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GRE Extra > GRE Psychology Extra > Flashcards

GRE Psychology Extra Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibition Theory

A

forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between the original learning and the later attempted recall

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2
Q

SEPTAL RAGE

A

rage like behavior caused by damage to septal nuclei

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3
Q

VENTRO MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS

A

satiety center of the brain
damage results in being very hungry which leads to hyperhagia

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4
Q

HYPERPHABIA

A

excessive eating

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5
Q

COLLICULI

A

2 nuclei in midbrain associated with involuntary reflex responses, triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

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6
Q

SUPERIOR COLLICULUS

A

receives visual input

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7
Q

INFERIOR COLLICULUS

A

receives sensory info from auditory system, plays a role in reflective reactions

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8
Q

SUPERIOR COLLICULULS

A

receives visual input

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9
Q

PHYLOGENY

A

the study of evolutionary development

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10
Q

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES

A

activate dramatically during puberty

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11
Q

WILDER PENFIELD

A

Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parents of the brain during surgery

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12
Q

METHYLPHENIDATE

A

Ritalin/ADHD Medication

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13
Q

INDUCED MOTION

A

Stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves

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14
Q

ARNOLD GESELL

A

nativist who believed that development was due primarily to maturation

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15
Q

D.W. WINNICOTT

A

object relations theorist

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16
Q

SEPTAL NUCLEI

A

primary pleasure center in the brain
inhibits aggression

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17
Q

PHENOTHIAZINES

A

reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors

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18
Q

PAIN RELIEVING NARCOTICS

A

morphine
opium
heroin

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19
Q

JOHANNES MULLER

A

law of specific nerve energies; each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy

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20
Q

JOHN DEWEY

A

1859-1952
believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole
wrote an article that criticized the concept of reflect arc

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21
Q

PIERRE FLOURENS

A

early 19th century
the first person to study functions of the major sections of the brain (by extirpation-ablation) worked on pigeons

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22
Q

FRANZ GALL

A

1758-1828
earliest theorist on behavior, intellect and personality and how it relates to brain anatomy
doctrine of phrenology-shapes of skull

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23
Q

What are 2 regions of the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal lobes
motor cortex

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24
Q

PREFRONTAL LOBES

A

executive function
associative area
surprises and directs the operations of the other brain regions
perception, memory, emotions, impulse control, long term planning

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25
Q

MOTOR CORTEX

A

voluntary motor movements

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26
Q

Parts of limbic system

A

septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus

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27
Q

Function of limbic system?

A

interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain
associated with emotion and memory

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28
Q

DIANA BAUMBRIND

A

Studied relationship between parental styles and disciplines
authoritative
authoritarian
permissive

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29
Q

S.S. STEVENS

A

Developed Steven’s power law as an alternative to Fechner’s Law

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30
Q

MAX WERTHEIMER

A

1880-1942
phi henomenon
Gestalt Psychologist

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31
Q

SIR FRANCIS GALTON

A

His work helped understand how people differ in their sensory ability
First researcher interested in individual differences
Measured sensory ability of 10,000 people over a span of 6 years

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32
Q

SIR CHARLES SHERRINGTON

A

English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synaptic communication between neurons

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33
Q

THEORY OF ISOMORPHISM

A

1:1 correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain

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34
Q

DEPOLARIZATION

A

moves voltage to threshold
triggering action potential spike

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35
Q

EMIL KRAEPELIN

A

1883
published first book to classify mental illnesses - a precursor to the DSM

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36
Q

JOHN DARLEY & BIBB LATANE

A

performed experiment where they had people listen to someone getting electrocuted

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37
Q

DARYL BEM

A

developed the self perception theory- the alternative to cognitive dissonance

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38
Q

EDWARD HERRING

A

developed opponent process theory of color vision

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39
Q

SOLOMON ASCH

A

studied conformity by asking subject the compare the length of lines

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40
Q

OCD DISORDERS

A

body dysmorphia
hoarding
trichotillomania (hair pulling)
excoriation (skin picking)

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41
Q

CONVERSION DISORDER

A

formerly hysteria
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
ex. paralysis

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42
Q

MINIMAL JUSTIFICATION EFFECT

A

when external justification is minimal
also called: insufficient justification effect

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43
Q

TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH

A

early children speech that omits too many words or word endings

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44
Q

ECTOMORPH

A

inhibited, intellectual personality

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45
Q

ENOMORPH

A

softer, curvier body

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46
Q

MESOMORPH

A

muscular body type, big heart

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47
Q

REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGN

A

same as within-subject
uses multiple measures on the same subject over the same or multiple different times

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48
Q

WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGN

A

pairing each subject with himself by using the same subject in both groups

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49
Q

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

technique of random selection, aiming to be proportionate to real world population

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50
Q

TRUE EXPERIMENT CHARACTERISTICS

A

independent variable manipulated
subjects are randomly selected

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51
Q

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

A

Independent variable not manipulated
just gathering data that already is and seeing if there’s correlation

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52
Q

VARIABLE

A

a factor that varies in amount or kind and can be measured

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53
Q

WILLIAM STERN

A

developed the concept of ratio IQ
compared mental age with chronological age

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54
Q

JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL

A

introduced mental testing in the U.S.

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55
Q

OSWALD KULPE

A

studied imageless thoughts
disagreed with Wundt which stated that whatever you think of, you imagine in your mind

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56
Q

Who established the first psychology lab?

A

Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

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57
Q

Z-SCORE

A

your score - the medium/ standard deviation

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58
Q

EMMERT’S LAW

A

describes the relationship between size and apparent distance
the further the object appears to be the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception

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59
Q

HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER

A

-uncomfortable when not center of attention
-provocative
-shallow emotions
-impressionistic speech
-dramatic
-suggestible
-views relationships as more intimate than they are

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60
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

consists of sensory and motor neurons
neurons distributed through the skin and muscles
transmits information through different fibers
afferent-into the brain
efferent-exit the brain

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61
Q

Where is dopamine found in the brain?

