided Attention Tasks
111
Defensive Pessimism
lowering expectations to help prepare for the worst in order to manage anxiety
112
Self-handicapping
Avoiding effort to protect the ego and self-esteem from potential failure
113
Self-regulation
The ability to manage disruptive emotions and impulses
114
What Does the MMPI-2 Test?
10 major categories of abnormal human behavior
4 validity scales are used to assess the person’s general test-taking attitude and whether they answered the items on the test in a truthful and accurate manner
115
Damage to ______ will disrupt a rats eating and drinking
Lateral Hypothalamus
116
Direct pupillary reflex vs. Consensual pupillary reflex
Response to light that enters the same eye
Response to light that enters the opposite eye
117
Oxytocin
Hormone that promotes feelings of love, bonding and well-being
118
Oxytocin is made in the ______, and it is released into the ______
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland
119
Place Theory
Our hearing depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane
Can only account for high frequencies
120
Frequency Theory
Our hearing depends on the frequency of the auditory nerve's impulses, which corresponds to the frequency of a tone and allows us to detect its pitch
Can only account for low frequencies
121
Sensitization
Learning process via repeated exposure to a stimulus results
122
Habituation
Learning process via decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it
123
Personal Construct Theory (George Kelly)
Personality is composed of the various mental constructs through which each person views reality
124
Latane & Darley’s Model of Helping
1. Noticing
2. Interpretation
3. Perception of Responsibility
4. Knowing how to help
5. Deciding to help
125
Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
126
MRI brain imaging of schizophrenia reveal ______ and ______
Enlarged ventricles
| Reduction in prefrontal cortex
127
Purposive Behaviorism (Edward Tolman)
A branch of behaviorism behaviorism focused on meaningful behavior
128
Conformity increases when...(3)
...more people are present
...the task becomes more difficult
...other members of the group are of a higher social status
129
3 Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Hans Selye )
1. Alarm stage (a burst of energy)
2. Resistance stage (resist or adapt to the stressor)
3. Exhaustion stage
130
The Phi Phenomenon
An optical illusion causing the observer to perceive movement in stationary objects
131
Motion parallax
We view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us
132
Linear perspective
Parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge
133
The Ponzo Illusion
The human mind judges an object's size based on its background
134
An ______ is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the ______
independent variable, dependent variable
135
Demand Characteristics
Participants in an experiment unconsciously change their behavior to fit their interpretation of the experiment's purpose
136
Functional Fixedness
A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used
137
The Purkinje Effect
In low light, the eye will shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum, and reds will appear darker relative to other colors
138
The Gestalt Law of Common Fate
Humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction as parts of a single stimulus
139
______ enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.
Benzodiazepines
140
______ in recognizing complex patterns is what distinguishes experts from novices in many endeavors
Speed
141
Freud's 5 Psychosexual Stages
```
Oral
Anal
Phallic - Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls).
Latent
Genital - begins in puberty
```
142
Functionalism (William James)
Mental states are constituted solely by their functional role
143
Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt)
Analyze the adult mind in terms of the simplest definable components, and then find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences
144
3 Types of Humanistic Therapy
1) Client-centered therapy
2) Gestalt therapy
3) Existential therapy
145
Integrative (or holistic) therapy
A blend elements from different approaches to tailor treatment according to each client's needs
146
Social Exchange Theory (George Homans)
Social behavior is the result of an exchange process, where people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships
147
Self-perception Theory (Deryl Bem)
People develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it
148
Attribution Theory
The attributions people make about events and behavior can be classed as either internal or external.
In an internal (or dispositional) attribution, people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. This is opposed to external (or situational) attribution.
149
Francis Galton was the first to study ______ as a test of the relative strength of heredity and environment
Twins
150
_____ is remembered for his research on the conditioning process, as well as the Little Albert experiment
John B. Watson
151
______ discovered the structure of DNA
James Watson
152
Supplication
A self-presentation strategy purposely emphasizing incompetence or weakness
153
Exemplification
A self-presentation strategy whereby an individual attempts to project an image of integrity and moral worthiness
154
Normative Influence
Conformity motivated by fear of social rejection
155
Concurrent Validity
The extent to which the results of a particular measurement correspond to previously established measurements for the same construct
156
Discriminant Validity (or Divergent Validity)
The degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should not be related, are in fact unrelated
157
Convergent Validity
The degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related
158
Face Validity
An assessment or test appears to do what it claims to do
159
Content Validity
How well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended
160
Progesterone
Prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum
161
Vasopressin (or ADH)
modulates complex cognitive functions—such as attention, learning, and the formation and recall of memories—and may also modulate emotion
162
Aldosterone
Principle hormone secreted by adrenal cortex, it helps to regulate mineral and water metabolism by promoting potassium excretion and sodium retention in the kidneys
163
Immanent Justice
The belief that rules are fixed and immutable and that punishment automatically follows misdeeds regardless of extenuating circumstances.
