Greece Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Define civilization
A
An area in which people hold common “values, norms, institutions, and modes of thinking to which successive generations in a given society have attached primary importance
2
Q
Why does DASH dedicate an entire year to this civilization
A
It has a huge influence on American culture. Most influential
3
Q
where does western civilization originate from
A
Europe
4
Q
Greeks outlook on the Gods, life, and the afterlife
A
Humans are pawns for the Gods, existence is tragedy, afterlife isn’t a place to look forward to
5
Q
Where did Greeks find meaning to exist
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Through heroics
6
Q
Define humanism
A
Belief that humans are important, have worth, and are valuable
7
Q
Why is humanism a “great leap” and a “great risk”
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Humans are motivated to achieve big things to be remembered
8
Q
Heroic ideal
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The beginning of his stories hold traditional values of heroics, but goes through hubris and falls
9
Q
Democracy
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A system of governments by the whole population or all the eligible members of a a state, typically through elected represntatives
10
Q
Who were considered citizens in Athen’s democracy, who weren’t
A
Male property owners are citizens, women, foreigners and slaves were not
11
Q
Summarize the benefits and power of democratic government for the societies in which it is practiced in terms of unlocking human potential.
A
Each individual contribute to the society
12
Q
q. Analyze what the Parthenon, constructed by Pericles, tells us regarding Athens and ancient Greece’s belief in humanism and ‘living more for life.’
A
Humans started to weave themselves and their accomplishments into the monuments
13
Q
r. Compare and contrast the Sophists and Socrates beliefs regarding truth and goodness.
A
Sophists- truth and standards depend on your perspective, experiences, your culture, and your time and place
Socrates- common truths and standards apply to all human beings in all times and places
14
Q
Why was Socrates killed by the Athenian democracy?
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Athens wanted someone to blame for their defeat so they blame it on them, because the Socrates questioned the way Athens was going about things
15
Q
Why does Athens democracy fail?
A
It goes really well until the Athenians think they can do anything and eventually leads to their down fall (hubris)
16
Q
What is a republic?
A
A government in which decisions are a public matter and not private domain of a few power holders
17
Q
What is a patrician
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Hereditary elite, wealthy landowners who held the most power
18
Q
What is a pleb
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Farmers, craftsmen, and merchants who made up a majority of the population
19
Q
Virtues of Cincinnatus
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Looking out for the common good, health of the democracy, and gave up some self interest and power
20
Q
How are Cincinnatus’s virtues important to a Republic?
A
It’s necessary to sustain a democracy and is a model democratic citizen
21
Q
Why is democracy a bet on human nature
A
It’s fragile and difficult to maintain, you must think humans will look out for the common good of society
22
Q
What was the effect of Roman expansion of its social structure and democracy?
A
Patricians gain more power and wealth, plebs loose theirs and become dependent. They also become unemployed and called “the mob”
23
Q
Why is the Roman Republic a warning for Americans today?
A
Humans will give up liberty for security and order, and a democracy is the most difficult form of government to maintain
24
Q
Why did Romans accept dictatorship
A
For the promise of security and order
25
Why did the Roman Republic fail
Leaders became motivated by self interest, patricians began to fight for power, plebs are loosing say in the government
26
What is the risk of Republicanism
Leaders need to look out for everyone and it is a challenge to constantly maintain elected leaders that are able to compromise and look out for everyone
27
What is the “Pax Romana”
“Roman Peace”, the 200 years of peace,stability, and prosperity across the diverse Roman Empire under the rule of military dictatorship
28
What is the symbolism of the switch between the Colosseum and the Forum as the center of Rome
The forum was a place of democratic debate and election, the colosseum is a place of entertainment for the people under the military dictatorship. This symbolizes the shift of democracy to dictatorship
29
How did Rome’s promotion of universal identity affect traditional local group identities
People began to hold the same ideals and ways of life, there was more unity and less unique identities
30
What is the appeal of universal group identity
Unity between all people, less division, more equality and tolerance, commonality is easier to maintain political control
31
Why did the Jews reject the Roman universal identity
The Jews saw themselves as distinct, seperate, and superior. Didn’t want to worship the emperor because its not a true god
32
What’s the importance of the story of Abraham to the Jewish people
The Jewish people have been chosen to share in a covenant with God
33
Why do Jews traditionally believe that history has meaning and significance
It’s the fulfillment of God’s will
34
Why was Jewish insistence on their local group identity a dangerous proposition during the empire
Rome will go great lengths to destroy local group identity, not following Rome’s ideas will eventually lead to punishment
35
Why was Jesus killed for being a “pretender to the crown”
Jesus went against Roman ideas, and said there is a power greater than Rome (God) and will take over Rome
36
Why did new forms of religious persecution develop in the Christian era of the Roman Empire