A

basal ganglia

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62
Q

DISASSOCIATIVE DISORDER TYPES

A

-dissociative fugue
-amnesia
-identity
-depersonalitzation disorder

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63
Q

Differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

Left: letters, words, language, related sounds, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic, complex voluntary movement

Right: faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction

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64
Q

SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER (STPD)

A

-unusual behavior
-distorted view of reality
-a pattern of intense discomfort with close relationships and social interactions

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65
Q

NOMOTHETIC

A

focus on groups when studying personality (finding commonalities)

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66
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC

A

studying personality on individual case studies
(Allport)

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67
Q

SYNATAX

A

grammatical arrangement

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68
Q

TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES

A

tells us how we can change one structure into another
ex. from a sentence in an active voice to passive voice, from question to statement

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69
Q

BASE RATE FALLACY

A

ignoring numerical info and instead focusing on stereotypical factors

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70
Q

REPRESENTATIVES HEURISTICS

A

categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the category

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71
Q

AMES ROOM

A

illusion of room and size perception, triangle room

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72
Q

DONALD BROADBENT

A

proposed filter theory of attention
selective attention serves as a filter

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73
Q

KINESTHETIC SENSE

A

awareness of body movement and position

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74
Q

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

A

receptors for balance in inner ear
behind and above cochlea

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75
Q

GATE THEORY OF PAIN

A

Theory that there is a gating mechanism, in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off

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76
Q

RONALD MELZACK AND PATRICK WALL

A

proposed gate theory of pain
can turn pain on/off
located in the spinal cord

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77
Q

PATH OF TRAVEL FOR TOUCH

A

transduction in receptors
somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe

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78
Q

4 CATEGORIES OF TOUCH

A

-pressure
-pain
-warmth
-cold

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79
Q

SOMATOSENSORY MAP

A
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80
Q

PATH OF TRAVEL FOR TASTE AND SMELL

A

Taste: taste center – thalamus

Smell: olfactory bulb

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81
Q

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

A

where smell receptors in nose are found

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82
Q

VON BERESY

A

1960s
empirical studies led to travel wave theory of wave perception which at least partially supported Helmholt’z place- resonance theory

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83
Q

WEVER AND BRAY

A

proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

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84
Q

FREQUENCY THEORY

A

basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and rate of vibration equals frequency of stimulus
1 tone per second

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85
Q

S.E.M.

A

standard error of measurement

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86
Q

DOMAIN REFERENCE TESTING or CRITERION-REFERENCE TESTING

A

evaluates what the test taker knows about a particular domain (subject)

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87
Q

NORM-REFERENCES TESTING

A

assessing someone’s performance in terms of how they perform in comparison to others

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88
Q

CHI-SQUARE TEST

A

works with categorical date rather than numerical data
nominal-categorizing

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89
Q

ANOVA

A

compares the means of more than 2 groups
estimates how much group means differ from reach other by comparing the between group variance to the within group variance called F ratio

F ratio= between group variance/within group variance

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90
Q

T-Test

A

used to compare the means of 2 groups

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91
Q

NAME FOR PROBABILITY OF TYPE II ERROR

A

beta

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92
Q

TYPE II ERROR

A

false negative, error of omission

Null is FALSE and Null is ACCEPTED

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93
Q

TYPE I ERROR

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually tru

Null is TRUE, Null is Rejected

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94
Q

ERRORS IN SIGNIFICANCE TESTING

A
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95
Q

SYMBOL NAME FOR CRITERION OF SIGNIFICANCE

A

alpha

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96
Q

FACTOR ANALYSIS

A

accounts for the interrelationship found among various variables to see how they hang together

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97
Q

CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS

A

type of descriptive statistics that measures to what extent 2 variables are related

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98
Q

Z-SCORE

A

subtract the mean of the distribution from your score and divide the difference by standard deviation

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99
Q

TIME OUT

A

removing the client from reinforcing situation

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100
Q

SUBTRACTIVE COLOR MIXTURE

A

occurs when we mix pigments
yellow, blue, red

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101
Q

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

A
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102
Q

FESTINGER AND CARLSMITH EXPERIMENT (1959)

A

paying people to tell others that the experiment was interesting
$20- no convinced themselves that the experiment was interesting
$1-very convinced

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103
Q

SLEEP STAGE 2

A

Thera waves
slower, fewer faves per second
K complex

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104
Q

CATEGORIES OF DISORDERS IN THE DSM-5

A

-neurodevelopmental
-schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic conditions
-mood disorders
-anxiety disorders (10)
-obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
-trauma and stress related disorders
-somatic symptoms and related
-dissasociative disorders
-eating
-elimation
-sleep-wake
-personality (10)
-sexual disfunction and paraphilias
-gender dysphoria
-impulse control
-substance related

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105
Q

CEREBRAL CORTEX PARTS AND FUNCTION

A

-frontal
-parietal
-occipical
-temporal
sometimes called neo cortex
lots of bumps and folds-convolutions provides increased cellular mass

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106
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

feeding
fighting
fleeing
fucking

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107
Q

Which drugs closely mimic the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinogenics
LSD
mescaline

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108
Q

SYSTEMS PSYCHOLOGY

A

human behavior must be thought of in context of complex systems
applications include organizational psychology and family therapy

People: Baker and Bateson

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109
Q

FREQUENCY

A

number of cycles per second
measured in HERTZ
1 Hz=1 cycle per sound
shorter the wavelength -higher the frequency

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110
Q

APHASIA

A

impairment of language function

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111
Q

Who is the founder of developmental psychology?

A

Stanley Hall

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112
Q

KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME

A

in males
XXY
pairs often with intellectual disability

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113
Q

MOTION AFTEREFFECT

A

if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops

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114
Q

EYE PARTS

A
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115
Q

What does fovea contain?

A

only cones

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116
Q

Parts of psychoanalysis

A

-free association
-dream interpretation
-resistence
-transference/countertransference

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117
Q

PONZO ILLUSSION

A
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118
Q

“BARNUM” EFFECT

A

tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality predictions

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119
Q

EMPERICAL CRITERION KEYING APPROACH

A

testing questions on patients and non patients

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120
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

often in chronic alcoholics
disturbances in memories
caused by B1/Thiamine deficiency

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121
Q

GUILFORD

A

divorced divergent thinking
test to measure creativity

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122
Q

What is serotonin responsible for?

A

mood
eating
sleeping
arousal

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123
Q

RIASEL SYSTEM

A

Holland’s model of occupational themes
realistic
investigative
artistic
social
enterprising
conventional

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124
Q

What are of life does interest testing pertains to?

A

work

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125
Q

WUND ILLUSION

A
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126
Q

What kind of disorder was first type of electrotherapy aimed to tackle?