Children up to the age of 8 equate the morality of an act only with its consequences; not until later do they develop the capacity to judge motive and subjective considerations
164
______ believed that personality is made up of individual fundamental traits
Gordon Allport
165
Working Memory
Responsible for the short-term maintenance and manipulation of information necessary for performing complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension
166
The ______ is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
167
The ______ Lobe contains the auditory projection and auditory association areas and also areas for higher order visual processing
Temporal
168
The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
Brainstem
169
The Brainstem is comprised of...(3)
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
170
Rooting Reflex
An automatic response of a newborn to a gentle stimulus applied to the cheek, in which the infant turns his or her head and makes sucking motions
171
Moro Reflex
A reflex in which a newborn infant, when startled, throws out the arms, extends the fingers, and often quickly brings the arms back together as if clutching or embracing
172
Babinski Reflex
The reflex occurring in a healthy infant in which the big toe extends upward and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is gently stimulated
173
Palmar Reflex
A reflex in which the fingers are flexed when the palm is scratched
174
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (or Fencing Reflex)
A primitive reflex also known as the "fencing reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles that of a classically trained fencer
175
Greatest Happiness Principle (John Stuart Mill)
Actions are considered moral when they tend to promote happiness and deter its opposite, and immoral when the opposite occurs
176
Prominent representative of Utilitarianism, which emphasized the need for a scientific basis for philosophy as well as a humanist approach to politics and economics
James Mill
177
Believed that the mind is a blank state when you’re born
John Locke
178
Did not believe in any single religion and did not believe that one was needed to believe in God. Instead, he was very much interested in the natural laws that were underlying in all religions.
Voltaire
179
Overjustification Effect
Rewarding a person for his or her performance can lead to lower, rather than higher, interest in the activity
180
Insufficient Justification Effect (Festinger Pegboard Study)
In some situations people are more likely to undertake a task that goes against their character or personal beliefs when offered a small reward versus a larger reward, and similarly more likely to decline a desired activity when presented with a mild threat versus a more serious threat
181
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (Linguistic Determinism)
The semantic structure of a particular language determines the structure of mental categories among its speakers
182
Taxonomic Bias
The tendency of children to suppose that a novel word that refers to one thing also refers to similar things rather than thematically related things (dog = collie, dog =/= dog bone)
183
Whole-Object Bias
The tendency of children to suppose that a novel label refers to a whole object rather than to its parts, properties, or attributes
184
Typicality Effect
People are quicker to make category judgments about typical members of a category than they are to make such judgments about atypical members (dog = mammal, whale =/= mammal)
185
Prevalence vs. Incidence
The proportion of the population that has a disease at a point in time (prevalence)
The rate of occurrence of new disease during a period of time (incidence)
186
Signal Detection Theory
The ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns (that distract from the information)
187
Premack’s Principle
The opportunity to engage in behavior with a relatively high baseline probability will reinforce behavior of lower baseline probability
188
Method of Limits
Measure a subject's perception of stimuli by determining at what level a stimulus is perceived by a subject. A stimulus is presented and increased or decreased until it is perceivable by the subject.
189
Method of Loci
method of memory enhancement which uses visualizations with the use of spatial memory, familiar information about one's environment, to quickly and efficiently recall information.
190
Magnitude Estimation Procedure
Subjects estimate the magnitude of physical stimuli by assigning numerical values proportional to the stimulus magnitude they perceive
191
Method of Constant Stimuli
Threshold is determined by presenting the observer with a set of stimuli of which some are above the threshold and of which some are below the threshold but that the set of stimuli are presented in a random order
192
Long-Term Potentiation
Enhancement of synaptic transmission which can last for weeks, caused by repeated brief stimulations of one nerve cell that trigger stimulation of a succeeding cell
193
Long-Term Depression
A long-lasting decrease in the amplitude of neuronal response due to persistent weak synaptic stimulation (in the case of the hippocampus) or strong synaptic stimulation (in the case of the cerebellum)
194
Standard T-test
The most basic type of statistical test, for use when you are comparing the means from exactly TWO Groups, such as the Control Group versus the Experimental Group
195
Paired T-test
Used for “Before vs. After” type experiments, where the same individuals are measured before and after the application of some sort of treatment. It can also be used for “Left vs. Right” experiments, where two sides of an individual are given two different treatments.
