Gross anatomy

Question 1

Cat kidneys have ………………….. that can easily be seen

Answer 1

Subcapsular veins

Question 2

The left horse kidney is described as ………………… and the right as …………………

Answer 2

Pyramidal

Heart shaped

Question 3

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 3

1. Acid base balance
2. Water balance
3. Vitamin D and calcium regulation
4. Detoxification
5. Endocrine role (EPO production)
6. Blood pressure maintenance

Question 4

The ……………… kidney lies more cranial in all species except the pig

Answer 4

Right

Question 5

What is a renal lobe?

Answer 5

A section of the kidney linked to one pyramid and papilla

Question 6

Multiobular kidneys do not have a…

Answer 6

Renal pelvis

Question 7

Which species have pseudo-unilobuar kidneys?

Answer 7

Cat, dog, sheep, horse

Question 8

What does psuedo-unilobular kidney mean?

Answer 8

Lobes still seen internally but the pyramids are partially merged.
The papillae merge to form the renal crest
They have no calices and a single renal pelvis

Question 9

Which species have multilobular kidneys?

Answer 9

pigs and humans

Question 10

What does a multilobular kidney have?

Answer 10

Obvious pyramids and multiple renal papilae and calices, they have a branched pelvis.

Question 11

What species has multilobular kidneys?

Answer 11

Cow, dolphin and the elephant

Question 12

What does a multilobular kidney have?

Answer 12

Many lobes and pyramids

Multiple renal papillae and calices but no pelvis

Question 13

Where does the ureter begin?

Answer 13

At the renal pelvis (into which all the papillary ducts open)

Question 14

Where is the renal pelvis located?

Answer 14

In the renal sinus

Question 15

Where is the cranial pole of the right kidney located?

Answer 15

In the renal fossa of the caudate lobe of the liver

Question 16

What lies medially to the right kidney?

Answer 16

Caudal vena cava

Question 17

What lies ventrally to the right kidney?

Answer 17

Duodenum and right pancreatic limb

Question 18

Where is the cranial pole of the left kidney located?

Answer 18

In contact with the greater curvature of the stomach

Question 19

What is lateral to the left kidney?

Answer 19

Spleen

Question 20

What lies caudally to the left kidney?

Answer 20

Small intestine and descending colon

Question 21

What LN lies next to the left ureter

Answer 21

External illiac

Question 22

Where does the left testicular vein open into?

Answer 22

Left renal vein

Question 23

Where does the right testicular vein open into?

Answer 23

caudal vena cava

Question 24

In the female what branches off the left renal vein?

Answer 24

Left ovarian vein

Question 25

The right ovarian vein branches off what?

Answer 25

caudal vena cava

Question 26

Where do the ureters insert on the bladder?

Answer 26

Obliquely onto the dorsolateral surface, it runs along a bit between the muscular and mucosa before opening

Question 27

What are the walls of the ureters made up of?

Answer 27

Transitional epithelium (provides protection against urine) Lamina propria Muscularis Adventitia

Question 28

Where do the uretric folds extend to?

Answer 28

Extend from the ureteral openings to the neck of the bladder where they fuse into the urethral crest.

Question 29

Where do the lateral ligaments of the bladder insert?

Answer 29

Insert on the dorsal abdominal wall

Question 30

What sits within the lateral ligaments of the bladder?

Answer 30

Residual umbilical vessels

Question 31

What does the median ligament of the bladder?

Answer 31

Connects the bladder to the pelvic floor and linea alba

Question 32

Where does the female urethra open to?

Answer 32

Empties at the external urethral orifice onto the ventral wall of the vagina at the vestibulo-vaginal junction

Question 33

Which species have a significant sub-urethral diverticulum?

Answer 33

Sow and cow

Question 34

What are the three zones of the male urethra?

Answer 34

Pre-prostatic: from the bladder neck to the seminal hillock Prostatic portion: Includes openings of the deferent, vesicular and prostatic ducts Penile portion: From the ischial arch to the penile tip

Question 35

What is the species difference of the male feline urethra?

Answer 35

Sigmoid urethra with a small os penis | The glands penis has many small barbs

Question 36

What is the species difference of the male equine urethra?

Answer 36

The urethra is inside the urethral fossa of the glands penis

Question 37

What is the species difference of the male sheep urethra?

Answer 37

The urethra extends 3-4 cm beyond the glans penis

Question 38

Where do the renal arteries arise from?

Answer 38

Lateral aorta and often divide into a dorsal and ventral branch

Question 39

The ................ renal artery originates 2cm caudal to the ................ renal artery

Answer 39

left | right

Question 40

The right renal artery arises 4cm caudal to the ...

Answer 40

cranial mesenteric a.

Question 41

The renal pelvis is supplied by which artery?

Answer 41

renal

Question 42

The ureter is supplied by which artery?

Answer 42

Proximal ureter- renal a | Distal ureter - cranial vesicular artery and the vaginal/prostatic a.

Question 43

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

Answer 43

Caudal vesicular a.

Question 44

What is the blood supply to the urethra?

Answer 44

Urethral a.

Question 45

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the kidney come from?

Answer 45

The solar plexus

Question 46

Where do the sympathetic fibres to the kidney synapse?

Answer 46

Coeliac and cranial mesenteric ganglion

Question 47

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the bladder come from?

Answer 47

Sympathetic via the hypogastric nerve (caudal mesenteric ganglion) Parasympathetic via the peudenal nerve

Question 48

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidney, ureter and bladder?

Answer 48

Kidney: renal lymph node Ureter: Lumbar lymph node Bladder: Iliosacral lymph node

Question 49

What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

Answer 49

Pelvic inlet, obturator and gluteal walls, sacrotuberous ligament and the perineum

Question 50

What pelvic ligament is absent in cats?

Answer 50

sacrotuberous lig

Question 51

What ligament extends from the ischiatic tuberosity

Answer 51

sacrotuberous lig

Question 52

What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and their functions?

Answer 52

Levator ani: compresses the rectum during defecation and presses the tail against the anorectal region. Coccygeus: compresses rectum and tail External anal sphincter: Relaxes to allow the passage of faeces.

Question 53

The internal illiac a. branches into two arteries, what are they?

Answer 53

The caudal gluteal and the internal pudenal (supplies viscera)

Question 54

What does the internal pudenal a. branch into?

Answer 54

Prostatic/vaginal artery which branches into the urethral a.

Question 55

Where in the spine does the hypogastric n. arise from?

Answer 55

L2-4

Question 56

Where in the spine does the pelvic n and pudenal n. arise from?

Answer 56

S1-3