A

Schizophrenia
Cereletti and Bini

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127
Q

8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

A

trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generatively vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair

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128
Q

WALTER CANNON

A

physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system including the fight or flight response
investigated homeostasis
proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
conceptualization of homeostasis

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129
Q

MUZAFER SHERIF

A

conformity expriment
Robert’s Cave (boy’s camp)
superordinate goals
group made to debate if they saw a moving dot in the dark or not (auto kinetic effect)

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130
Q

INNATE RELEASING MECHANISM (IRM)

A

a mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects certain things with certain physiological responses

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131
Q

SUPERNATURAL STIMULUS

A

a model more effective at triggering a fixed action potential than the actual sign stimulus found in nature

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132
Q

RELEASER (SIGN STIMULUS)

A

a sign stimulus that triggers social behavior between animals

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133
Q

SIGN STIMULUS

A

features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular fixed action pattern

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134
Q

NIKO TINBERGEN

A

ethnologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations
stickleback fish experiment- red bellies

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135
Q

FIXED ACTION PATTERN (FAP)

A

a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by animal; innate

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136
Q

Founder of problem solving concept?

A

Thorndike
Kohler

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137
Q

Founder of cognitive maps concept?

A

Tolman

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138
Q

Founder of observational learning concept?

A

Bandura

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139
Q

Founder of preparedness concept?

A

Garcia

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140
Q

Founder of instinctual drift concept?

A

Brelands

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141
Q

KELLER BRELAND AND MARION BRELAND

A

discovered the studied instinctual drift
raccoon coin experiment

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142
Q

FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY

A

Gordon Allport
given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself
ex. enjoying hunting past the point of having to hunt to eat

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143
Q

HOVLAND

A

studied attitude change

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144
Q

RETICULAR FORMATION

A

neural structure in the brainstem
keeps cortex awake and alert
regulates arousal, alertness and attention
damage can cause sleeping all the time

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145
Q

HERING ILLUSSION

A
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146
Q

INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (IPSPs)

A

decrease likelihood of action potentials

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147
Q

What is the British empiricist school of thought?

A

believed that all knowledge is build through experience
John Locke -tabula rasa

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148
Q

Names of British empirical school of thought believers

A

John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
George Berkley
David Hume
James Mill
John Stuart

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149
Q

DAVID ROSENHAN

A

investigated the effect of being labelled mentally ill by having pseudo-patients admitted to mental hospitals (1973)

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150
Q

BRAINSTEM PARTS

A

hindbrain and midbrain

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151
Q

THALAMUS

A

“way station” for sensory info
structure within the forebrain that serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information (all senses except smell)
after receiving sensory info, the thalamus sorts them and transmits them to areas of cerebral cortex

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152
Q

Where does osmoregulation take place in the brain?

A

hypothalamus

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153
Q

APHAGIA

A

not eating or drinking
usually from damage to the lateral hypothalamus

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154
Q

GENERAL PARESIS

A

disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death
(caused by syphilis)

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155
Q

ELEANOR GIBSON AND RICHARD WALK

A

developed the visual cliff experiment
used to study depth perception

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156
Q

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS

A

infant development

primary: centered around body

secondary: centered towards manipulation of objects

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157
Q

JEROME KAGAN

A

conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine development trajectories of children’s temperament

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158
Q

Who’s considered the father of developmental psychology?

A

Stanley Hall

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159
Q

FUNCTIONALISM

A

stream of consciousness;
studies how the mind functions to help people adapt to environments
attacked structuralism

James, Dewey

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160
Q

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT

A

when extinction takes longer since reinforcement is occasional
ex. gambling

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161
Q

HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THERAPY

A

process of finding meaning in life

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162
Q

HELMHOLTZ

A

developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision;
developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

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163
Q

GUSTAV FECHNER

A

developed Fechner’s law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of sensation

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164
Q

STEREOSCOPE

A

gives impression of depth to a flat picture
stereopsis research
19th century

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165
Q

What are simple cells?

A

give information about orientation

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166
Q

What are complex cells?

A

give information about movement

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167
Q

What are hypercomplex cells?

A

give information about shape

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168
Q

WALTER MISCHEL

A

critic of trait theories of personality
believed that human behavior is determined by the characteristics of a situation rather than a person

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169
Q

SYSTEMIC DESENSITIZATION

A

treatment for phobias
anxiety producing situation followed by relaxation technique
developed by Joseph Wolpe

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170
Q

IMPLOSION THERAPY

A

having the client imagine a fearful situation

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171
Q

Flooding (therapy)

A

experiencing conditioned stimulus (fear) without the unconditioned stimulus that elicited fear

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172
Q

DIFFERENTIAL REINFROCEMENT

A

another name for shaping

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173
Q

VARIABLE INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT

A

behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement
most resistant to extinguishing
ex. parent responding to crying child

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174
Q

FIXED INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT

A

behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex. bi-monthly paycheck

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175
Q

VARIABLE- RATIO REINFORCEMENT

A

behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses
ex. slot machine

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176
Q

FIXED- RATIO REINFORCEMENT

A

behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses

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177
Q

CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT

A

a general name for therapies that attempt to change the client’s behavior by altering the consequences of that behavior
ex. behavioral contracts

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178
Q

CONDITIONED AVERSION

A

conditional aversion paired with aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with punishment
ex. alcohol, smoking

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179
Q

FEATURE DETECTION THEORY

A

noise and clarity in the image

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180
Q

SELF SERVING BIAS

A

one takes credit for things that go well and blames others when things do not go well

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181
Q

OTTO KERNBERG

A

object relations theorist

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182
Q

JOHN A. SWETS

A

refined ROC curves in signal detection theory

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183
Q

RECEPTION TRANSDUCTION PROJECTION AREAS

A

sensory system path

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184
Q

Retina

A

back of the eye
screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels
image-detecting part of eye

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185
Q

DUPLEXITY or DUPLICITY THEORY OF VISION

A

states that retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors

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186
Q

PETTY AND CACIOPPO

A

developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes of persuasion)

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187
Q

EAGLY

A

suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but different social roles

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188
Q

LEON FESTINGER

A

cognitive dissonance theory
conflict + attitude =not in sync
social comparison theory

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189
Q

LENNEBERG, REBELSKY AND NICHOLS (1965)

A

showed that babbling exists in def and hearing children but only haring children progress to talking

