Greeks Abroad

Question 1

When did Euboeans settle in Pithekoussai?

Answer 1

c775 BCE

Question 2

What are the three areas of the Pithekoussai site?

Answer 2

Monte di Vico - acropolis settlement
Valle di San Montano - necropolis
Mezzavia - industrial area

Question 3

What was the unique pattern in burial rites for the graves at Pithekoussai? What is very G about the burial rites?

Answer 3

‘family plots’ made up of collection of secondary cremations, incl trench-and-hole types and enchytristhmoi. At centre was a tumulus secondary burial, around which the later plots were organised.
follows the customs according to gender and age like G mainland

Question 4

What is clustered in the SE of the necropolis at Pithekoussai? Unique feature shared by these burials?

Answer 4

graves of young ppl w enchytrismoi and inhumations clustered in the area
all have a lot of dedicatory objects, likely a result of their death in youth

Question 5

What was Coldstream’s argument as to the integration of localised grave goods found in graves of Greek character in Pithekoussai?

Answer 5

Greek settlers came to the area and married the local women. These women naturally preferred the styles of jewellery, e.g. fibulae, they were familiar with, e.g. the arched bow types of fibulae, but integrated in increasingly dominant G customs

Question 6

What two items found in child graves suggest Pithekoussai was part of extensive trade networks?

Answer 6

lyre-player seals and scarabs originating from the Levant and Egypt

Question 7

What is the significance of Pendant Semi circle skyphoi in regards to Pithekoussai?

Answer 7

the decorative scheme derives from Euboea in the ninth century BCE therefore dating the presence of Eubs and attesting to the links between the two places

Question 8

What is significant about the Shipwreck krater found at Pithekoussai?

Answer 8

Euboean influence with the shape and geometric elements
unique execution that can be attributed to the local interests of seafaring, especially in the process of settling there
Overall then shows degree of cultural integration by the late 8th cent

Question 9

What is a better translation of apoikia than colony?

Answer 9

‘home away from home’

Question 10

What was different about apoikia compared to emporia?

Answer 10

better organised, linked with the fact they had the settlement role on top of trading one as emporia had exclusively

Question 11

What was characteristic of many apoikia in terms of community building?

Answer 11

had founding myths and oikists that continued to be commemorated through the lifetimes of the settlements

Question 12

What causes for emigration are seen in Hesiod and Homer?

Answer 12

hunger
conflict

Question 13

When is the earliest contemporary apoikia literature from?

Answer 13

6th cent BCE

Question 14

What are seen as main causes for emigration?

Answer 14

overpopulation
lack of arable land
conflict

Question 15

What is the debate abt agency and apoikismos?

Answer 15

who was the agent in moving abroad, individual(s) or the state

Question 16

What status do oikists tend to have had?

Answer 16

elite individual, with influence and wealth (means to est new settlement)

Question 17

What were the topographical advantages of Cumae?

Answer 17

natural harbour
fertile land
high ground

Question 18

Who were the oikists of Cumae? Where were they from?

Answer 18

Hippokles and Megathenes
Euboean

Question 19

What info does the burial evidence at Cumae provide?

Answer 19

-imported dedicatory items from Mediterranean
-wider G rites observed like secondary cremation
-tendency of Corinthian pottery

Question 20

What characterises the pottery found in graves prior to G settlement?

Answer 20

distinctive local styles

Question 21

What used to be thought of the relation between Cumae and Pithekoussai? What is now thought?

Answer 21

They were very distinct.
They were complimentary settlements, shown in similarities across archaeological record.

Question 22

From when do the greek-style Cumae fortification walls date?

Answer 22

late 7th cent BCE

Question 23

Why would Sicily have been an advantageous place for Greeks to settle?

Answer 23

coast was many natural harbours, lending any settlements there an advantage in trade

Question 24

What archaeological evidence is there in Sicily of trading networks pre-dating G presence? Other conclusions from the arch?

Answer 24

Cypriot and Mycenaean pottery
Strong sense of varied culture between settlements and tribes

Question 25

Naxos as an apoikia

Answer 25

Thuc date: 734. Arch attested from LG (750-700). Oikist: Theokles after having been blown off course. G origins a mix of Dorian and Chalcidians. Advantages: fertile land, natural harbour near Messenia Strait, easy access from Greece, BA wall used as fortification. -one of first -indigenous population was removed (not uncommon); their presence remained a threat including from Syracuse -Naxos founded Leontini and Catane -possibilities of co-habitation: 8th cent houses with evidence of import and local pottery. -7th cent saw a grid plan w possibility of agora and open air sanctuary -6th cent saw new fortifications built but then destroyed by Hieron of Syracuse

Question 26

Catane as an apoikia?