Jews and Christian’s had contrasting ideas, leading to persecution against one another
37
When did the Medieval period begin
5th century AD
38
Why did the medieval time period begin
The Roman Empire collapsed, causing chaos and violence to ensue because of the loss of order
39
Differences between the early and high Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages was full of chaos and violence and WC barely survives during this time
Middle Ages has greater security and, stability, and prosperity
40
How through feudalism, was WC able to gain greater basic security
Government was organized at a very local level, and it was ran by the lord most able to conduct warfare. The environment allowed WC to survive despite the military pressure being placed on them
41
What is a social hierarchy
Social arrangements in which some groups or individuals are elevated above others
42
Hierarchy of the medieval era
Kings>lords>nobles>serfs>more land= more power
43
What is manorialism
Local and agricultural economic system. Lords estates are self-sufficient and not involved in a cash economy
44
Why was manorialism an economy fit for the early medieval era
It allowed feudalism to prosper, due to the self-sufficiency of the individual estates
45
What is a serf
An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate
46
How was hierarchy viewed in the Medieval era
Viewed as God’s will, God placed each person into their social class, and going against that was going against God’s will
47
What factors led men to see women as weaker and inferior
Men started to believe women were more “credulous, impressionable, and passive” than men
48
Why were merchants of low social value in the medieval era
They were viewed as materialistic, greedy, and dishonorable people. This is because they focused on wordly things and went against the class in which God placed them into
49
Who were the Crusades?
The group of people launched by a speech gave by Pope Urban II in 1095. The primary goal of the Crusades was to take back the Holy Land from Muslim Rule.
50
What effects did the crusades have on Europe’s economic inner-connectedness
They were partially designed to heal the internal rifts within the WC by rallying against a mutual outsider
51
What effects did the Crusades have on WCs connectedness connectedness with Islamic civilization
They worsened the relationship they had with some parts of Islamic civilization by committing the massacre in the Holy Land
52
What affects did the Crusades have on WCs connectedness to the rest of the Old World
The stability provided by nobles and knights allowed the population to grow, allowing the process to clear out forest, leading to more farmland and food, which allowed the trade network to revive
53
How did gothic cathedrals reflect circumstances and culture of the medieval era
They were the tallest and most important building within WC at the time. They reflect the religious emphasis in Medieval times
54
What does Renaissance mean
Rebirth
55
Why did the middle class want to bring about the renaissance
They were looked upon socially by Christians and they wanted to bring about an ear where merchants were not looked down upon socially
56
Renaissance humanism
Greco-Roman humanism + Christianity
57
What’s the difference between the Greco-Roman influence and emphasizes and those of the medieval era
The Greeks and Roman’s had humanistic values and ideas, compared to the Christian ideas heavily emphasized during the medieval (Secular v.s Religious ways of life).
58
Why did Petrarch feel so much internal tension
As a renaissance humanist, Petrarch felt turmoil over the sometimes contradictory influences of renaissance humanism
59
Why was individualism a major social result of the renaissance
Humanistic ideas were now prevalent in society, putting a great emphasis on human capability and achievement, leading humans to be more indvidualistic
60
What is a ‘Renaissance Man’?
A man who is worthy, accomplished and excels in everything.
61
How did Christine de Pisano challenge the medieval notions of polarity
Christine de Pizan bellied that women have intellect and dignity
62
How did Christine de Pizan internalize the sexism of her era
She believed women should be chaste and obedient. She internalized the idea that because of her courage and fortitude, she became a ‘man’
63
What’s the environment Machiavelli wrote about politics
In this time, Italy is being walked all over by foreign powers, Italian wars are occurring=
64
Why was Machiavelli considered to be secular
‘The Prince’ is very humanistic and even talks about using religion as a way to gain political control
65
Why did Machiavelli prefer Greco Roman influences to the Christian outlook
He believed religion makes humans weaker. He believed that putting the focus on salvation rather than wordly achievement put humans in a position of weekness, earthly focus puts humans in a position of earthly power
66
What will WC’s exploration and colonization mean for its power in the long run relative to others
There is a major power shift towards WC, Europe becomes the center of the worlds economy. Takes power away from Islamic civilization. Europe becomes superior
67
Multiple significances do the year 1492
The Reconquista was completed, Columbus embarked for india, all Jewish people were expelled from Spain
68
What is the significance of Islamic civilization in the old world trading network
Because of Europe’s geographical location and their limited seafaring technology, Europe only had contact with the Islamic world, meaning all trade with other civilizations went through IC, giving them power over Europe
69
What is the significance of the European connection with the new world and india
Europes position in the old world trade network is completely transformed from being a place of little significance to being the center
70
What is the Columbia Exchange
The biological and cultural exchange between the old and new world
71
Why was Luther an unlikely source of rebellion against the Church?