196
One-Way ANOVA
Similar to a t-test, except that this test can be used to compare the means from THREE OR MORE groups
197
Two-Way ANOVA
Used to compare the means of TWO OR MORE groups in response to TWO DIFFERENT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
198
Linear Regression
Used for comparing the means of Groups along a continuum of THREE OR MORE treatment levels, such as a gradually increasing depth of water. It can also be used to compare response means under THREE OR MORE treatment set at regular intervals, such as a sequence of salinities increasing at intervals of 10 ppt.
199
Slime Effect
Suspicion and dislike of likeable behavior toward superiors
200
Self-reference Esffect
A tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which they are implicated in the information. When people are asked to remember information when it is related in some way to themselves, the recall rate can be improved.
201
The Mood Congruency Effect
A person tends to remember information that is consistent with their particular mood
202
Oligodendrocyte
Forms myelin sheaths around axons
203
Astrocyte
Provide structural support for the brain, and are responsible for many homeostatic controls
204
Microglia
Removes cellular debris from injured or dead cells
205
Monocytes
Influence the process of adaptive immunity
206
Endothelium Cells
Line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall
207
Propinquity
The state of being close to someone or something; proximity
208
The most frequently observed limitation in second language learning after adolescence
Pronunciation
209
Carryover Effect
The effect on the current performance of a research participant is influenced by the experimental conditions that preceded the current conditions
210
Ceiling Effect
Situation in which the majority of values obtained for a variable approach the upper limit of the scale used in its measurement
211
Sleeper Effect
The impact of a persuasive message increases over time
212
2 x 4 Design
Two independent variables, one with 2 levels and one with 4 levels
213
Founders of Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt and William James
214
Spurious Relationship
Two occurrences have no logical connection, yet it may be inferred that they do, due to a certain third, unseen factor
215
Alpha
A measure of internal consistency
216
Extraneous Variables
Any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test
217
All-or-none principle of neurons
A neuron will fire a complete action potential if the threshold is reached, and will not if it has not
218
______ Lobe is responsible for reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation
Frontal Lobe
219
______ Lobe is responsible for processing sensory information from your environment
Parietal Lobe
220
______ Lobe is responsible for eyesight processing
Occipital Lobe
221
______ lobe is responsible for hearing and memory input
Temporal Lobe
222
Allomorph
An allomorph occurs when a morpheme varies in pronunciation but not in meaning. For example, the pluralizing morpheme "s/es" in English sounds like "z" in bubbles, but like "s" in cats
223
______ one of the founding members of the structural functionalism psychological approach, viewed conflicts between members of society as analogous to conflicts between organs in the body
Herbert Spencer
224
The McGurk Effect
a well-known illusion which takes place when a person hears a component of a word while watching (or reading) a visual component for a different word
225
Errors of Growth (or Overregulation)
occur when a child learning a language incorrectly applies a general rule to all words
226
In addition to her "ten needs" theory, ______ is also considered to be the founder of feminine psychology.
Karen Horney
227
Nocireceptors
Sensory neurons that are activated by agitating or painful stimuli
228
______ carries low spatial frequency information and high temporal frequency information in the more dorsal regions of the posterior half of the brain
The magnocellular system
229
When conducting a two-way analysis of variance, the degrees of freedom (df) for each factor is best expressed as __________
one less than the number of levels for that factor
230
Non-fluent aphasia
Produces telegraphic language
231
______ popularized the concept of Emotional Intelligence
Daniel Goleman
232
Fight or Flight response is controlled by the ______
sympathetic nervous system
233
Infants are expected to be able to lift their head, smile socially, and coo between the age of
1-3 Months
234
Infants begin to crawl between the age of
7-11 Months
235
Infants start walking between the age of
12-15 Months
236
Infants can begin to sit unassisted between the age of
4-6 Months
237
_____ represents the probability that differences in means are due to random chance and not due to the independent variable’s effects
p-value
238
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infants
239
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
2-3 years, anal stage
240
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years, phallic/Oedipal stage
241
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-11 years
242
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence
243
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adulthood
244
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Adulthood
245
Integrity vs. Dispair
Old age
