Gross Anatomy

Question 1

atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus

Answer 1

• separates the atria from the ventricles

* fat and vessels

Question 2

anterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 2

• marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

* fat and vessels

Question 3

posterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 3

•marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

Question 4

right atrium

Answer 4

• blood returning from the body - inferior vena cava and superior vena cava (smooth surface continues into atria)
• sinus venarum
• auricle of the right atrium
• pectinate muscle
• crista terminalis - sulcus terminalis
• fossa ovalis
• valve for coronary sinus

Question 5

sinus venarum

Answer 5

• smooth surface of the RA

* derived from sinus venosus, which joins the RA during development

Question 6

auricle of the right atrium

Answer 6

•vestige of primitive right atrium

Question 7

pectinate muscle

Answer 7

• underlying muscle in RA

* ridges and valleys

Question 8

crista terminalis

Answer 8

•smooth sinus venarum and rough auricle of RA are separated by this ridge internally

Question 9

sulcus terminalis

Answer 9

•smooth sinus venarum and rough auricle of RA are separated by this ridge externally

Question 10

fossa ovalis

Answer 10

•foramen ovale in utero - remnant of a valve that shunted blood from the RA to the LA prior to birth

Question 11

right ventricle

Answer 11

• tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular)
• trabeculae carnae
• papillary muscles
• chordae tendinae
• interventricular septum
• moderator band
• pulmonary valve
• conus arteriosus

Question 12

tricuspid valve

Answer 12

• separates RA and RV
• aka right atrioventricular valve
• three flaps

Question 13

trabeculae carnae

Answer 13

•underlying muscle causing ridges and valleys in the rough surface of the RV

Question 14

papillary muscles of RV

Answer 14

• attach to flaps of the tricuspid valve
• anterior, posterior and septal
• keep the valve from prolapsing back into the atrium during heart contraction
• one flap or leaflet has two papillary muscles associated with it

Question 15

chordae tendinae of RV

Answer 15

•attachment between muscle and valve

Question 16

conus arteriosus

Answer 16

• smooth portion of the RV

* located superiorly in the direction of the pulmonary valve

Question 17

interventricular septum

Answer 17

•separates the right and left ventricles

Question 18

moderator band

Answer 18

• carries part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle

* originates on the interventricular septum and passes towards the anterior papillary muscle

Question 19

left atrium

Answer 19

• receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
• pulmonary veins - converge to from the LA
• smooth walled
• most posterior of the four chambers
• “foramen ovale” can be seen in the right wall

Question 20

left ventricle

Answer 20

• receives oxygenated blood from LA
• pumps blood to aorta
• rough, chamber walls thickest
• mitral valve (left atrioventricular)
• papillary muscles
• chordae tendinae
• aortic valve

Question 21

mitral valve

Answer 21

•aka left atrioventricular valve

Bicuspid

Question 22

papillary muscles of LV

Answer 22

• attach to mitral valve flaps
• prevents mitral valve flaps from prolapsing during ventricular contraction
• anterior and posterior
• one flap or leaflet has two papillary muscles associated with it

Question 23

chordae tendinae of LV

Answer 23

•attachment between muscle and valve

Question 24

Auscultatory Areas

Answer 24

• aortic area - 2nd I.C.S. just right of sternum
• pulmonary area - 2nd I.C.S. just left of sternum
• mitral area - at apical pulsation
• tricuspid area - left side of body of sternum just superior to the xiphisternal junction

Question 25

Sinoatrial Node

Answer 25

* sets regular rhythm of heart * specialized cells that have an inherent rhythm for producing action potentials * junction of superior vena cava and RA

Question 26

atrioventricular node

Answer 26

* near tricuspid (right atrioventricular valve) * second pacemaker * electrical impulses move to interventricular septum

Question 27

coronary arteries

Answer 27

* blood supply to tissues of the heart * openings are in the sinuses of the aortic valve * open during diastole * right and left

Question 28

right coronary artery

Answer 28

* passes anteriorly, in the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus * passes inferiorly and just superior to the inferior margin of the heart, gives off right marginal artery --> RV * proceeds posteriorly, still in coronary sulcus, giving off posterior interventricular artery between the right and left ventricles

Question 29

left coronary artery

Answer 29

* emerges under the auricle of the LA * immediately divides into anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery) running in the anterior interventricular sulcus * and circumflex branch, which runs posteriorly in the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus * sometimes the posterior interventricular artery may branch off from left coronary artery instead of the right

Question 30

small cardiac vein

Answer 30

* travels with the right marginal branch artery | * drain into the coronary sinus

Question 31

great cardiac vein

Answer 31

* travels with anterior interventricular artery (LAD) | * drain into the coronary sinus

Question 32

middle cardiac vein

Answer 32

* travels posterior interventricular artery | * drain into the coronary sinus

Question 33

anterior cardiac veins

Answer 33

* drain surface of RV | * drain directly into RA

Question 34

cardiac plexus

Answer 34

* innervation of the heart * ANS * sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers * diffuse network of veins extending from in front of the trachea to the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk * nerve fibers the travel through the coronary plexuses (extensions of the cardiac plexus) to the coronary arteries --> components of the of the conducting system * parasympathetic innervation - vagus nerve - preganglionic - synapse in minute ganglia located in the plexus or in the walls of the atria * symapthetic innervation - postganglionic

Question 35

valves

Answer 35

* formed from endocardium * core of dense fibrous connective tissue lined on both sides by endothelium * do not contain muscle and do not contract * bases of valves are attached to rings of the fibrous skeleton that surround the valve openings

Question 36

fibrous skeleton

Answer 36

* in the core of the heart * four rings that support the four valves and the fibrous trigones to which cardiac muscle cells of the myocardium attach * does not conduct electrical signals well, provides discontinuity between atria and ventricles and ensures that their contraction is under the control of the electrical conduction system and synchronized

Question 37

Purkinje Fibers

Answer 37

* cells found in bundle branches * located in subendocardial tissue * electrical conduction, not contraction * from endocardium to epicardium, apex to base

Question 38

Bundles of His

Answer 38

•bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that conduct the electrical impulses