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190
Q

ROGER SPERRY AND MICHAEL GAZZANGIA

A

investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using “split-brain” studies

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191
Q

PATH OF VISION THROUGH THE EYE

A

optic chiasm
literal gericulate nucleus
thalamus
visual cortex
occipital lobe
superior colliculus

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192
Q

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

A

stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences

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193
Q

2 TYPES OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTS

A

ESCAPE: the behavior removes something undesirable

AVOIDANCE: the organism gets a warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur and the appropriate response completely avoids the aversive behavior

194
Q

another name for operant conditioning

A

instrumental conditioning

195
Q

Anatomical subdivisions of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

196
Q

Forebrain subdivisions

A

cerebral cortex- complex perceptual-cognitive and behavioral processes
basal ganglia- movement
limbic system - emotion and memory
thalamus- sensory relay station
hypothalamus- hunger and thirst, emotion

197
Q

Midbrain subdivisions

A

inferior and superior colliculi- sensorimotor reflexes

198
Q

Hindbrain subdivisions

A

cerebellum- refined motor movements
medulla oblongata - vital functioning
reticular formation- arousal, alertness, attention

199
Q

Neurons in the eye

A

horizontal
amacrine
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

200
Q

CONTINGENCY (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)

A

conditional stimulus is a good signal for unconditioned stimulus

201
Q

BLOCKING EXPERIMENT

A

hissing noise + rats + lights

The conditioned stimulus is a good signal for unconditioned stimulus and provides non redundant information about the assurance of the unconditioned stimulus

202
Q

ROBERT RESCORLA

A

performed experiments that showed that continuity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

203
Q

Type of conditioning where we add additional stimulus

A

second-order conditioning
sensory preconditioning

204
Q

ACQUISITION (in conditioning)

A

term used to describe the time period when a person is learning association of stimuli

205
Q

Another name for classical conditioning

A

respondent conditioning

206
Q

E.O. WILSON

A

developed sociobiology

207
Q

JANIS

A

developed concept of groupthink

208
Q

ALEXANDER THOMAS AND STELLA CHESS

A

longitudinal study of temperament in children
3 categories:
-easy
-slow to warm up
-difficult

209
Q

WOLP

A

developed method of systemic desensitization to eliminate phobias

210
Q

WATSON

A

Little Albert
acquisition of phobias due to classical conditioning

211
Q

INCLUSIVE FITNESS

A

altruism is not problematic
takes into account the number of offspring that will live to be old enough to reproduce and the # of other relatives who live to reproductive age

212
Q

REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS

A

altruism is problematic
takes around the number of offspring who can reproduce

213
Q

CHARLES DARWIN

A

natural selection

214
Q

KARL VON FRISCH

A

ethnologist who studied communication in honeybees- dancing

215
Q

RANGE

A

highest score minus the lowest score

216
Q

MCCLELLAND AND RUMECHART

A

suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)

217
Q

ARTHUR JENSEN

A

studied intelligence
claimed you could not teach someone to score higher on an IQ test

218
Q

MILLER

A

found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven plus minutes two items

219
Q

LUCHINS

A

used the water jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem-solving

220
Q

LOUIS THURSTONE

A

used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities-factors more specific than g but more general than s

221
Q

CHARLES SPEARMAN

A

suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in the amount of a general factor called g and a specific factor called s

222
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS SUBDIVISIONS

A

lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus
anterior hypothalamus

223
Q

FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS

A

serves homeostatic functions
emotional experience during high arousal states
aggressive behavior and sexual behavior
controls hormone function of autonomic nervous system

224
Q

PREFRONTAL LOBE

A

executive management
emotional arousal
impulse control

225
Q

ORDINAL VARIABLE

A

something that can be divided into ranked categories that doe snot have equal numerical values dividing them

226
Q

REFLEX ARC

A

natural circuits that control reflexive behavior

227
Q

BROCA’S AREA

A

speech production
dominant hemisphere of brain-usually left

228
Q

RAYMOND CATTELL

A

divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout lifespan

229
Q

THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

A

7 defines intelligence types:
linguistic ability
logical-methematical
spacial
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal
interpersonal

230
Q

INTENSITY (sound)

A

the amplitude or heigh of the air pressure wave measured in bells
leant of bell= decibelles
more decibels = noisier
above 140=painful

231
Q

VENTRICLES

A

fluid filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link up with the spinal canal that runs doesn’t the middle of the spinal cord
enlarged ventricles seen in schizophrenia

232
Q

BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES

A

behaviorists considered symptoms to be of of the disorder
helpful with phobias, impulse control ,and personal care for people with disabilities and hospital patients

233
Q

HOWARD GARDNER

A

proposed the theory of multiple intelligence that divides intelligence into seven different types; all of which are equally important;
traditional IQ tests measure only two of seven types

234
Q

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

A

instability of behavior
mood
self image
suicide

235
Q

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

A

1 major depressive episode
2-week period w/ prominent and persistent depressed mood or loss of interest in all or almost all activities
appetite disturbances
weight changes
sleep disturbances
difficulty concentrating or thinking
decreased energy
feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
thoughts of death or attempts of suicide

236
Q

LAW OF PROXIMITY

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

237
Q

THE LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION

A

elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

238
Q

PAIVIO

A

proposed dual code hypothesis

239
Q

ROBERT STERNBERG

A

proposed triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types:
componential
experiential
contextual

240
Q

GULFORD

A

devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity

241
Q

EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (EPSPs)

A

increase likelihood of action potential

242
Q

PREPAREDNESS

A

in born tendencies to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences

243
Q

WOLFGANG KOHLER

A

studied insight in problem-solving with chimps
disagreed with Thorndike
said that animals were forced into trail-error learning because of a situation

244
Q

RETRICULAR FORMATION

A

hindbrain associated with high and low arousal

245
Q

GEORGE KELLY

A

based personality theory on the notion of individual as a scientist

246
Q

CAROL GILLIGAN

A

suggested that males and females have different orientations towards morality

247
Q

EDWARD TITCHENER

A

method of introspection
found structuralism

248
Q

KAREN HORNEY

A

psychodynamic theorist who suggested that there were tree ways to relate to others:
moving towards
moving against
moving away from
neurotic personality is governed by 10 needs:
affection and approval
need to exploit others
need for self sufficiency and independence

