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Gross Anatomy 5010 - Exam 2 > Gross Anatomy 5010 - Unit 10: Anterior Triangle of the Neck > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy 5010 - Unit 10: Anterior Triangle of the Neck Flashcards

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1
Q

What make up the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Superior Border = Lower part of mandible
  • Posterior Border = Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle
  • Anterior Border = Neck’s median (middle) line
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2
Q

What are subdivisions of the anterior triangle? Describe each of them.

A

Muscular Triangle
- Lower part of anterior triangle
- Includes mostly of muscles

Carotid Triangle
- Towards the posterior boarder
- Carotid artery, common carotid artery and its branches are found here

Submental Triangle
- Under the mandible and is central

Submandibular Triangle
- Below mandible

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3
Q

Describe the infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Infra = Inferior –> Below hyoid bone
  • Appears like a strap
  • Acts on hyoid bone and larynx (voice box)
  • Infrahyoid muscles refer to their attachment points
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4
Q

What are the members/muscles of the infrahyoid muscles? What layer can we find them at? Describe each muscle.

A
  • Superficial
    • Sternohyoid = Refers to sternum and hyoid bone
    • Omohyoid = Reaches back to scapula
  • Deep
    • Sternothyroid = Goes from sternum to thyroid cartilage
    • Thyrohyoid = From thyroid cartilage up to hyoid bone
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5
Q

Sternohyoid Muscle

A
  • Origin
    • Manubrium
    • Sternoclavicular Joint
  • Insertion = Hyoid Bone
  • Action = Depresses hyoid
  • Innervation = Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
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6
Q

Omohyoid Muscle

A
  • Origin = Upper border of scapula (medial to scapular notch)
  • Insertion = Hyoid Bone
  • Action = Depress and retract hyoid
  • Innervation = Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
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7
Q

True or False: The omohyoid muscle has 2 bellies: superior and inferior belly

A

True

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8
Q

Sternothyroid Muscle

A
  • Origin = Posterior manubrium
  • Insertion = Thyroid cartilage
  • Action = Depress larynx
  • Innervation = Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
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9
Q

What is the unique feature of the sternothyroid muscle?

A
  • DOES NOT attach to hyoid bone
  • DOES NOT DIRECTLY act on hyoid bone
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10
Q

Thyrohyoid Muscle

A
  • Origin = Thyroid Cartilage
  • Insertion = Hyoid bone
  • Action
    • Depresses hyoid (if larynx was stabilized and you activated the thyrohyoid)
    • Elevates larynx (if hyoid was stabilized and acted on larynx)
  • Innervation = C1 VPR fibers travel with hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) as they are bound together
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11
Q

What makes up the borders of the muscular triangle? What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A

Borders
- Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle anterior border
- Omohyoid muscle’s superior belly
- Median line

Contents = Infrahyoid muscles

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12
Q

Describe the suprahyoid muscles

A
  • Located above hyoid bone
  • Act on hyoid
  • Act on mandible and mouth, when hyoid is stable
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13
Q

What are the members/muscles of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

1) Digastric Muscle
2) Stylohyoid Muscle
3) Mylohyoid Muscle
* Covers geniohyoid muscle
4) Geniohyoid Muscle
* Deep and superior to mylohyoid

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14
Q

What are the two bellies of the digastric muscle?

A

1) Anterior belly
2) Posterior belly

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15
Q

Digastric Muscle

A
  • Origin
    • Anterior Belly = Mandible’s digastric fossa
    • Posterior Belly = Temporal bone’s mastoid process
  • Insertion = Hyoid bone via intermediate tendon
    • Intermediate Tendon = Connects superior and inferior belly of omohyoid
  • Action
    • Elevate hyoid
    • Depress mandible (if hyoid is stable)
  • Innervation
    • Anterior Belly = Nerve to mylohyoid (ultimately a branch of CN V3)
    • Posterior Belly = Facial Nerve (CN 7)
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16
Q

Stylohyoid Muscle

A
  • Origin = Temporal bone’s styloid process
  • Insertion = Hyoid bone
  • Action = Elevate hyoid
  • Innervation = Facial Nerve (CN 7)
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17
Q

Mylohyoid Muscle

A
  • Origin = Mandible’s mylohyoid line
  • Insertion
    • Hyoid bone
    • Median raphe between left and right mylohyoid
  • Action
    • Elevate hyoid
    • Elevate floor of mouth
  • Innervation
    • Nerve to mylohyoid (ultimately a branch of CN V3)
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18
Q

What does the mylohyoid muscle form?