Answer 26

Thuc: 729. Arch dates to LG (750-700). Oikist: Evarcos, Naxian Advantages: v good harbour, on established G sea routes -similar fort wall to Naxos -8th cent Euboean pottery found there

Question 27

Zankle as an apoikia?

Answer 27

Advantages: v large harbour (sickle shaped) -Thuc attests to pirates having founded the colony -8th century houses found as well as agora near harbour -founded Himera

Question 28

Syracuse as an apoikia?

Answer 28

Thuc: 733. Arch has pre-750 pottery. Oikist: Archias, from corinth Advantages: two natural harbours from island off coast, well settled -founded by Corinthians -very important Sicilian city especially in tyrant period -expelled indigenous population, acc Hdt -necropolis used from 8th cent, especially rich 7th cent evidence (shows development) -grid plan -some possibility of co-habitation on off shore island

Question 29

What was a major region of Phoenician apoikia? Evidence?

Answer 29

Sardinia Eastern influenced architecture and urban planning

Question 30

Megara Hyblaea as an apoikia?

Answer 30

Thuc date: 728 and arch has poss evidence of pre-750 pottery Oikist: Lamis (led a section of population from Megara (attica) to Sicily through mutiple attempts at settling around the coast) Advantages: promonotory so natural harbour, easily accessible from greek mainland -grid plan of N-S streets and then large E-W ones crossing over -outside city walls necropolis -changes in the 7th cent: larger houses, increase in population, first known agora in G world

Question 31

Gela as an apoikia?

Answer 31

Thuc date: 688 BCE, pottery found from LG onwards. Oikists: Antiphemos, Rhodian, and Antimos, Cretan. Advantages: coastal, fertile area -DORIC habitation, will come into play later in history -Temple of Athena dated to 7th cent on the acropolis (site of much pottery finds) -period of tyrants affected city in 6th cent

Question 32

Around when was the second phase of Sicilian *apoikia*? Who was founding these cities?

Answer 32

7th-6th cents BCE Sicilian cities and apoikia, Syracuse was behind many of them

Question 33

When and What were the apoikia of Syracuse established? Features largely shared by these sites?

Answer 33

Akrai, 664/3 Casmenae, 643/2 Camarina, 598/7 Fortified, G features (govt buildings, deities, regulaity of urban plan (strip planning)), fertile land

Question 34

Himera as 'sub-apoikia'?

Answer 34

Founded 649 BCE by Zankle Advantages: coastal, fertile land, -Coastal powetr, challenging the dominance of Akragas in the area in 6th cent then B of Himera in 480 BCE -upper city had grid plan and occupation from 7th cent -lower city likely later, ev of T of Victory found, poss related to 480

Question 35

Selinus as 'sub-apoikia'?

Answer 35

Founded 628BCE by Megara Hyblaea. Oikist: Pammilus, poss from MH. Advantages: further away from Syr which was becoming a key threat to MH, higher coastal plateau, fertile land in betw rivers -upper city on plateau whilst lower city further inland -grid planning, agora, and external necropolis evident for lower city -Temple C, c600-550 BCE is a good example of a doric temple with its plan and metopes -would come to play key role in Punic wars and Sp intervention in Sicilian Expedition

Question 36

Acragas as 'sub-apoikia'?

Answer 36

Founded 582/80 by Gela. Oikists: Aristonoos from G and Pistius from Rhodes/Crete Advantages: close to S Italy, between two rivers, good harbour -DORIC links -grid plan, long fortification walls, multiple Temples, and colossal relig sculptures -would develop beneficial links with Carthiginians -actively neutral in Sic Exped

Question 37

What was the sociological impact of Greek apoikismos in Sicily after just 2-3 generations?

Answer 37

Ethnic diversity had increased significantly; hybridity of cultures developed

Question 38

What is the idea of **hybridity**?

Answer 38

blending of subordinate and dominant party cultures as a process of selection and deviation into a new and seperate cultural entity, rather than a simple combination of two cultures in a dom-sub relationship

Question 39

Around how many graves have been found at Pithekoussai?

Answer 39

c700

Question 40

What are the dates of the two main phases at Pithekoussai from necropolis data? Characteristics of these two phases?