249
Q

STANLEY SCHACHTER AND J.E. SINGER

A

Schater-Singer two factor theory of emotion

250
Q

3 sub divisions of the brain

A

hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

251
Q

HINDBRAIN

A

where brain meets spinal cord
primary functions include balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion and general arousal
sleeping and waking

252
Q

MIDBRAIN

A

sensorimotor reflexes

253
Q

FOREBRAIN

A

complex perception, cognitive and behavioral process
influences on human behavior

254
Q

SANDRA BEM

A

suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions
androgyny- very masculine and feminine at the same time
gender identity related to personality

255
Q

MULLER -LYER ILLUSSION

A
256
Q

PROXIMAL VS DISTAL STIMULI

A

distal- actual object or event out there in the world

proximal- information or sensory receptors

257
Q

PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER and CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER

A

formerly dysthymia
similar to major depressive and bipolar but less severe symptoms

258
Q

FREUD’S 5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

A

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

259
Q

REACTION FORMATION

A

defense mechanism- patient responds with opposite of what they feel

260
Q

Treatment modality for enhancing skills of severely intellectual disabled

A

token economy

261
Q

Which sensory modality is integrated with the limbic system

A

olfactory

262
Q

What type of therapy is rational-emotive therapy

A

cognitive behavioral

263
Q

What is VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS responsible for?

A

appetite regulation

264
Q

What is the view on feature detectors in auditory and visual systems?

A

They have been demonstrated in both

265
Q

HEINRICK KLUVER AND PAUL BUCY

A

studied loss of normal ear and range reactions in monkeys results from the bilateral removal of the amygdala
studied amygdala’s role in emotions
Kluver-Bucy syndrome

266
Q

NORMAN TRIPLETT

A

investigated the effect of competition on performance
-perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others
-perform worse on complicated tasks when in presence of other

267
Q

BRENDA MILNER

A

studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M (a famous patient) who’s hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy

268
Q

MCGUIRE

A

studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion

269
Q

LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH)

A

hunger center
receptors able to detect when body needs more food or fluids
plays a role in rage and fighting behaviors

270
Q

STANLEY SCHACHTER

A

studied the relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

271
Q

JAMES OLDS AND PETER MILNER

A

demonstrated the existence of a pleasure center in the brain
using self stimulation studied in rates

272
Q

OBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF SOUND

A

frequency: # of cycles per second; hertzes
intensity: amplitude of sound wave; decibels

273
Q

HUBEL AND WIESEL

A

studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex and hypercomplex cells
1984- Nobel prize

274
Q

MISINFORMATION EFFECT

A

eyewitness testimony is not reliable and prone to distortion based on post event information

275
Q

AMYGDALA

A

plays a role in defensive and aggressive behaviors
dual effect on behavior
when damaged aggression and fear are reduced
lesions lead to hypersexuality

276
Q

GEORGE BERKELEY

A

developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth

277
Q

RECIEVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC curve)

A

use to graphically summarize a subject’s responses in a signal detection experiment

278
Q

STRUCTURALISM

A

breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection
people: Titchener

279
Q

EUGEN BLEULER

A

coined the term schizophrenia (dementia precox -split brain)

280
Q

BENJAMIN WHORF

A

hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived

281
Q

TRIARCHIC THEORY

A

3 aspects of intelligence:
componential (perfoamnce tests)
experimental (creativity)
contextual (street smarts)

Robert Sternberg

282
Q

PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES

A

verbal comprehension
number ability
perceptual speed
general reasoning

Thurnstone

283
Q

ELEANOR MACCOBY AND CAROL JACKLIN

A

found support for gender differences in verbal ability

better verbal abilities in girls

284
Q

WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS or LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS

A

the way we think about the world is determined by the content of language
ex. having multiple words for 1 thing can create a variety of thoughts

285
Q

LATERAL INHIBITION

A

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another
sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas

286
Q

TURNER’S SYNDROME

A

females with only one x chromosome
failure to develop secondary sex characteristics

287
Q

CENTRATION

A

tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon

288
Q

PETTY AND CACIOPPO ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION

A

2 routes of persuasion:
central- if issues is important
peripheral - if issue is not important

289
Q

VALUE HYPOTHESIS

A

risky behavior is valued in certain situations therefore explains risky shift

290
Q

GRADED POTENTIALS

A

intensity proportional to external stimulation

291
Q

HYPERPOLARIZATION

A

reactive refractory period begins

292
Q

CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION BEGINS in…

A

terminal buttons
action potential releases neurotransmitters into synapse

293
Q

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A

movement of conduction along the myelin sheath

294
Q

ERIC KANDEL

A

demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (aplasia) is associated with changes in neurotransmitters

295
Q

ACETOCHOLINE

A

transmits nerve impulses in the muscle
in Alzheimers- loss of acetylcholine in neurons that connect to hippocampus

296
Q

MONOAMINES

A

also called catecholamines or biogenic amines
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine

297
Q

SUBJECTIVE MEASURES OF SOUND

A

pitch: experience of the frequency of sound

loudness: experience of the intensity of sound

timber: quality of sound

298
Q

SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS

A

-delusions (P)
-hallucinations (P)
-disorganized thoughts (P)
-inappropriate affect (N)
-catatonic behavior (P)
-disorganized speech (P)
-flat effect (N)
-blunted emotional expressions (N)

299
Q

WHOLE-REPORT PROCEDURE

A

recall of 9 items
-evidence of capacity of memory

300
Q

another name for visual memory

A

iconic memory

301
Q

SENSORY MEMORY

A

fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli

302
Q

STAGE THEORY OF MEMORY

A

several different memory systems and each has different functions
memories enter various systems in specific order
3 systems:
sensory
short term
long term

303
Q

GENERATION -RECOGNITION

A

an attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall
suggests that recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition

304
Q

2 most common methods of retrieval

A

recall: reproducing info you have previously been exposed to

recognition: realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you’ve seen or heard before

305
Q

Mental processes involved in memory

A

encoding: putting into memory

storage: retaining info in memory

retrieval: recovering the info in memory

306
Q

METHODS OF SAVINGS

A

measures how much of the original list is memorized after repeated reading

307
Q

RESEARCH METHODS USED TO MEASURE COGNITION

A

reaction time
eye movements
brain imaging

308
Q

EDWARD TITCHENER

A

1867-1927
structuralism
introspection
studied higher mental processes

309
Q

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS

A

studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings
developed the forgetting curve

310
Q

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

A

variables that could potentially affect the hypothesis

311
Q

THEORY OF MOTIVATION

A

also known as drive-reduction theory suggests that the goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives

312
Q

CLARK HULL

A

theory of motivation or drive reduction theory

313
Q

EDWARD THORNDIKE

A

proposed law of effect
used puzzle boxes to study problem-solving in cats
functionalist system of thought focusing on how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment

314
Q

What are semicircular cancels involved in?