A

Forms muscular floor of mouth

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19
Q

What is a raphe?

A

The midline formed when the two halves come together

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20
Q

Geniohyoid Muscle

A
  • Origin = Mandible’s inferior genial tubercle
  • Insertion = Hyoid bone
  • Action
    • When mandible is stable = Elevate and protract hyoid
    • When hyoid is stable = Depress and retract mandible
  • Innervation
    • C1 VPR travels with hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) as they’re bound together
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21
Q

True or False: The geniohyoid muscle is deep/superior to mylohyoid muscle

A

True

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22
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle? What are this triangle’s contents?

A

Borders
- Digastric muscle’s anterior belly
- Digastric muscle’s posterior belly
- Mandible’s inferior margin

Contents
- Submandibular gland
- Facial artery and vein

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23
Q

True or False: The submental triangle is the only triangle of the neck that is unpaired

A

True

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24
Q

What are the borders and contents of the submental triangle?

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A

Borders
- Digastric muscle’s left anterior belly
- Digastric muscle’s right anterior belly
- Hyoid bone = Forms base of submental triangle

Contents
- Mylohyoid Muscle
- Geniohyoid Muscle

25
What are the borders and contents of the carotid triangle?
Borders - Digastric muscle's posterior belly - Omohyoid muscle's superior belly - Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle's anterior border Contents - Common carotid artery - Internal jugular vein (IJV) - Vagus nerve - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN 12) - Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
26
Who are the parents of the common carotid artery? What are the common carotid artery's terminal branches?
Parents - Right Side = Brachiocephalic Trunk (Artery) * Right Subclavian artery * Right common carotid artery - Left Side = Aortic Arch * Left common carotid artery * Left subclavian artery Terminal Branches - Internal Carotid Artery * No neck branches * Travels directly up to cranium * More posterior to external carotid artery when it divides into two - External Carotid Artery * Many branches in neck * anterior to internal carotid artery
27
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Anterior * Superior Thyroid Artery - Superior laryngeal artery * Lingual Artery * Facial Artery Medial * Ascending pharyngeal artery Posterior * Occipital Artery * Posterior Auricular Artery Terminal * Maxillary Artery * Superficial Temporal Artery
28
Superior Thyroid Artery
* Directly comes off of common carotid artery * Most inferior branch of external carotid artery * Travels with external laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal nerve) * Supplies thyroid gland
29
What is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of?
Vagus nerve - branches off really when vagus nerve exits the skull
30
Superior Laryngeal Artery
* Branch of superior thyroid artery * Travels with internal laryngeal nerve through thyrohyoid membrane (Thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone)
31
Lingual Artery
* Branches anteriorly off external carotid artery (Above superior thyroid artery) * Passes deep to hyoglossus muscle to enter mouth to supply tongue
32
Facial Artery
* Branches anteriorly off external carotid artery (Above lingual artery) Passes deep to submandibular gland, then curls superficially over mandible to supply face
33
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
* Branches medially/posteriorly off external carotid artery * Lies on pharynx wall
34
Occipital Artery
* Branches posteriorly off external carotid artery * Superfically, hooks over hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) * Travels with great occipital nerve on posterior scalp
35
Posterior Auricular Artery
* Branches posteriorly off external carotid artery (above occipital artery) * It's small nerve * Travels between mastoid process and the ear
36
Describe the external carotid artery's terminal branches
Terminal Branches - Superficial Temporal Artery = Travels with auriculotemporal nerve, anterior to ear - Maxillary Artery = Passes deep to mandible to enter deep face
37
What two veins of the neck do venous drainage?
1) External Jugular Vein 2) Internal Jugular Vein
38
Describe EJV vs. IJV
* External Jugular Vein is superficial and lies on external surface of SCM - Superficially goes down to sternocleidomastoid (SCM) - Directly drains into subclavian vein * Internal Jugular Vein = Major vein between the two - Deep vein that descends within carotid sheath - When it terminates, it merges with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein on both sides
39
Retromandibular Vein
* Formed from superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein meeting point * Deep vein * Found posterior to ramus of mandible * Terminal Branches - Anterior Branch - Posterior Branch
40