Answer 40

750-725 BCE: largely Euboean pottery as well as local imitations of such. 725-700 BCE: dominance of Corinthian pottery like kotylai, both imports and imitations.

Question 41

What grave is Nestor's cup from? Characteristics of grave? Date?

Answer 41

Cremation 168, Pithekoussai Appears to have been that of a young boy. mid 8th cent BCE

Question 42

What is significant about Nestor's cup?

Answer 42

Early stage of predicted origins of G alphabet. Euboean alphabet so indic of trading links. Role of trading in development of alphabet.

Question 43

Details of Nestor's cup grave?

Answer 43

-secondary cremation -c25 vessels in total -silver fibulae also found

Question 44

Inscrip on Nestor's cup? SIgnif?

Answer 44

"I am the cup of Nestor good for drinking. Whoever drinks from this cup, desire for beautifully crowned Aphrodite will seize him instantly." V early example of G script; poss ref to Nestor in Iliad and thus would be ironic comparison between massive nestor's cup in the poem vs this skyphos

Question 45

What characterises the Mezzavia area of Pithekoussai?

Answer 45

evidence of metalworking and residential space

Question 46

Who founded a settlement at Massalia? When? Why?

Answer 46

Phocaeans c600 BCE Bay of Lacydon provided potential for good harbour and close to river Rhône so could build up links in land

Question 47

What prompted an influx of migrants from Phocaea? When? Effect?

Answer 47

Persian invasion of the city and subsequent fleeing of signif proportion of the population 545-40 BCE production of amphorae and minting of coins began in these years contrib to a growth of economic signif for the apoikia

Question 48

What geographical/topographical features contributed to Massalia's prosperity?

Answer 48

lack of other apoikia in the area good harbour fertile land producing vine, olives and grain

Question 49

What trade routes did Massalia access in the location is was in?

Answer 49

Iberian links to Greece Celtic Europe Punic connections

Question 50

What central Greek evidence is there for Massiliot prosperity?

Answer 50

dedication at Delphi in 525 BCE of a statue of Apollo - pausanias erection of a treasury at Delphi c530 BCE - archaeological evidence

Question 51

What evidence is there of pre-apoikismos trade links at Massalia?

Answer 51

8th cent Etruscan and Corinthian imported pottery

Question 52

Where was the Phocaean apoikia of Alalia? What happened to it?

Answer 52

East coast of Corsica Phocaeans est links c600 BCE but then lost control c540 BCE in the B of Alalia in which Carthaginians and Etruscans challenged their control - settlement fell to Etruscans

Question 53

How did Massalia provide a threat to Phoenician and Etruscan trade/power?

Answer 53

could prevent Phoenician expansion from Iberia and the Balearics into southern France, could restrict Etruscan maritime expansion and their domination of the routes into central Europe over the Alps (by controlling access to the Rhône)

Question 54

What evidence is there of an orthogonal plan in Massalia?

Answer 54

straight E-W road that runs past harbour and into city 'Grande Rue'

Question 55

What G civic features have been found at Massalia?

Answer 55

city walls, agora (debated), pottery workshop - 'Les Carnes' area (debated), archaic houses in insulae arrangement

Question 56

What archaeological finds have been made from archaic levels of Massalia demonstrating G cultural links?

Answer 56

fragments of ionic capital Black Figure Attic amphora and other G wares naiskos figurine from 6th cent

Question 57

What kind of evidence is uniquely plentiful at Massalia indicating the nature of the role it played as an apoikia?

Answer 57

shipwrecks one dated back to 6th cent BCE

Question 58

What factor contributed to popularity of local pottery in Massalia?

Answer 58

clay beds nearby

Question 59

ID of Massalia amphorae?

Answer 59

wide belly, very slim neck, neck handles, small base

Question 60

Where have Massaliot amphorae been found in region? Likely function of these?

Answer 60

along south coast of France, inland up Rhone valley, and on east coast of Spain Transporting wine (and poss olive oil)

Question 61

What trade port did Massalia est in close region? When?

Answer 61

Emporion c500 BCE

Question 62

Greek civic features of Emporion?

Answer 62

agora, T of Serapis

Question 63

What is key source of evidence from Emporion? Evidence found there?

Answer 63

necropoleis - namely the North-eastern wall one and Bonjoan one Pottery is large part of evidence - pattern: NE necropolis has more 'un-G' types e.g. large asymmetrical pots BUT Bonjoan has more Greek styles like mass produced lekythoi w BF and WG decor