A

vestibular sense

315
Q

Factory for dispute between place theory and frequency theory

A

basil membrane

316
Q

What determines perceived size?

A

retinal size and perceived distance

317
Q

YERKES AND DODSON

A

developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

318
Q

DANIEL KAHNEMAN AND AMOS TVERSKY

A

investigated the use of heuristics in decision making
studied the availability of heuristic and the representative heuristics

319
Q

ENCODING SPECIFICITY

A

assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding

320
Q

SIR FREDERICK BARTLETT

A

investigated the roles of schemata in memory;
concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process
“War of Ghosts” native American folk tale subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own culture and schemas

321
Q

RETROACTIVE INHIBITION

A

occurs when you forget what you learned earlier as you learned something new

322
Q

PROACTIVE INHIBITION

A

what you learned earlier interfered with what you learn later

323
Q

ELIZABETH LOFTUS

A

studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions

324
Q

OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

A

under the realm of psychodynamic theories of personality
“object” symbolic representation of a significant part of young child’s personality
Melanie Kelin, DW Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernverg

325
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

mode (bimodal, multimodal)
median
mean

326
Q

DISCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A

concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying and summarizing observations

327
Q

INFERNAL STATISTICS

A

making an inference from the sample involved and providing an estimate of popular characteristics

328
Q

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

A

how generalizable the results are
how they relate to application in general public

329
Q

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

A

any cues that suggest to the subject what the researcher expects from them

330
Q

HELMHOLT’Z PLACE-RESONANCE THEORY

A

each different pitch causes a different place on the basil membrane to vibrate

331
Q

AUDITORY PATHWAY

A

auditory nerve
superior olivary complex
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
temporal cortex

332
Q

ORGAN OF CORTI

A

rests on basilar membrane along its entire length
thousands of hair cells-receptors of hearing

333
Q

COCHLEA

A

inner ear
contains salt water like fluid called cochlear fluid
contains basilar membrane

334
Q

OVAL WINDOW

A

entrance to inner ear

335
Q

OSSICLES

A

3 tiny bones in ear
hammer
anvil
stirrup

336
Q

BIPOLAR DISORDER

A

Bipolar I - manic episodes
Bipolar II - hypomania (no impaired functioning or psychotic features, but an individual might be more energetic and optimistic)
formerly manic depression
depression and mania
elevated mood
decreased need for sleep
flight of ideas
elevated self-esteem
impaired judgement
lower sexual restraints

337
Q

OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

A

therapeutic approach centering around the analyst
patient as the object
Winicott

338
Q

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

A

what is it that you want to test
how will the performance on the test fit into the theoretical framework

339
Q

CROSS VALIDATION

A

testing criterion validity on a second sample

340
Q

CONCURRENT VALIDITY

A

test given at the same time as the criterion measure
ex. driving written and road test

341
Q

PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

A

test measures the probability of future performance

342
Q

CRITERION VALIDITY

A

how well the test can predict the individual’s performance on establish test of the same skill

343
Q

FACE VALIDITY

A

if test appears to measure what it’s supposed to measure

344
Q

CONTENT VALIDITY

A

test coverage of a specific area of knowledge

345
Q

VALIDITY

A

extent to which the test measures what its supposed to measur

346
Q

SPLIT HALF RELIABILITY

A

test taker takes only one test but it is divided into equal halves
scores on one half need to be correlated with the other half

347
Q

ALTERNATE- FORM METHOD

A

two different forms of a test that are taken 2 different times

348
Q

Another name for binocular disparity

A

Stereopsis

349
Q

Another name for eardrum

A

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

350
Q

PINNA

A

outermost/fleshy part of the ear
channels sound waves into auditory canal

351
Q

3 sections of the ear

A

outer
middle
inner

352
Q

DEVIATION QUOTIENTS

A

version of IQ quotient by Stanford-Binet in 1960
how far away the person’s score is from average score for that age group

353
Q

BINOCULAR PARALAX

A

degree of disparity between the eyes due to slight differences in horizontal position of the eye

354
Q

JOHN BOWLBY

A

studied attachement in children
pre attachement
3 mo.-disriminates between familiar and unfamiliar
6 mo. -only mother
9-12 mo. -stranger anxiety

355
Q

ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG NAMES

A

thorazine
chlorpromazine
phenothiazine
haloperidol (Haldol)

356
Q

SIMULTANEOUS BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST

A

target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by darker stimulus
process called later inhibition

357
Q

FECHNER’S LAW

A

expressed the relationship between the intensity of the sensation and the intensity of the stimulus
determines that the sensation increases more slowly as the intensity increases

358
Q

Q-SORT

A

ordering of objects tests

359
Q

POGGENDORFF ILLUSSION

A
360
Q

AXON HILLOCK

A

where axon meets cell body and action potential originates

361
Q

SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS

A

language shows cultural nuance based on the native speakers perception of things described in language

362
Q

HANS SELYE’S 3 STAGE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

A
  1. alarm stage- body goes into fight or flight to deal with acute stress
  2. resistance- body adapted to prolonged stress
  3. exhaustion- body collapses from prolonged stage
363
Q

MOTION PARALLAX

A

objects closer to you on fixation point appear to move in the same direction as you

364
Q

DISTRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER (DMDD)

A

present in childhood
negative mood
poor control of temper
minor provocations

365
Q

BASAL GANGLIA

A

coordinates muscle movement as it receives info from the cortex and relays into via the extrapyramidal motor system to the brain and spinal cord
keeps movements and posture smooth
plays a role in Parkinsons and maybe in schizophrenia

366
Q

ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS

A

increase in aggression and sexual behavior
plays role in arousal

feeding
fighting
fleeing
fucking

367
Q

HERMAN WITKIN

A

studied field dependence and field independence using the rod and frame test
personality and perception of world
classified people by their degree of field dependence

368
Q

FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
language processing to problem solving
impulse control and long term planning