Luther was a clergy member of the Catholic Church himself, believed he was going hell, and had medieval ways of thinking
72
Why was Luther and many others appalled by the selling of indulgences
Indulgences made being a rich a ticket to heaven. People are beginning to stop participating in sacraments and prayer if they just have money
73
Why was Luther’s 95 theses a revolutionary document
He rebels against what the church is teaching. Luther says the Church is in error, and is leading people to hell. Luther claims the pope and church leaders will go to hell, and that the church made this up
74
How was Johannesburg Gutenberg the most important historical figure in the years 1000 AD to 2000 AD
He invented the moveable type printing press, which is the origin of the spread of information and opinion across large areas
75
What is the Reformation
A reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church started by 1517 by Martin Luther
76
Why was Luther described as a religious revolutionary
Because of his writings against the Catholic Church and his belief that the church is in error
77
How did Luther’s key beliefs remote greater individual liberty in WC
Peasants see Luther challenging the #1 authority figure (the Pope), which leads the belief any authority figure can be challenged
78
Why did Luther’s key beliefs result in a multitude of Protestant denomination
He encourages people to read the Bible for themselves. Lots of interpretations are found, leading to thousands of Protestant denominations
79
What did Luther expect to result from his alternative way of practicing Christianity
He expected all people would interpret the Bible the same way
80
What were the general goals of the German Peasant Revolts of 1524-1526
Some groups want to tear down the upper-class and create a whole new equal society. Other groups accepted the hereditary hierarchy and only wanted pay (no serfdom)
81
Why is Luther described as a political and social conservative
He is a traditional who believes int he traditional class structure. Luther is very against the peasant revolts, and thinks revolts are lies presented under the name of the gospel
82
Where do most Protestants in Europe live
Northern Europe
83
Where do most Catholics in Europe live
Southern Europe
84
What is skepticism
Doubt as to the truth of something; the theory that certain knowledge is impossible
85
What is relativism
The doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute
86
How did the reformation unintentional aid the development of skepticism and relativism
All of the interpretations lead people to question; are any of these right, how do we know?
87
What is Montaigne’s general argument for skepticism
People should never believe in anything too strongly, be moderate in your opinions, and that opinions should never lead to violence.
88
Why were the early 16th and 17th centuries an age of uncertainty
There were so many Protestant denominations emerging in WC. It made people very uncertain on what was right
89
Why was mannerism an art-style for an age of uncertainty
Mannerist if art makes it hard to focus on one thing with a bunch of different view points which is meant to give the viewer a sense of unease. This relates to the current state of WC, and is a mirror to the reality of disorder
90
Why is it that ‘much changed and very little changed’ as a result of the catholic reformation articulated by the council of Trent
The council of Trent reforms church abuses and got rid of indulgences and simony. The council of Trent also reasserts traditional practices of the church
91
Why did the Catholic Church leaders involved in the council of Trent not make concessions to the protestant reformation
The Catholic Church does not agree with the ideas of the Protestant denominations and does not want to lose power as the dominant religion
92
Why did Christian’s kill Christian’s in religious wars throughout Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries
Each Christian denomination believes that their practice represents the one and only Christian truth. All other denominations are pathways to damnation and the followers of the devil
93
How did German religious wars and the peace of Augsburg further the decentralization of Germany
The peace of Augsburg allowed each independent German prince to determine the Christian denomination for his territory and subjects, further decentralizing Germany from catholic rule
94
What is the edict of Nantes
A proclamation by Henry IV decorating religious acceptance of french calvinists amidst the catholic majority
95
Why did king Henry IV instituting the edict of Nantes make him a ‘politique’
King Henry put political unity and stability of his kingdom above considerations of religious difference and which group’s religious interpretation was right or wrong
96
Why did Brueghel’s ‘triumph of death’ represent a crossroads for WC
This mannerist art piece made a commentary on the reality of civilization. Skeletons marching in the name of absolute truth represented the idea that death is triumphing over life because of religious violence
97
Why was the 30 years war a religious war as well as a politically inspired war
The Habsburg royal family who vegan the war, sought to military defeat the Protestantism as well as extend their control and dominance in Central Europe
98
What were the effects the 30 years war had on Germany and Central Europe
germanys economy was wrecked and lost nearly 1/3 of its population, Central Europe (Germany) remained highly decentralized, and the French Bourbon kingdom had successfully weakened the Habsburg to become the leading royal power in all Europe
99
What were the effects that religious war had on religious belief in Europe
This was the last religious war, after these grounds for warfare were seen as fruitless. After 1648, considerations of power and political unity became more important than religious considerations
