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Exam 3 BIO > Green Algae and Land plants > Flashcards

Green Algae and Land plants Flashcards

1
Q

Where does Green algae and Lang plants do photosynthesis?

A

Green Algae-Water

Land Plants-Dry land

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2
Q

What are the closest relatives to Land plants?

A

Green Algae

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3
Q

Which plants are the one that are able to thrive with their tissues completely exposed to the air?

A

Land plants

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4
Q

What is the role of land plants in the evironment?

A

Dominant primary producers (key to the carbon cycle)

Primary producers for human food and product chains

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5
Q

Green algae and land plants provide????

A

Ecoservice- produce O2
Shade- impact on temp, wind, erosion(wind breaks)
Soil

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6
Q

What do Green plants provide to humans?

A

Medicine
fibers
fuel
building materials

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7
Q

What are the three categories of land plants?

A

Non-Vascular
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seeded Vascular Plants

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8
Q

What do Non-Vascular cells lack???

A

Vascular tissue, specialized group of cells

Ex: Mosses

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9
Q

What are the Non-Vascular phylums?

A

phylum Briophyta- True mosses
phylum Hepatophyta- Liverworts
phylum Anthecerophyta- Hornworts

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10
Q

What do Seedless Vascular have?

A

Well developed vascular tissue(capable of moving water within plant body)
Do not make seeds
Ex: Ferns

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11
Q

What do Seed plants have?

A

Have a Vascular tissue
they make Seeds, protective coat of embryo
Ex: Angiosperms, Gymnosperms

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12
Q

What is a morphological trait that differ in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms?

A

Gymnosperms: Produce seeds that DO NOT develop in enclosed structures.
Angiosperms: seeds develop inside a protective structre called Carpel

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13
Q

According to fossil records which which form of plants came first?

A

Green Algae

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14
Q

According to the fossil records what followed Green Algae?

A

Non-Vascular plants->Seedless Vascular plants->Seeded Vascular plants-> lastly Angiosperms appear

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15
Q

What are two adaptations that solved the water problem in land plants?

A
  1. Cutile-prevention of water loss from cells

2. Vascular system-transportation of water from tissue with acces water to tissue with out access to water

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16
Q

What are the 5 innovations that led to major phylums of land plants?

A

1 Green algae-Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a&b
2. plants evolve the ability to live on earth but are Avascular (mosses).
3. Vascular tissue evolves and we start having vascular plants but are seedless (ferns)
4 Vascular plants start evolving seeds which give rise to Gymnosperms.
5.Vascular seeded plants then start producing protective seeds which give rise to Angiosperms.

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17
Q

What is the role of a Cuticle on plants?

A

It’s a waxy layer that prevents water loss

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18
Q

What is the role of a Stomata?

A

Stomata are on plants and they allow gas exchange, they are sorrounded by Guard cells.

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19
Q

What are Guard cells?

A

Guard cells surround Stomata and they open and close to allow gas exchange

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20
Q

How did plants adapt to dry conditions?

A

Preventing water loss from cells
Providing protection from harmfull ultraviolate radiation (ATP production through photosynthesis)
Moving water from tissue with direct access to water to tissues without direct access

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21
Q

Where are Stomas located?

A

On the bottom of leaf

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22
Q

What are two critical adaptations of land plants?

A

Cuticle and Stoma

23
Q

Cell walls of early water-conducting cells were strengthened with???

A

Lignin (structural polymer built with 6carbon ring)

24
Q

What did Lignin provide?

A

it reinforced cell walls (made them stronger) they were able to withstand compression forces of gravity.
it is the defining feature of vascular plants that exhibit upright growth
very difficult to break down

25
Q

What is a tracheid?

A

It’s a water conducting cell. They are tapered and ends

26
Q

What do tracheid do?

A

They increase structural support in vascular plants.

27
Q

What do pits in a tracheid cell do?

A

they allow water to move from one vascular cell to the next.

28
Q

Many of today’s land plants possess specialized water conducting cells called?

A

Vessel elements

29
Q

What are Vessel element cells?

A

they are short, wide cells that stack end to end

30
Q

What to Vessel element cells do?

A

They allow efficient, high volume water transport

31
Q

What are two water transporting cells that are concidered dead cells?

A

Tracheids and Vessel elements- they lack cytoplasm at maturity

32
Q

How are these land plant organisms becoming more complex?

A

By the reproductive methods:
Spore: resistant to drying
Gametes: produced in complex, multicellular structures
Embryos: retained on and nourished by the parent plant

33
Q

What kind of reproductive organs did early plants contained?

A

Gametangia

34
Q

What is did Gametangia provide?

A

Protection of gametes from drying and damage (nourishment by parental plant, in comparison with green algae) analagous to pregnancy in mammals.

35
Q

All land plant group still have Gametangia EXCEPT???

A

Angiosperms

36
Q

What are the two distinctive gametantia?

A
  1. Antheridium (sperm-producing structure)

2. Archegonium (egg-producing structure)

37
Q

What is the life cycle of land plants?

A

Alternation of Generations( same as protists)

Sporophyte phase and Gametophyte phase

38
Q

Are non-vascular plants Gametophyte Dominant or Sporophyte dominant?

A

Gametophyte dominant

Ex: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

39
Q

Are Vascular plants Gametophyte dominant or Sporophyte dominant?

A

Sporophyte dominant, longer lived

Ex: ferns, whisk fern, horsetail,gymnosperms, angiosperms

40
Q

Why are sporophytes more advantageous that gametophytes?

A

Sporophytes are Diploid cells vs a Gametophyte that a Haploid cell so, evolution is going to favor the diploid sporophyte, it will have a survival advantage and will be able to respond to different types of environments. Heterozygous have more genetic diversity

41
Q

What are the two types of spores of land plants?

A

Homosporous, Heterosporous

42
Q

What kind of land plants contain Homospores?

A

Non-Vascular and most seedless vascular plants

43
Q

What kind of land plants contain Heterospores?

A

Seeded Vascular Plants

44
Q

What do Homospores produce?

A

Single type spores

bisexual gametophyte that produces egg and sperm

45
Q

Can a bisexual gametophyte self-reproduce?

A

yes and it can produce offspring

46
Q

What are the two types of spore producing structures in heterosporous?

A

Microsporangia

Macrosporangia

47
Q

What does Microsporangia produce?

A

Microspores-> Male gametophyte->Sperm

48
Q

What does Macrosporangia produce?

A

Macrospores-> Female gametophyte->Eggs

49
Q

What was an additional strategy that higher land plants living in dry habitats produced that helps them with reproduction?

A

Pollen

50
Q

What is pollen?

A

They are tiny male gametophytes that are surrounded by a tough coat of sporopollenin

51
Q

How can pollen with carried to female gametophyte?

A

wind, animals, water….any physical movement

52
Q

What is good about pollen?

A

Pollen can be exposed to the air for long periods of time without drying.

53
Q

What is something unique in the fertilization of Angiosperms phylum Anthophyta?

A

Double fertilization. production of 2 sperms. One fuses with Egg and form a Zygote (2n) the other fuses with the other polar bodies and form an endoderm (3n) which serves as nutritive tissue in seed.

54
Q

How does pollination occurs?

A

Flowers attract pollinators which are insects, birds, bats

Exam 3 BIO (2 decks)

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