369
Q

J. J. Gibson

A

studied depth cues that help us perceive depth

370
Q

MARTIN SELINGMAN

A

conducted studies of learned helplesness
placed dogs in cells w/ high walls, shocked the floor
depression studies

371
Q

GORDON ALLPORT

A

trait theorist
concept of functional autonomy
distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
3 types of trait dispositions:
cardinal
central
secondary

372
Q

NOREPRINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)

A

controls alertness and wakefulness
mood disorders (too little) depression, (too much) mania

373
Q

PERSONALITY DISORDER CLUSTERS

A

Type A:
paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

Type B:
antisocial, histrionic, narcisistic, boardeline

Type C:
avoidant, obsessive compulsive, dependent

374
Q

FEATURE DETECTION THEORY

A

certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli
3 types of cells: simple, complex, and hypercomplex

375
Q

PONS

A

above medulla,
contains sensory and motor tracks between cortex and the medulla

376
Q

JOHN DOLLARD AND NEAL MILLER

A

behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework
also known for his work on approach avoidance conflicts

377
Q

EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

A

increase the likelihood that neurons will fire again
Acetyholine
Glutamate
Histamine
Dopamine

378
Q

CARL HOVLAND MODEL OF ATTITUDE CHANGE

A
  1. communicator
  2. communication
  3. situation
    credibility + trustworthiness
379
Q

ALBERT ELLIS

A

rational emotive therapy (RET)
challenges irrational thoughts

380
Q

RESPONSE BIAS

A

measures how risky the subject is in sensory decision making
based upon non sensory factors

381
Q

FIELD DEPENDENCE

A

capacity to make responses to perceived specific stimuli
influenced by options of others

382
Q

CONDUCTION PROPERTIES

A

action potentials maintain same voltage during travel

383
Q

KURT LEWIN

A

divided leadership styles into 3 cateogires
autocratic
democratic
laisse-faire

384
Q

RAYMOND CATTELL

A

trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
identified 16 basic traits

385
Q

DISCIRMINANT VALIDITY

A

performance on the test in not correlated with other variables that the theory predicts that the test performers should not be related to

386
Q

CONVERGENT VALIDITY

A

testing the same on congruent tests

387
Q

PETTY AND CACIOPPO ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION

A

2 routes of persuasion
-central- if issue is important
-peripheral - if issue is not important

388
Q

REACTION FORMATION

A

repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
ex. displaying affection when someone hurts you

389
Q

DAVID BUSS

A

researched jealousy and anorexia as evolutionary adaptive

390
Q

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

in hindbrain
regulates vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

391
Q

DAVID MCCLELLAND

A

studied need for achievement (N-Ach)
people tend to set small goals to achieve them

392
Q

MORGAN AND MURRAY

A

developed the thematic appreception test (TAT)
projective test to measure personality

393
Q

STRONG AND CAMPBELL

A

developed the Strong-Campbell interest inventory
used to assess interests in different lines of work (that didn’t work and he revised)

394
Q

WECHSLER

A

developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages
these tests yield 3 deviation IQs
verbal IQ
performance IQ
full IQ

395
Q

TERMAN

A

revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test
revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test

396
Q

INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT

A

mental age/chronological age X 100

397
Q

LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

pleasure center of the brain
amygdala-defensiveness and aggression

398
Q

ADRENAL MEDULLA

A

produces adrenaline

399
Q

DAVID HUBEL & TORSTEN WIESEL

A

single cell recording
cat experiments

400
Q

A.R. LURIA

A

Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor and language functions

401
Q

HOLLAND

A

developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes

402
Q

JENSEN

A

suggested that there were genetically based radical differences in IQ
CRITICISED

403
Q

ROTTER

A

developed a sentence completion test
projective test designed to measure personality

404
Q

WIALLIAM STERN

A

developed ratio IQ

405
Q

SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY

A

argued that unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled different depending on mental responses to the environmental stimulus

406
Q

JAMES-LANGE Theory

A

recognize emotions based on how body reacts
body first emotions second

407
Q

SEQUENTIAL COHORT STUDIES

A

combines cross-sectional and longitudinal

408
Q

LEWIS TERMAN

A

performed longitudinal studies on gifted children

409
Q

LERNER

A

just world concept

410
Q

APRAXIA

A

inability to execute motor response to verbal command

411
Q

PREFERENTIAL LOOKING

A

two different stimuli are presented side by side
if the infant looks longer at on of them it is inferred that the infant can perceive the differences between them

412
Q

REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (rCBF)

A

detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

413
Q

ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME

A

female pattern of development in absence of testosterone

414
Q

ERNST WEBER

A

Weber’s law
just noticeable difference

415
Q

DAVID HUBEL & TORSTEN WIESEL

A

worked on physiology of visual perception

416
Q

FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

second brain area to develop
group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory
aggression, fear, pleasure, pain

417
Q

E.G. BORING

A

has suggested that the development of psychology is due no primarily to the efforts of great people but to Zeitgeist

418
Q

CONTRALATERAL COMMUNICATION IPSILATERUM

A

brain communicates with opposite sites of the body

419
Q

HERMANN AND HELMHOLTZ

A

first to measure the speed of nerve impulse
credited with psychology being viewed as science

420
Q

PET SCAN

A

blood flow during activity and activation

421
Q

PSYCHOPHYSICS

A

measures the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses

422
Q

THEODORE NEWCOMB

A

studied political norms

423
Q

FRITZ HEIDER

A

balance theory
explains why attitudes change
attribution theory
2 categories
dispositional
situational

424
Q

HYPERPOLARIZED NEURON

A

needs stronger stimuli to respond

425
Q

AUDITORY CORTEX

A

emotional tone of language processed in non dominant hemisphere

426
Q

NOT an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

SEROTONIN

427
Q

SPREADING OF ALTERNATIVES (Dissonance)

A

convincing yourself your choice was better by pointing out bad attributes about the other choice

428
Q

ARONSON AND LINDER

A

proposed gain-loss principle
an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains consistent
we will like someone more if they liking for us has increased than someone who always liked us

429
Q

RESTING POTENTIAL

A

maintained by sodium potassium pump

430
Q

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A

aciton potential skips along the nodes of reliever

431
Q

CENTRAL ROUTE OF PERSUASION

A

relies on attentivness of the litener to the message:
the validity of it and the credentials of the person