Anterior Branch of Retromandibular Vein includes?
* Facial Nerve = Continuous with angular vein * Common Facial Vein - Formed by anterior branch of retromandibular vein and facial vein meeting point - Drains into internal jugular vein
41
What makes up the external jugular vein?
External Jugular Vein = Posterior Branch of Retromandibular Vein + Posterior Auricular Vein
42
Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
* Innervates 3 of the 4 infrahyoid muscles * Appears like a loop * Superficial to internal jugular vein * 2 Components - Descendens Hypoglossi = More anterior/superior - Descendens Cervicalis = Inferior
43
Describe the descendens hypoglossi of ansa cervicalis
* Superior Root * Formed by C1 VPR fibers running with hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) * Supplies superior belly of omohyoid, upper parts of sternohyoid and sternothyroid * NOTE = Supply to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid mm. by C1 is separate from ansa cervicalis
44
Describe the descendens cervicalis of ansa cervicalis
* Inferior root * Formed by C2 & C3 VPR fibers * Supplies inferior belly of omohyoid, lower parts of sternohyoid and sternothyroid
45
What are the cranial nerves?
12 pairs of nerves that branch directly from cerebrum and brainstem
46
Name the 12 cranial nerves
I = Olfactory Nerve II = Optic Nerve III = Oculomotor Nerve IV = Trochlear Nerve V = Trigeminal Nerve VI = Abducens Nerve VII = Facial Nerve VIII = Vestibulocochlear Nerve IX = Glossopharyngeal Nerve X = Vagus Nerve XI = Accessory Nerve XII = Hypoglossal Nerve
47
What does CN V (Trigeminal) nerve branch off into?
Branches into V1, V2, and V3
48
What branch does the CN V3 give off to?
* CN V3 gives off inferior alveolar nerve branch - Inferior alveolar nerve gives off nerve to mylohyoid which innervates mylohyoid and digastric mm. anterior belly
49
What does CN VII (facial nerve) nerve innervate and supply?
* Facial nerve innervates stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscle * Cervical branch supplies platysma muscle
50
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) do?
Gives visceral sensory innervation (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors) from bifurcation of common carotid artery
51
Describe the vagus nerve
* Vagus nerve - Travels within carotid sheath - Gives off super laryngeal nerve branch that divides into - Internal Laryngeal Nerve = Branch of superior laryngeal nerve that travels with superior laryngeal artery - External Laryngeal Nerve = Branch of superior laryngeal nerve that travels with superior thyroid artery - Gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve branch that ascends between trachea and esophagus
52
What does the accessory nerve (CN XI) do?
Innervates sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle
53
Describe the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
* Travels directly up into the tongue to innervate most tongue muscles * Crosses superficially over both external and internal carotid arteries * Helps deliver C1 VPR fibers to ansa cervicalis, thyrohyoid, and geniohyoid muscle * Passes deep to mylohyoid to innervate tongue muscles
54
What is the sympathetic trunk/sympathetic chain?
* Sympathetic trunk receives preganglionic smpathetic axons that all: - Originate at T1-L2 spinal cord levels - Enter trunk via white rami in thorax (only present in T1-L2 regions) - Fibers ascend to cervical region * Source of postganglionic sympathetic axons that either: - Exit via gray rami into cervical spinal nerves - Supply thoracic viscera via cardiac nerves - Travel to head & neck via periarterial plexuses
55
Describe the difference between superior cervical ganglion vs. middle cervical ganglion vs. inferior cervical ganglion
* Superior Cervical Ganglion (Found around C1-C4) = Source of internal and external carotid nerves * Middle Cervical Ganglion = May be absent (most likely to be absent) * Inferior Cervical Ganglion = May fuse with first thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion
56
What are glands? What are its classifications?
Gland = Tissues and/or organs that produce and release substances that perform bodily function Classification - Endocrine = Secrete products into bloodstream - Exocrine= Secrete products via ducts
57
Describe the submandibular gland
Submandibular gland = Major salivary (exocrine) gland that fills the submandibular triangle Spatial Relations - Facial artery pass deep/through of submandibular gland - Facial vein travels superficially
58
Describe the thyroid gland
* Anterior to trachea/windpipe * Endocrine gland producing thyroid hormone (regulates metabolism, growth, development) * Butterly-Shaped - Lateral Lobes - Median isthmus connecting lobes * Blood Supply - Superior Thyroid Artery = branch of external carotid artery - Inferior Thyroid Artery = Branch of thyrocervical trunk
59
Describe the parathyroid glands
* Four nodules on posterior surface of thyroid gland - 2 superior parathyroid glands - 2 inferior parathyroid glands * Endocrine glands producing parathyroid hormone (regulates calcium in blood)

Gross Anatomy 5010 - Exam 2 (2 decks)

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