432
Q

GEORGE SPERLING

A

studied the capacity of the sensory memory using the partial report method

433
Q

kinds of nerve calls in the nervous system

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

434
Q

Sensory neuron cells

A

transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

435
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles

436
Q

interneurons

A

found between other neurons, brain and spinal - linked to reflexive behavior

437
Q

glial cells

A

specialized neural cells serving as protection insulated axons by enclosing individual axons in myelin sheTH

438
Q

REFRACTORY PERIOD (NEURON)

A

2 types
absolute refractory period- complete underpolarized
relative refractory period- coresponds to depolarization

439
Q

PEPTIDES

A

endorphins
enkephalins
natural painkillers

440
Q

spreading activation model

A

organizing into map of interconnected concepts
the shorter the distance between 2 words the closer are related in semantic memory

441
Q

TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

A

facilitate the transmission of neuropinephrine and seratoning at the synapse
block repute of monamines

442
Q

WECHSLER’S IQ TEST

A

WPPSI -preschool
WISC -children
WAIS -adult
WAIS II -current version for adults

443
Q

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

A

organizing the information and associating it with information already in the long term memory
use: getting the information into long term memory

444
Q

PARTIAL -REPORT PROCEDURE

A

3x3 matrix of letters
flashed for a fraction of a second
asking to recall one of the rows
george sperling

445
Q

KINETIC DEPTH EFFECT

A

when the object rather than the perciever moves

446
Q

SPREADING ACTIVATION

A

one memory trace will trigger another and another

447
Q

MELANIE KLEIN

A

object realtions theorist

448
Q

MAHLER

A

object realtions theorist

449
Q

REAL MOTION

A

involves moving the light

450
Q

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

A

they deny, falsify and distory reality
they opeate unconsciously
8 types
-repression
-supression
-projection
-reaction formation
-rationalization
-regression
-sublimation
-displacement

451
Q

SEMANTIC VERTIFICATION TASK

A

remembering general knoweledge
subjects asked to indicate weather statement is true or false (measures how long it takes) reponse latency

452
Q

ENCODING: short term memory vs long term memory

A

short term-phonological
long term- semantic/meaning

453
Q

SMITH, SHOBEN, RIPS

A

devised the semantic feature comparison model of semantic memory

454
Q

EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)

A

fight or flight hormone
increases sugar output in liver

455
Q

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

A

book: emile: concerning education (banned)
french philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help of society

456
Q

CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

A

those that affect other variables in a way that produces association

457
Q

COLINS AND LOFTUS

A

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory

458
Q

What is the neural basis for pitch perception?

A

the location on the basilar membrane that vibrates

459
Q

DECAY THEORY

A

if info in long term memory is not used or reheated it will eventually be forgotten

460
Q

CARL ROGERS

A

phenomenological personality theorist
humanistic psychologist
known for client-centered therapy
person centered therapy or nondirective therapy
people have freedom to control own behavior

461
Q

COGNITIVISM

A

behaviorism is not an adequate explanation for human behavior
humanas think, believe and are creative
people: chomsky

462
Q

WEBER’S LAW

A

?1/1=K?
what’s important in producing a JND is not the absolute different between the two stimuli but the ratio of them

463
Q

PAIVIO’S DUAL CODE HYPOTHESIS

A

info can be stored or encoded in 2 ways:
visually: concrete information
verbally: abstract

464
Q

JEAN PIAGET

A

outlined 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor (18-24) primary and secondary reactions, object permamance
preoperational (2-7) has not mastered conservation
concrete operational (7-11) masters conservation
formal operational - has the ability to think like a scientist

465
Q

ALFRED ADLER

A

immediate social imperatives of family and society (social variables)
the creative self-creative force behind the uniqueness
style of life- ways of achieving superiority
psychodynamic theorist best known for the inferiority complex
coined term “life- style”
fictional finalism- motivated by his/hers own unique goals and are based on fictional estimates of life’s values
motivated by strive for superiority

466
Q

JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES

A

persona: mask that is adopted by a person in response to demands of social convention (from social interactions)
anima (feminine) animus (masculine): helps us understand gender, feminine behaviors in males and masculine in females
shadow: animal instincts from lower forms of life, appearance in consciousness, reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions
self: striving for unity, point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious (mandala- magic circle)

467
Q

2 PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY

A
  1. if pressured to do something opposite of personal believes, there’s tendency for attitude change
  2. the greater the pressure to comply the less likely an attitude will change, most likely to change when pressure is minimal
468
Q

KURT LEWIN

A

phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
influenced by Gestalt psychology
saw personality as dynamic and always changing
personality can be divided into systems and different parts shine depending on the situation

469
Q

HANS EYSENCK

A

trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ:
introversion and extroversion
stability and neuroticism (added later)
psychoticism

470
Q

KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

A
471
Q

SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

A

non sensory factors influence what the subject says she senses
non sensory factors include: experiences, motives and expectations

472
Q

4 STAGES OF NEURON FIRING

A

-resting potential
-depolarization
-action potential spike
-hyperpolarization

473
Q

CLARK AND LOCKHART THEORY -3 LEVELS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING

A

First: physical (visual) focusing on appearance, size and shape
Second: acoustical, forcing on the sound, combo words have
Third: semantic, focusing on the meaning of the word
deeper the processing, deeper the effort

474
Q

LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORY/ DEPTH OF PROCESSING THEORY

A

Craik and Lockhart

what determines how long you will remember the material is not what memory system it gets into but the way in which you process the material

475
Q

CRAIK AND LOCKHART

A

developed the levels of processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

476
Q

2 TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY

A

procedural: remembering how to do things
declarative: remembering explicit information
semantic: remembering general knowledge
episodic: remembering particular events you have personally experienced

477
Q

SEMANTIC FEATURE-COMPARISON MODEL

A

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts
the key is amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts

478
Q

KOHLBERG’S GENDER STAGES

A
  1. gender labeling (2-3yrs) identify
  2. gender stability (3-4) can predict that they will be boy or girl when they grow up
  3. gender consistency (4-7) permanency of gender
479
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL GRAPH

A
480
Q

CARL JUNG

A

psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido
suggested that the unconscious and the collective unconscious with archetypes being in the collective unconscious
4 psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition
2 orientations of personality: extraversion and introversion

481
Q

SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY CHART

A
482
Q
A

GRE Extra (2 decks)

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